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Mani C, Tripathi K, Chaudhary S, Somasagara RR, Rocconi RP, Crasto C, Reedy M, Athar M, Palle K. Corrigendum to "Hedgehog/GLI1 Transcriptionally Regulates FANCD2 in Ovarian Tumor Cells: Its Inhibition Induces HR-Deficiency and Synergistic Lethality with PARP Inhibition." [Neoplasia Volume 23, Issue 9, September 2021, Pages 1002-1015]. Neoplasia 2024; 50:100978. [PMID: 38401480 PMCID: PMC10906388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Al, 36904, USA
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294, USA
| | - Ranganatha R Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Al, 36904, USA
| | - Rodney P Rocconi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Al, 36904, USA
| | - Chiquito Crasto
- Center for BioTechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Mark Reedy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, 35294, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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Abstract
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been an important animal model for cancer research over the last decade. The capability of a high-throughput screen in zebrafish and a wide range of pharmacologically active compounds elicit physiological responses in zebrafish embryos comparable to those in mammalian systems, making zebrafish ideal for identifying clinically relevant drug targets and compounds that regulate tumor progression. The zebrafish model is suitable for patient-derived xenograft (pdx) and large-scale screening of lead compounds against specific malignancies. This established vertebrate model has many advantages, including fast response time, cost efficiency for drug testing, efficient manipulation of the host microenvironment by genetic tools, suitable for small molecule drug screening in high-throughput setting, easy maintenance, transparency for easy observation, high fecundity, and rapid generation time. The zebrafish model is a good alternative in vivo model to mammals for robust testing of drug candidates for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganatha R Somasagara
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA. .,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Mani C, Tripathi K, Chaudhary S, Somasagara RR, Rocconi RP, Crasto C, Reedy M, Athar M, Palle K. Hedgehog/GLI1 Transcriptionally Regulates FANCD2 in Ovarian Tumor Cells: Its Inhibition Induces HR-Deficiency and Synergistic Lethality with PARP Inhibition. Neoplasia 2021; 23:1002-1015. [PMID: 34380074 PMCID: PMC8361230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal type of cancer in women due to a lack of effective targeted therapies and high rates of treatment resistance and disease recurrence. Recently Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have shown promise as chemotherapeutic agents; however, their efficacy is limited to a small fraction of patients with BRCA mutations. Here we show a novel function for the Hedgehog (Hh) transcription factor Glioma associated protein 1 (GLI1) in regulation of key Fanconi anemia (FA) gene, FANCD2 in OC cells. GLI1 inhibition in HR-proficient OC cells induces HR deficiency (BRCAness), replication stress and synergistic lethality when combined with PARP inhibition. Treatment of OC cells with combination of GLI1 and PARP inhibitors shows enhanced DNA damage, synergy in cytotoxicity, and strong in vivo anticancer responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Al 36904, USA
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Ranganatha R Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Al 36904, USA
| | - Rodney P Rocconi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Al 36904, USA
| | - Chiquito Crasto
- Center for BioTechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mark Reedy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Somasagara RR, Huang X, Xu C, Haider J, Serody JS, Armistead PM, Leung T. Targeted therapy of human leukemia xenografts in immunodeficient zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5715. [PMID: 33707624 PMCID: PMC7952715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine holds tremendous promise for improving safety and efficacy of drug therapies by optimizing treatment regimens. Rapidly developed patient-derived xenografts (pdx) could be a helpful tool for analyzing the effect of drugs against an individual's tumor by growing the tumor in an immunodeficient animal. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice enable efficient in vivo expansion of vital tumor cells and generation of personalized xenografts. However, they are not amenable to large-scale rapid screening, which is critical in identifying new compounds from large compound libraries. The development of a zebrafish model suitable for pdx could facilitate large-scale screening of drugs targeted against specific malignancies. Here, we describe a novel strategy for establishing a zebrafish model for drug testing in leukemia xenografts. We used chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia for xenotransplantation into SCID zebrafish to evaluate drug screening protocols. We showed the in vivo efficacy of the ABL inhibitor imatinib, MEK inhibitor U0126, cytarabine, azacitidine and arsenic trioxide. We performed corresponding in vitro studies, demonstrating that combination of MEK- and FLT3-inhibitors exhibit an enhanced effect in vitro. We further evaluated the feasibility of zebrafish for transplantation of primary human hematopoietic cells that can survive at 15 day-post-fertilization. Our results provide critical insights to guide development of high-throughput platforms for evaluating leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganatha R Somasagara
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Chunyu Xu
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Jamil Haider
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Paul M Armistead
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA. .,Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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Somasagara RR, Spencer SM, Tripathi K, Clark DW, Mani C, da Silva LM, Scalici J, Kothayer H, Westwell AD, Rocconi RP, Palle K. RAD6 promotes DNA repair and stem cell signaling in ovarian cancer and is a promising therapeutic target to prevent and treat acquired chemoresistance. Oncogene 2017; 36:6680-6690. [PMID: 28806395 PMCID: PMC5709226 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly gynecological cancer and unlike most other neoplasms, survival rates for OC have not significantly improved in recent decades. We show that RAD6, an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, is significantly overexpressed in ovarian tumors and its expression increases in response to carboplatin chemotherapy. RAD6 expression correlated strongly with acquired chemoresistance and malignant behavior of OC cells, expression of stem cell genes and poor prognosis of OC patients, suggesting an important role for RAD6 in ovarian tumor progression. Upregulated RAD6 enhances DNA damage tolerance and repair efficiency of OC cells and promotes their survival. Increased RAD6 levels cause histone 2B ubiquitination-mediated epigenetic changes that stimulate transcription of stem cell genes, including ALDH1A1 and SOX2, leading to a cancer stem cell phenotype, which is implicated in disease recurrence and metastasis. Downregulation of RAD6 or its inhibition using a small molecule inhibitor attenuated DNA repair signaling and expression of cancer stem cells markers and sensitized chemoresistant OC cells to carboplatin. Together, these results suggest that RAD6 could be a therapeutic target to prevent and treat acquired chemoresistance and disease recurrence in OC and enhance the efficacy of standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganatha R. Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Sebastian M. Spencer
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - David W. Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Luciana Madeira da Silva
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Jennifer Scalici
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Hend Kothayer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Andrew D. Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - Rodney P. Rocconi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
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Tripathi K, Mani C, Somasagara RR, Clark DW, Ananthapur V, Vinaya K, Palle K. Detection and evaluation of estrogen DNA-adducts and their carcinogenic effects in cultured human cells using biotinylated estradiol. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1010-1020. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - Ranganatha R. Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - David W. Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - Venkateshwari Ananthapur
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases; Osmania University; Begumpet, Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Kambappa Vinaya
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
- Department of Chemistry; Government First Grade College; Kadur Karnataka India
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
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Spencer SM, Somasagara RR, Tripathi K, Clark DW, Kothayer H, Westwell AD, Rocconi RP, Palle K. Abstract 3734: Preclinical evaluation of Rad6 inhibition to overcome platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer in women in the United States. Advances in surgery and chemotherapy have not significantly changed the overall survival rate of OC for the last few decades, which highlights the need for new therapeutic strategies. Platinum drug resistance and refractory disease pose major challenges in treating this disease and are major factors contributing to the poor survival rate of OC patients. Although most patients initially respond to platinum based chemotherapy, about 80% of cases present with recurrent disease, develop platinum resistance, and die with the advanced disease. Considering the heterogeneity, small fractions of the cells could be inherently resistant to chemotherapy and/or dormant and exhibit stem-like cell properties, contributing to the resistant phenotype and disease recurrence. Although the Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory of therapeutic resistance proposes that the proportion of CSCs correlate to enhanced chemoresistance and early disease recurrence, the specific molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor cell behavior (stemness) and integrate signaling networks with aberrant oncogenic signaling in OC cells are not known. Our analysis of clinical samples revealed upregulation of Rad6, an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, in more than 80% of ovarian tumors compared to normal ovarian tissues. Upregulation of Rad6 also correlated well with tumor progression. Further analysis of molecular pathways in OC cells revealed a strong correlation between Rad6 upregulation and increased β-catenin and hedgehog signaling, stem cell like characteristics and platinum resistance. Downregulation of Rad6 using siRNAs or inhibition of its catalytic activity by a small molecule inhibitor, attenuated carboplatin induced monoubiquitination of its target proteins such as histone 2B, PCNA and proteins of the Fanconi anemia pathway thereby sensitizing OC cells to carboplatin. Interestingly, inhibition of Rad6 alone in OC cells induced replication stress and reduced cell survival and proliferation by arresting cells in the G2/M phase. Moreover, inhibition of Rad6 in various OC cell lines reduced expression of β-catenin, Gli1 and several OC stem cell markers. Moreover, Rad6 plays an important role in the activation of the trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) pathway by monoubiquitinating PCNA and in the activation of the Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. These are critical mechanisms for cells to repair DNA crosslinks induced by platinum drugs. Together with these observations, our data suggest that inhibition of Rad6 could be a viable therapeutic target for overcoming platinum resistance and disease recurrence in ovarian cancer.
Citation Format: Sebastian M. Spencer, Ranganatha R. Somasagara, Kaushlendra Tripathi, David W. Clark, Hend Kothayer, Andrew D. Westwell, Rodney P. Rocconi, Komaraiah Palle. Preclinical evaluation of Rad6 inhibition to overcome platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3734.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David W. Clark
- 1University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL
| | | | | | | | - Komaraiah Palle
- 1University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL
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Srivastava S, Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Nishana M, Tadi SK, Srivastava M, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. Quercetin, a Natural Flavonoid Interacts with DNA, Arrests Cell Cycle and Causes Tumor Regression by Activating Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24049. [PMID: 27068577 PMCID: PMC4828642 DOI: 10.1038/srep24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring compounds are considered as attractive candidates for cancer treatment and prevention. Quercetin and ellagic acid are naturally occurring flavonoids abundantly seen in several fruits and vegetables. In the present study, we evaluate and compare antitumor efficacies of quercetin and ellagic acid in animal models and cancer cell lines in a comprehensive manner. We found that quercetin induced cytotoxicity in leukemic cells in a dose-dependent manner, while ellagic acid showed only limited toxicity. Besides leukemic cells, quercetin also induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells, however, its effect on normal cells was limited or none. Further, quercetin caused S phase arrest during cell cycle progression in tested cancer cells. Quercetin induced tumor regression in mice at a concentration 3-fold lower than ellagic acid. Importantly, administration of quercetin lead to ~5 fold increase in the life span in tumor bearing mice compared to that of untreated controls. Further, we found that quercetin interacts with DNA directly, and could be one of the mechanisms for inducing apoptosis in both, cancer cell lines and tumor tissues by activating the intrinsic pathway. Thus, our data suggests that quercetin can be further explored for its potential to be used in cancer therapeutics and combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | | | - Mahesh Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | | | - Satish Kumar Tadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
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Thomas E, Gopalakrishnan V, Somasagara RR, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. Extract of Vernonia condensata, Inhibits Tumor Progression and Improves Survival of Tumor-allograft Bearing Mouse. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23255. [PMID: 27009490 PMCID: PMC4806354 DOI: 10.1038/srep23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered as one of the ideal sources for cancer therapy due to their bioactive contents and low toxicity to humans. Vernonia genus is one of the common medicinal plants, which has wide spread usage in food and medicine. However, there are limited studies to explore its anticancer properties. In the current study, we have used Vernonia condensata, to explore its anticancer activity using various approaches. Here, we show that extract prepared from Vernonia condensata (VCE) exhibits cytotoxic properties against various cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, when treated with VCE, there was no significant cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that although VCE induced cell death, arrest was not observed. VCE treatment led to disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration dependent manner resulting in activation of apoptosis culminating in cell death. Immunoblotting studies revealed that VCE activated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. More importantly, VCE treatment resulted in tumor regression leading to significant enhancement in life span in treated mice, without showing any detectable side effects. Therefore, for the first time our study reveals the potential of extract from Vernonia condensata to be used as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | | | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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Somasagara RR, Tripathi K, Spencer SM, Clark DW, Barnett R, Bachaboina L, Scalici J, Rocconi RP, Piazza GA, Palle K. Rad6 upregulation promotes stem cell-like characteristics and platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:449-55. [PMID: 26679603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most deadly cancer in women in the United States and despite advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic treatments survival rates have not significantly improved in decades. The poor prognosis for ovarian cancer patients is largely due to the extremely high (80%) recurrence rate of ovarian cancer and because the recurrent tumors are often resistant to the widely utilized platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, expression of Rad6, an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, was found to strongly correlate with ovarian cancer progression. Furthermore, in ovarian cancer cells Rad6 was found to stabilize β-catenin promoting stem cell-related characteristics, including expression of stem cell markers and anchorage-independent growth. Cancer stem cells can promote chemoresistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis, all of which are limiting factors in treating ovarian cancer. Thus it is significant that Rad6 overexpression led to increased resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug carboplatin and correlated with tumor cell invasion. These findings show the importance of Rad6 in ovarian cancer and emphasize the need for further studies of Rad6 as a potential target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganatha R Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Sebastian M Spencer
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - David W Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Reagan Barnett
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Lavanya Bachaboina
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Jennifer Scalici
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Rodney P Rocconi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Gary A Piazza
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.
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Somasagara RR, Deep G, Shrotriya S, Patel M, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1849-57. [PMID: 25672620 PMCID: PMC4356502 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PanC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and resistance towards gemcitabine, the front-line chemotherapy, is the main cause for dismal rate of survival in PanC patients; overcoming this resistance remains a major challenge to treat this deadly malignancy. Whereas several molecular mechanisms are known for gemcitabine resistance in PanC cells, altered metabolism and bioenergetics are not yet studied. Here, we compared metabolic and bioenergetic functions between gemcitabine-resistant (GR) and gemcitabine-sensitive (GS) PanC cells and underlying molecular mechanisms, together with efficacy of a natural agent bitter melon juice (BMJ). GR PanC cells showed distinct morphological features including spindle-shaped morphology and a decrease in E-cadherin expression. GR cells also showed higher ATP production with an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Molecular studies showed higher expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and 4) suggesting an increase in glucose uptake by GR cells. Importantly, GR cells showed a significant increase in Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and their inhibition decreased cell viability, suggesting their role in survival and drug resistance of these cells. Recently, we reported strong efficacy of BMJ against a panel of GS cells in culture and nude mice, which we expanded here and found that BMJ was also effective in decreasing both Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and viability of GR PanC cells. Overall, we have identified novel mechanisms of gemcitabine resistance in PanC cells which are targeted by BMJ. Considering the short survival in PanC patients, our findings could have high translational potential in controlling this deadly malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganatha R Somasagara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sangeeta Shrotriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Derry MM, Somasagara RR, Raina K, Kumar S, Gomez J, Patel M, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Target identification of grape seed extract in colorectal cancer using drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) technique: role of endoplasmic reticulum stress response proteins. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 14:323-36. [PMID: 24724981 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666140411101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various natural agents, including grape seed extract (GSE), have shown considerable chemopreventive and anti-cancer efficacy against different cancers in pre-clinical studies; however, their specific protein targets are largely unknown and thus, their clinical usefulness is marred by limited scientific evidences about their direct cellular targets. Accordingly, herein, employing, for the first time, the recently developed drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) technique, we aimed to profile the potential protein targets of GSE in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Unlike other methods, which can cause chemical alteration of the drug components to allow for detection, this approach relies on the fact that a drug bound protein may become less susceptible to proteolysis and hence the enriched proteins can be detected by Mass Spectroscopy methods. Our results, utilizing the DARTS technique followed by examination of the spectral output by LC/MS and the MASCOT data, revealed that GSE targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response proteins resulting in overall down regulation of proteins involved in translation and that GSE also causes oxidative protein modifications, specifically on methionine amino acids residues on its protein targets. Corroborating these findings, mechanistic studies revealed that GSE indeed caused ER stress and strongly inhibited PI3k-Akt-mTOR pathway for its biological effects in CRC cells. Furthermore, bioenergetics studies indicated that GSE also interferes with glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism in CRC cells. Together, the present study identifying GSE molecular targets in CRC cells, combined with its efficacy in vast pre-clinical CRC models, further supports its usefulness for CRC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, C238, Room V20-2118, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Chiruvella KK, Musini A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. Extracts of strawberry fruits induce intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor progression in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47021. [PMID: 23071702 PMCID: PMC3468438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of berry fruits, including strawberries, has been suggested to have beneficial effects against oxidative stress mediated diseases. Berries contain multiple phenolic compounds and secondary metabolites that contribute to their biological properties. Methodology/Principal Findings Current study investigates the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of strawberry (MESB) fruits in leukaemia (CEM) and breast cancer (T47D) cell lines ex vivo, and its cancer therapeutic and chemopreventive potential in mice models. Results of MTT, trypan blue and LDH assays suggested that MESB can induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells, irrespective of origin, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of mice bearing breast adenocarcinoma with MESB blocked the proliferation of tumor cells in a time-dependent manner and resulted in extended life span. Histological and immunohistochemical studies suggest that MESB treatment affected tumor cell proliferation by activating apoptosis and did not result in any side effects. Finally, we show that MESB can induce intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by activating p73 in breast cancer cells, when tumor suppressor gene p53 is mutated. Conclusions/Significance The present study reveals that strawberry fruits possess both cancer preventive and therapeutic values and we discuss the mechanism by which it is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore K. Chiruvella
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjaneyulu Musini
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathees C. Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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