1
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de Porto AP, Liu Z, de Beer R, Florquin S, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer OJ, den Haan JMM, Hendriks RW, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T, de Vos AF. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Signaling in Myeloid Cells Is Required for Protective Innate Immunity During Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723967. [PMID: 34552589 PMCID: PMC8450579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic kinase expressed in B cells and myeloid cells. It is essential for B cell development and natural antibody-mediated host defense against bacteria in humans and mice, but little is known about the role of Btk in innate host defense in vivo. Previous studies have indicated that lack of (natural) antibodies is paramount for impaired host defense against Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae in patients and mice with a deficiency in functional Btk. In the present study, we re-examined the role of Btk in B cells and myeloid cells during pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis in mice. The antibacterial defense of Btk-/- mice was severely impaired during pneumococcal pneumosepsis and restoration of natural antibody production in Btk-/- mice by transgenic expression of Btk specifically in B cells did not suffice to protect against infection. Btk-/- mice with reinforced Btk expression in MhcII+ cells, including B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, showed improved antibacterial defense as compared to Btk-/- mice. Bacterial outgrowth in Lysmcre-Btkfl/Y mice was unaltered despite a reduced capacity of Btk-deficient alveolar macrophages to respond to pneumococci. Mrp8cre-Btkfl/Y mice with a neutrophil specific paucity in Btk expression, however, demonstrated impaired antibacterial defense. Neutrophils of Mrp8cre-Btkfl/Y mice displayed reduced release of granule content after pulmonary installation of lipoteichoic acid, a gram-positive bacterial cell wall component relevant for pneumococci. Moreover, Btk deficient neutrophils showed impaired degranulation and phagocytosis upon incubation with pneumococci ex vivo. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that besides regulating B cell-mediated immunity, Btk is critical for regulation of myeloid cell-mediated, and particularly neutrophil-mediated, innate host defense against S. pneumoniae in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P de Porto
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Perlee D, de Beer R, Florquin S, van der Poll T, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF. Caspase-11 contributes to pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae and local activation of coagulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L105-L114. [PMID: 32401674 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00422.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae is a common cause of gram-negative pneumonia and sepsis. Caspase-11 is an intracellular receptor for lipopolysaccharide and regulates pyroptosis, a specific form of inflammatory cell death, which aids in host defense against intracellular gram-negative bacteria. Recently, caspase-11 has also been implicated in blood coagulation. Previously, we found that local fibrin formation contributes to protective immunity against Klebsiella infection of the lung. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of caspase-11 in host defense during K. pneumoniae-evoked pneumonia and sepsis. Therefore, we infected wild-type and caspase-11-deficient (Casp11-/-) mice with a low-dose K. pneumoniae via the airways to induce a gradually evolving pneumosepsis. Casp11-/- mice displayed increased bacterial numbers in the lung 12 h and 48 h after inoculation. Analysis of pulmonary IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF levels showed reduced IL-1α levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and increased TNF levels in the lung of Casp11-/- mice at 48 h after inoculation. Lung γH2AX staining (marker for cell death), lung pathology and neutrophil influx in the lung, as well as bacterial dissemination and organ damage, however, were not altered in Casp11-/- mice after Klebsiella infection. Strikingly, analysis of cross-linked fibrin and D-dimer (markers for coagulation) revealed significantly less fibrin formation in the lungs of Casp11-/- mice at either time point after Klebsiella infection. These data reveal that caspase-11 contributes to protective immunity against K. pneumoniae possibly by activation of blood coagulation in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Perlee
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Yang J, Ramirez Moral I, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF, de Beer R, Roelofs JJTH, Morgan BP, van der Poll T. Complement factor C5 inhibition reduces type 2 responses without affecting group 2 innate lymphoid cells in a house dust mite induced murine asthma model. Respir Res 2019; 20:165. [PMID: 31340811 PMCID: PMC6657208 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Complement factor C5 can either aggravate or attenuate the T-helper type 2 (TH2) immune response and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in murine models of allergic asthma. The effect of C5 during the effector phase of allergen-induced asthma is ill-defined. Objectives We aimed to determine the effect of C5 blockade during the effector phase on the pulmonary TH2 response and AHR in a house dust mite (HDM) driven murine asthma model. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged repeatedly with HDM via the airways to induce allergic lung inflammation. Sensitized mice received twice weekly injections with a blocking anti-C5 or control antibody 24 h before the first challenge. Results HDM challenge in sensitized mice resulted in elevated C5a levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Anti-C5 administered to sensitized mice prior to the first HDM challenge prevented this rise in C5a, but did not influence the influx of eosinophils or neutrophils. While anti-C5 did not impact the recruitment of CD4 T cells upon HDM challenge, it reduced the proportion of TH2 cells recruited to the airways, attenuated IL-4 release by regional lymph nodes restimulated with HDM ex vivo and mitigated the plasma IgE response. Anti-C5 did not affect innate lymphoid cell (ILC) proliferation or group 2 ILC (ILC2) differentiation. Anti-C5 attenuated HDM induced AHR in the absence of an effect on lung histopathology, mucus production or vascular leak. Conclusions Generation of C5a during the effector phase of HDM induced allergic lung inflammation contributes to TH2 cell differentiation and AHR without impacting ILC2 cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1136-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yang
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Ramirez Moral
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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de Porto APNA, Claushuis TAM, van der Donk LEH, de Beer R, de Boer OJ, Florquin S, Roelofs JJTH, Hendriks RW, van der Poll T, Van't Veer C, de Vos AF. Platelet Btk is Required for Maintaining Lung Vascular Integrity during Murine Pneumococcal Pneumosepsis. Thromb Haemost 2019; 119:930-940. [PMID: 30873567 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1681046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Platelet Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is an essential signalling protein for the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and podoplanin receptor C-type-lectin-like receptor-2, which are platelet receptors implicated in the maintenance of vascular integrity during inflammation. Moreover, platelets, platelet GPVI and Btk are important for host defence during murine bacterial pneumosepsis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of platelet Btk in vascular integrity and host defence during murine pneumosepsis caused by the common human pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Using the Cre-loxP system, male platelet-specific Btk-deficient mice (PF4creBtkfl/Y) were created. Similar to platelets from total Btk-deficient mice, platelets from PF4creBtkfl/Y mice showed abrogated aggregation and P-selectin expression when stimulated with the GPVI ligand cross-linked collagen-related peptide. Upon infection with S. pneumoniae, PF4creBtkfl/Y mice showed increased lung bleeding, but unimpaired anti-bacterial defence. During pneumosepsis evoked by K. pneumoniae, platelet Btk deficiency was not associated with lung bleeding and did not impact on host defence, even when platelet function was further compromised by blocking secondary platelet activation by the P2Y12 receptor antagonist clopidogrel. Together, these data indicate that, while platelet Btk is not important for anti-bacterial defence in pneumosepsis, its role in maintaining vascular integrity in the lung depends on the causative pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P N A de Porto
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodora A M Claushuis
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve E H van der Donk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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de Porto AP, Liu Z, de Beer R, Florquin S, de Boer OJ, Hendriks RW, van der Poll T, de Vos AF. Btk inhibitor ibrutinib reduces inflammatory myeloid cell responses in the lung during murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Mol Med 2019; 25:3. [PMID: 30646846 PMCID: PMC6332549 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major causative agent in community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis. Overwhelming lung inflammation during pneumococcal pneumonia may hamper lung function. Ibrutinib is an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a key signaling protein controlling the activation of various immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The aim of this study was to determine whether ibrutinib treatment ameliorates acute lung inflammation during pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods Mice were treated orally with ibrutinib and the effect on acute pulmonary inflammation elicited by the gram-positive bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and during ceftriaxone-treated pneumococcal pneumonia was assessed. Results Treatment with ibrutinib prior to and after intranasal LTA instillation reduced alveolar macrophage activation, neutrophil influx, cytokine release and plasma leakage into the lung. Postponed treatment with ibrutinib supplementing antibiotic therapy during ongoing pneumococcal pneumonia did not impair bacterial killing in lung, blood and spleen. In this setting, ibrutinib reduced alveolar macrophage and systemic neutrophil activation and substantially diminished further monocyte and neutrophil influx in the lung. In vitro, ibrutinib inhibited macrophage TNF secretion and neutrophil activation upon LTA and pneumococcal stimulation. Conclusions Taken together, these data indicate that the Btk inhibitor ibrutinib reduces inflammatory myeloid cell responses during acute pulmonary inflammation evoked by LTA and antibiotic-treated pneumococcal pneumonia and suggest that ibrutinib has the potential to inhibit ongoing lung inflammation in an acute infectious setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0069-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P de Porto
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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van Lieshout MHP, de Vos AF, Dessing MC, de Porto APNA, de Boer OJ, de Beer R, Terpstra S, Florquin S, Van't Veer C, van der Poll T. ASC and NLRP3 impair host defense during lethal pneumonia caused by serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:66-79. [PMID: 28971472 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, consisting of NLRP3, ASC (the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) and caspase-1, has been implicated in protective immunity during pneumonia induced by high doses of S. pneumoniae serotype 2. Here we investigated the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the host response during lethal airway infection with a low dose of serotype 3 S. pneumoniae. Mice were euthanized at predefined endpoints for analysis or observed in survival studies. In additional studies, Tlr2-/- /Tlr4-/- mice and Myd88-/- mice incapable of Toll-like receptor signaling were studied. In stark contrast with existing literature, both Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice showed a strongly improved host defense, as reflected by a markedly reduced mortality rate accompanied by diminished bacterial growth and dissemination. Host defense was unaltered in Tlr2-/- /Tlr4-/- mice and Myd88-/- mice. These results show that the NLRP3 inflammasome impairs host defense during lethal pneumonia caused by serotype 3 S. pneumoniae. Our findings challenge the current paradigm that proximal innate detection systems are indispensable for an adequate host immune response against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam H P van Lieshout
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Dessing
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander P N A de Porto
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Terpstra
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Schuijt TJ, Lankelma JM, Scicluna BP, de Sousa e Melo F, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer JD, Hoogendijk AJ, de Beer R, de Vos A, Belzer C, de Vos WM, van der Poll T, Wiersinga WJ. The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia. Gut 2016. [PMID: 26511795 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl- 2015-309728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pneumonia accounts for more deaths than any other infectious disease worldwide. The intestinal microbiota supports local mucosal immunity and is increasingly recognised as an important modulator of the systemic immune system. The precise role of the gut microbiota in bacterial pneumonia, however, is unknown. Here, we investigate the function of the gut microbiota in the host defence against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. DESIGN We depleted the gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice and subsequently infected them intranasally with S. pneumoniae. We then performed survival and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments and measured parameters of inflammation and alveolar macrophage whole-genome responses. RESULTS We found that the gut microbiota protects the host during pneumococcal pneumonia, as reflected by increased bacterial dissemination, inflammation, organ damage and mortality in microbiota-depleted mice compared with controls. FMT in gut microbiota-depleted mice led to a normalisation of pulmonary bacterial counts and tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 levels 6 h after pneumococcal infection. Whole-genome mapping of alveolar macrophages showed upregulation of metabolic pathways in the absence of a healthy gut microbiota. This upregulation correlated with an altered cellular responsiveness, reflected by a reduced responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Compared with controls, alveolar macrophages derived from gut microbiota-depleted mice showed a diminished capacity to phagocytose S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies the intestinal microbiota as a protective mediator during pneumococcal pneumonia. The gut microbiota enhances primary alveolar macrophage function. Novel therapeutic strategies could exploit the gut-lung axis in bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Schuijt
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Lankelma
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe de Sousa e Melo
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Daan de Boer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Schuijt TJ, Lankelma JM, Scicluna BP, de Sousa e Melo F, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer JD, Hoogendijk AJ, de Beer R, de Vos A, Belzer C, de Vos WM, van der Poll T, Wiersinga WJ. The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia. Gut 2016; 65:575-83. [PMID: 26511795 PMCID: PMC4819612 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pneumonia accounts for more deaths than any other infectious disease worldwide. The intestinal microbiota supports local mucosal immunity and is increasingly recognised as an important modulator of the systemic immune system. The precise role of the gut microbiota in bacterial pneumonia, however, is unknown. Here, we investigate the function of the gut microbiota in the host defence against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. DESIGN We depleted the gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice and subsequently infected them intranasally with S. pneumoniae. We then performed survival and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments and measured parameters of inflammation and alveolar macrophage whole-genome responses. RESULTS We found that the gut microbiota protects the host during pneumococcal pneumonia, as reflected by increased bacterial dissemination, inflammation, organ damage and mortality in microbiota-depleted mice compared with controls. FMT in gut microbiota-depleted mice led to a normalisation of pulmonary bacterial counts and tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 levels 6 h after pneumococcal infection. Whole-genome mapping of alveolar macrophages showed upregulation of metabolic pathways in the absence of a healthy gut microbiota. This upregulation correlated with an altered cellular responsiveness, reflected by a reduced responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Compared with controls, alveolar macrophages derived from gut microbiota-depleted mice showed a diminished capacity to phagocytose S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies the intestinal microbiota as a protective mediator during pneumococcal pneumonia. The gut microbiota enhances primary alveolar macrophage function. Novel therapeutic strategies could exploit the gut-lung axis in bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Schuijt
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Lankelma
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe de Sousa e Melo
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Daan de Boer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
To shed light on the perceptual basis of the color white, we measured settings of unique white in a dark surround. We find that settings reliably show more variability in an oblique (blue-yellow) direction in color space than along the cardinal axes of the cone-opponent mechanisms. This is against the idea that white perception arises at the null point of the cone-opponent mechanisms, but one alternative possibility is that it occurs through calibration to the visual environment. We found that the locus of maximum variability in settings lies close to the locus of natural daylights, suggesting that variability may result from uncertainty about the color of the illuminant. We tested this by manipulating uncertainty. First, we altered the extent to which the task was absolute (requiring knowledge of the illumination) or relative. We found no clear effect of this factor on the reduction in sensitivity in the blue-yellow direction. Second, we provided a white surround as a cue to the illumination or left the surround dark. Sensitivity was selectively worse in the blue-yellow direction when the surround was black than when it was white. Our results can be functionally related to the statistics of natural images, where a greater blue-yellow dispersion is characteristic of both reflectances (where anisotropy is weak) and illuminants (where it is very pronounced). Mechanistically, the results could suggest a neural signal responsive to deviations from the blue-yellow locus or an adaptively matched range of contrast response functions for signals that encode different directions in color space.
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10
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van den Boogaard FE, Brands X, Roelofs JJTH, de Beer R, de Boer OJ, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Mast cells impair host defense during murine Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1376-84. [PMID: 24823624 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia. Mast cells (MCs) are located mainly at the host-environment interface where they function as sentinels. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to study the role of MCs during pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae. METHODS Lung tissue of patients who had died from pneumococcal pneumonia or a nonpulmonary cause was stained for MCs and tryptase. Wild-type (WT) and MC-deficient (Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice were observed or sacrificed after induction of pneumonia by intranasal inoculation of S. pneumoniae. In separate experiments, WT mice were treated with doxantrazole or cromoglycate, which are MC stabilizing agents. RESULTS The constitutive presence of tryptase-positive MCs was reduced in affected lungs from pneumonia patients. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice showed a prolonged survival during the first few days after median lethal dose (LD)100 and LD50 infection, while overall mortality did not differ from that in WT mice. Relative to WT mice, Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice showed reduced bacterial counts with less bacterial dissemination to distant organs and less inflammation. Neither doxantrazole nor cromoglycate influenced antibacterial defense or inflammatory responses after airway infection with S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS MCs exhibit an unfavorable role in host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia by a mechanism independent of degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xanthe Brands
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | | | - Regina de Beer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | | | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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de Boer JD, Yang J, van den Boogaard FE, Hoogendijk AJ, de Beer R, van der Zee JS, Roelofs JJTH, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Mast cell-deficient kit mice develop house dust mite-induced lung inflammation despite impaired eosinophil recruitment. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:219-26. [PMID: 24157568 DOI: 10.1159/000354984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are implicated in allergic and innate immune responses in asthma, although their role in models using an allergen relevant for human disease is incompletely understood. House dust mite (HDM) allergy is common in asthma patients. Our aim was to investigate the role of mast cells in HDM-induced allergic lung inflammation. METHODS Wild-type (Wt) and mast cell-deficient Kit(w-sh) mice on a C57BL/6 background were repetitively exposed to HDM via the airways. RESULTS HDM challenge resulted in a rise in tryptase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Wt mice, indicative of mast cell activation. Kit(w-sh) mice showed a strongly attenuated HDM- induced recruitment of eosinophils in BALF and lung tissue, accompanied by reduced pulmonary levels of the eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin. Remarkably, Kit(w-sh) mice demonstrated an unaltered capacity to develop lung pathology and increased mucus production in response to HDM. The increased plasma IgE in response to HDM in Wt mice was absent in Kit(w-sh) mice. CONCLUSION These data contrast with previous reports on the role of mast cells in models using ovalbumin as allergen in that C57BL/6 Kit(w-sh) mice display a selective impairment of eosinophil recruitment without differences in other features of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daan de Boer
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Achouiti A, de Vos AF, de Beer R, Florquin S, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Limited role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products during Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:603-12. [PMID: 23774862 DOI: 10.1159/000348739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of sepsis. Sepsis is associated with the release of 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs). The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor, abundantly expressed in the lungs, that recognizes several of these DAMPs. Triggering of RAGE leads to activation of the NF-κB pathway and perpetuation of inflammation. Earlier investigations have shown that the absence of RAGE reduces inflammation and bacterial dissemination and increases survival in sepsis caused by S. pneumoniae pneumonia. We hypothesized that the detrimental role of RAGE depends on the level of RAGE expression in the primary organ of infection. By directly injecting S. pneumoniae intravenously, thereby circumventing the extensive RAGE-expressing lung, we here determined whether RAGE contributes to an adverse outcome of bacteremia or whether its role is restricted to primary lung infection. During late-stage infection (48 h), rage(-/-) mice had an attenuated systemic inflammatory response, as reflected by lower plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, reduced endothelial cell activation (as measured by E-selectin levels) and less neutrophil accumulation in lung tissue. However, RAGE deficiency did not influence bacterial loads or survival in this model. In accordance, plasma markers for cell injury were similar in both mouse strains. These results demonstrate that while RAGE plays a harmful part in S. pneumoniae sepsis originating from the respiratory tract, this receptor has a limited role in the outcome of primary bloodstream infection by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Achouiti
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Daan de Boer J, Roelofs JJTH, de Vos AF, de Beer R, Schouten M, Hommes TJ, Hoogendijk AJ, de Boer OJ, Stroo I, van der Zee JS, Veer CV, van der Poll T. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits Th2 lung inflammation induced by house dust mite allergens in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:382-9. [PMID: 23239494 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0331oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex biology of asthma compels the use of more relevant human allergens, such as house dust mite (HDM), to improve the translation of animal models into human asthma. LPS exposure is associated with aggravations of asthma, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we studied the effects of increasing LPS doses on HDM-evoked allergic lung inflammation. To this end, mice were intranasally sensitized and challenged with HDM with or without increasing doses of LPS (0.001-10 μg). LPS dose-dependently inhibited HDM-induced eosinophil recruitment into the lungs and mucus production in the airways. LPS attenuated the production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13) in HDM-challenged lungs, while enhancing the HDM-induced release of IL-17, IL-33, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. The shift toward a Th1 inflammatory response was further illustrated by predominant neutrophilic lung inflammation after LPS administration at higher doses. LPS did not influence HDM-induced plasma IgE concentrations. Although LPS did not significantly affect the activation of coagulation or complement in HDM-challenged lungs, it reduced HDM-initiated endothelial cell activation. This study is the first to provide insights into the effects of LPS in an allergic lung inflammation model making use of a clinically relevant allergen without a systemic adjuvant, revealing that LPS dose-dependently inhibits HDM-induced pulmonary Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daan de Boer
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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van Zoelen MAD, Schmidt AM, Florquin S, Meijers JC, de Beer R, de Vos AF, Nawroth PP, Bierhaus A, van der Poll T. Receptor for advanced glycation end products facilitates host defense during Escherichia coli-induced abdominal sepsis in mice. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:765-73. [PMID: 19627249 DOI: 10.1086/604730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates a variety of inflammatory responses. METHODS To determine the role of RAGE in the innate immune response to abdominal sepsis caused by Escherichia coli, RAGE-deficient (RAGE(-/-)) and normal wild-type mice were intraperitoneally injected with E. coli. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice received either anti-RAGE immunoglobulin (Ig) G or control IgG. RESULTS E. coli sepsis resulted in an up-regulation of RAGE in the liver but not in the lungs. RAGE-deficient mice demonstrated an enhanced bacterial outgrowth in their peritoneal cavity and increased dissemination of the infection, accompanied by increased hepatocellular injury and exaggerated systemic cytokine release and coagulation activation, 20 h after intraperitoneal administration of E. coli. Wild-type mice treated with anti-RAGE IgG also displayed a diminished defense against the growth and/or dissemination of E. coli. RAGE was important for the initiation of the host response, as reflected by a reduced immune and procoagulant response early after intraperitoneal injection of E. coli lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION These data are the first to suggest that intact RAGE signaling contributes to an effective antibacterial defense during E. coli sepsis, thereby limiting the accompanying inflammatory and procoagulant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A D van Zoelen
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Hovius JWR, Bijlsma MF, van der Windt GJW, Wiersinga WJ, Boukens BJD, Coumou J, Oei A, de Beer R, de Vos AF, van 't Veer C, van Dam AP, Wang P, Fikrig E, Levi MM, Roelofs JJTH, van der Poll T. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) facilitates clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000447. [PMID: 19461880 PMCID: PMC2678258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi, has been shown to induce expression of the urokinase
receptor (uPAR); however, the role of uPAR in the immune response against
Borrelia has never been investigated. uPAR not only acts as
a proteinase receptor, but can also, dependently or independently of ligation to
uPA, directly affect leukocyte function. We here demonstrate that uPAR is
upregulated on murine and human leukocytes upon exposure to B.
burgdorferi both in vitro as well as in vivo. Notably, B.
burgdorferi-inoculated C57BL/6 uPAR knock-out mice harbored
significantly higher Borrelia numbers compared to WT controls.
This was associated with impaired phagocytotic capacity of B.
burgdorferi by uPAR knock-out leukocytes in vitro. B.
burgdorferi numbers in vivo, and phagocytotic capacity in vitro,
were unaltered in uPA, tPA (low fibrinolytic activity) and PAI-1 (high
fibrinolytic activity) knock-out mice compared to WT controls. Strikingly, in
uPAR knock-out mice partially backcrossed to a B. burgdorferi
susceptible C3H/HeN background, higher B. burgdorferi numbers
were associated with more severe carditis and increased local TLR2 and
IL-1β mRNA expression. In conclusion, in B. burgdorferi
infection, uPAR is required for phagocytosis and adequate eradication of the
spirochete from the heart by a mechanism that is independent of binding of uPAR
to uPA or its role in the fibrinolytic system. Lyme borreliosis is caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi and is transmitted through ticks. Since its discovery
approximately 30 years ago it has become the most important vector-borne disease
in the Western world. The pathogenesis of this complex zoonosis is still not
entirely understood. We here demonstrate that the urokinase receptor (uPAR) is
upregulated in mice and humans upon exposure to B. burgdorferi
in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we describe the function of uPAR in the
immune response against the spirochete; using uPAR knock-out mice, we show that
uPAR plays an important role in phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi
by leukocytes both in vitro as well as in vivo. In addition, we show that the
mechanism by which uPAR is involved in the phagocytosis of B.
burgdorferi is independent of ligation to its natural ligand uPA or
uPAR's role in fibrinolysis. Our study contributes to the understanding
of the pathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis and might contribute to the development
of innovative novel treatment strategies for Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joppe W R Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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van Zoelen MAD, Florquin S, de Beer R, Pater JM, Verstege MI, Meijers JCM, van der Poll T. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-deficient mice demonstrate reduced hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:2182-9. [PMID: 19435793 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with respiratory failure often require supplemental oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Although both supportive measures are necessary to guarantee adequate oxygen uptake, they can also cause or worsen lung inflammation and injury. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the lungs. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been deemed important for leukocyte trafficking. To determine the expression and function of neutrophil uPAR during hyperoxia-induced lung injury, uPAR expression was determined on pulmonary neutrophils of mice exposed to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia exposure (O2>80%) for 4 days elicited a pulmonary inflammatory response as reflected by a profound rise in the number of neutrophils that were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung cell suspensions, as well as increased bronchoalveolar keratinocyte-derived chemokine, interleukin-6, total protein, and alkaline phosphatase levels. In addition, hyperoxia induced the migration of uPAR-positive granulocytes into lungs from wild-type mice compared with healthy control mice (exposed to room air). uPAR deficiency was associated with diminished neutrophil influx into both lung tissues and bronchoalveolar spaces, which was accompanied by a strong reduction in lung injury. Furthermore, in uPAR(-/-) mice, activation of coagulation was diminished. These data suggest that uPAR plays a detrimental role in hyperoxia-induced lung injury and that uPAR deficiency is associated with diminished neutrophil influx into both lung tissues and bronchoalveolar spaces, accompanied by decreased pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A D van Zoelen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), G2-130, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam.
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17
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van Zoelen MAD, Florquin S, Meijers JCM, de Beer R, de Vos AF, de Boer OJ, van der Poll T. Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Contributes to Host Defense againstPseudomonas aeruginosaPneumonia but Is Not Essential for the Accompanying Inflammatory and Procoagulant Response. J Immunol 2008; 180:3357-65. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wiersinga WJ, de Vos AF, de Beer R, Wieland CW, Roelofs JJTH, Woods DE, van der Poll T. Inflammation patterns induced by different Burkholderia species in mice. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:81-7. [PMID: 17645551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, which causes melioidosis, a severe, mainly pulmonary disease endemic in South-East Asia, is considered to be the most pathogenic of the Burkholderia genus. B. thailandensis, however, is considered avirulent. We determined differences in patterns of inflammation of B. pseudomallei 1026b (clinical virulent isolate), B. pseudomallei AJ1D8 (an in vitro invasion-deficient mutant generated from strain 1026b by Tn5-OT182 mutagenesis) and B. thailandensis by intranasally inoculating C57BL/6 mice with each strain. Mice infected with B. thailandensis showed a markedly decreased bacterial outgrowth from lungs, spleen and blood 24 h after inoculation, compared with infection with B. pseudomallei and the invasion mutant AJ1D8. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, B. thailandensis was no longer detectable. This was consistent with elevated pulmonary cytokine and chemokine concentrations after infection with B. pseudomallei 1026b and AJ1D8, and the absence of these mediators 48 h, but not 24 h, after inoculation with B. thailandensis. Histological examination, however, did show marked pulmonary inflammation in the mice infected with B. thailandensis, corresponding with substantial granulocyte influx and raised myeloperoxidase levels. Survival experiments showed that infection with 1 x 10(3) cfu B. thailandensis was not lethal, whereas inoculation with 1 x 10(6) cfu B. thailandensis was equally lethal as 1 x 10(3) cfu B. pseudomallei 1026b or AJ1D8. These data show that B. pseudomallei AJ1D8 is just as lethal as wild-type B. pseudomallei in an in vivo mouse model, and B. thailandensis is perhaps more virulent than is often recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Sutton GP, Macknin JB, Gartman SS, Sunny GP, Beer RD, Crago PE, Neustadter DM, Chiel HJ. Passive hinge forces in the feeding apparatus of Aplysia aid retraction during biting but not during swallowing. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2004; 190:501-14. [PMID: 15098133 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-004-0517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Swallowing and biting responses in the marine mollusk Aplysia are both mediated by a cyclical alternation of protraction and retraction movements of the grasping structure, the radula and underlying odontophore, within the feeding apparatus of the animal, the buccal mass. In vivo observations demonstrate that Aplysia biting is associated with strong protractions and rapid initial retractions, whereas Aplysia swallowing is associated with weaker protractions and slower initial retractions. During biting, the musculature joining the radula/odontophore to the buccal mass (termed the "hinge") is stretched more than in swallowing. To test the hypothesis that stretch of the hinge might contribute to rapid retractions observed in biting, we analyzed the hinge's passive properties. During biting, the hinge is stretched sufficiently to assist retraction. In contrast, during swallowing, the hinge is not stretched sufficiently for its passive forces to assist retraction, because the odontophore's anterior movement is smaller than during biting. A quantitative model demonstrated that steady-state passive forces were sufficient to generate the retraction movements observed during biting. Experimental measures of the relative magnitude of the hinge's active and passive forces at the protraction displacements of biting suggest that passive forces are at least a third of the total force.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sutton
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
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20
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Abstract
The gamut of perceived colors can be represented in a space with bright-dark, red-green and blue-yellow axes. Pre-exposure to a field that changes periodically over time in luminance or along one of the color axes reduces vividness of colors along the entire axis [Webster and Mollon (1991) Nature, 349, 235-238]. But is it possible to reduce vividness or perceived contrast selectively for half-axes in color space? We assessed such selective compression of the bright-dark axis using a task where subjects matched tests in a pre-adapted region to ones in an un-adapted region. Tests were bright or dark pinstripes on a gray background, and pre-exposure was to multiple drifting pinstripes. Matches made after pre-exposure indicate a combination of symmetric and asymmetric compression, with more compression when adapting and test stimulus were similar in contrast polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Beer
- Department of Psychology, University of California at San Diego, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Abstract
Using tools from discrete dynamical systems theory, we begin a systematic analysis of a distributed model of leg coordination with both biological and robotic applications. In this paper, we clarify the role of individual coordination mechanisms by studying a system of two leg oscillators coupled in one direction by each of the three major mechanisms that have been described for the stick insect Carausius morosus. For each mechanism, we derive analytical return maps, and analyze the behavior of these return maps under iteration in order to determine the asymptotic phase relationship between the two legs. We also derive asymptotic relative phase densities for each mechanism and compare these densities to those obtained from numerical simulations of the model. Our analysis demonstrates that, although each of these mechanisms can individually compress a range of initial conditions into a narrow band of relative phase, this asymptotic relative phase relationship is, in general, only neutrally stable. We also show that the nonlinear dependence of relative phase on walking speed along the body in the full hexapod model can be explained by our analysis. Finally, we provide detailed parameter charts of the range of behavior that each mechanism can produce as coupling strength and walking speed are varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calvitti
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Abstract
Are there general principles for pattern generation? We examined this question by analyzing the operation of large populations of evolved model central pattern generators (CPGs) for walking. Three populations of model CPGs were evolved, containing three, four, or five neurons. We identified six general principles. First, locomotion performance increased with the number of interneurons. Second, the top 10 three-, four-, and five-neuron CPGs could be decomposed into dynamical modules, an abstract description developed in a companion article. Third, these dynamical modules were multistable: they could be switched between multiple stable output configurations. Fourth, the rhythmic pattern generated by a CPG could be understood as a closed chain of successive destabilizations of one dynamical module by another. A combinatorial analysis enumerated the possible dynamical modular structures. Fifth, one-dimensional modules were frequently observed and, in some cases, could be assigned specific functional roles. Finally, dynamic dynamical modules, in which the modular structure itself changed over one cycle, were frequently observed. The existence of these general principles despite significant variability in both patterns of connectivity and neural parameters was explained by degeneracy in the maps from neural parameters to neural dynamics to behavior to fitness. An analysis of the biomechanical properties of the model body was essential for relating neural activity to behavior. Our studies of evolved model circuits suggest that, in the absence of other constraints, there is no compelling reason to expect neural circuits to be functionally decomposable as the number of interneurons increase. Analyzing idealized model pattern generators may be an effective methodology for gaining insights into the operation of biological pattern generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Beer
- Department of Computer Engineering and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
Can one develop an abstract description of the dynamics of pattern generators that provides quantitative insight into their operation? We explored this question by examining the dynamics of a model central pattern generator that was created using an evolutionary algorithm. We propose an abstract description based on the concept of a dynamical module, a set of neurons that simultaneously make their transitions from one quasistable state to another while the synaptic inputs that they receive from other neurons remain essentially constant, thus temporarily reducing the dimensionality of the circuit dynamics. Using the mathematical tools of dynamical systems theory, we describe a method for identifying dynamical modules and demonstrate that this concept can be used to quantitatively characterize constraints on neural architecture, account for phase durations, and predict the effects of parameter changes. Moreover, this abstract description reveals coordinated parameter changes that leave the overall circuit dynamics essentially unchanged. In a companion article we employ this abstract description to examine the relationship between general principles and individual variability in large populations of evolved model pattern generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chiel
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
Biorobotics is a promising new area of research at the interface between biology and robotics. Robots can either be used as physical models of biological systems or be directly inspired by biological studies. A great deal of progress has recently been made in biorobotic studies of locomotion, orientation, and vertebrate arm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Beer
- Department of Computer Engineering and Science, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Studies of mechanisms of adaptive behavior generally focus on neurons and circuits. But adaptive behavior also depends on interactions among the nervous system, body and environment: sensory preprocessing and motor post-processing filter inputs to and outputs from the nervous system; co-evolution and co-development of nervous system and periphery create matching and complementarity between them; body structure creates constraints and opportunities for neural control; and continuous feedback between nervous system, body and environment are essential for normal behavior. This broader view of adaptive behavior has been a major underpinning of ecological psychology and has influenced behavior-based robotics. Computational neuroethology, which jointly models neural control and periphery of animals, is a promising methodology for understanding adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chiel
- Dept of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
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Beer RD. Autonomous Systems:
Intelligent Behavior In Animals and Robots
. David Mcfarland and Thomas Bösser. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993. xiv, 308 pp., illus. $39.95 or £35.95. Complex Adaptive Systems. Science 1994; 263:1781-2. [PMID: 17795388 DOI: 10.1126/science.263.5154.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chiel HJ, Beer RD. Simulation of adaptive behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1991; 1:605-9. [PMID: 1822304 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-4388(05)80036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Behaviors as diverse as swimming, withdrawal, escape, locomotion and feeding have been simulated using neuroethological and neurophysiological data obtained from a variety of animals. These simulations are providing new insights into the neural circuitry that generates adaptive behavior, as well as new ideas for the design of artificial autonomous devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chiel
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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