Temporal trends, clinical patterns and outcomes of NAFLD-related HCC in patients undergoing liver resection over a 20-year period

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. NAFLD-HCC often occurs in noncirrhotic liver raising important surveillance issues.

AIM

To determine the temporal trends for prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of NAFLD-HCC in patients undergoing liver resection.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with histologically confirmed HCC who underwent liver resection over a 20-year period (1995-2014). NAFLD was diagnosed based on past or present exposure to obesity or diabetes without other causes of chronic liver disease.

RESULTS

A total of 323 HCC patients were included, 12% with NAFLD. From 1995-1999 to 2010-2014, the prevalence of NAFLD-HCC increased from 2.6% to 19.5%, respectively, P = .003, and followed the temporal trends in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors (28% vs 52%, P = .017), while hepatitis C-HCC decreased (from 43.6% to 19.5%, P = .003). NAFLD-HCC occurred more frequently in the absence of bridging fibrosis/cirrhosis (63% of cases, P < .001 compared to other aetiologies). Within the NAFLD group, tumour characteristics were similar between F0-F2 and F3-F4 patients, except for a higher proportion of single nodules (95% vs 54%, P < .01). A total of 53% patients had tumour recurrence and 40% died. NAFLD-HCC had similar time to recurrence and survival as HCCs of other aetiologies. Satellite nodules, tumour size, microvascular invasion and male sex but not the aetiology were independently associated with recurrence.

CONCLUSION

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease increased substantially over the past 20 years among resectable HCCs. It is now the leading cause of HCC occuring without/or with only minimal fibrosis. NAFLD patients are older, with larger tumours while survival and recurrence rates are as severe as in other aetiologies.

An Architecture for Computer-Aided Detection and Radiologic Measurement of Lung Nodules in Clinical Trials

Computer tomography (CT) imaging plays an important role in cancer detection and quantitative assessment in clinical trials. High-resolution imaging studies on large cohorts of patients generate vast data sets, which are infeasible to analyze through manual interpretation.

In this article we describe a comprehensive architecture for computer-aided detection (CAD) and surveillance on lung nodules in CT images. Central to this architecture are the analytic components: an automated nodule detection system, nodule tracking capabilities and volume measurement, which are integrated within a data management system that includes mechanisms for receiving and archiving images, a database for storing quantitative nodule measurements and visualization, and reporting tools.

We describe two studies to evaluate CAD technology within this architecture, and the potential application in large clinical trials. The first study involves performance assessment of an automated nodule detection system and its ability to increase radiologist sensitivity when used to provide a second opinion. The second study investigates nodule volume measurements on CT made using a semi-automated technique and shows that volumetric analysis yields significantly different tumor response classifications than a 2D diameter approach. These studies demonstrate the potential of automated CAD tools to assist in quantitative image analysis for clinical trials.

Delayed rotation of the cerebellar vermis: a pitfall in early second-trimester fetal magnetic resonance imaging

We describe two cases in which delayed rotation of the cerebellar vermis simulated a Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) on early second-trimester magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two pregnant women with suspected fetal posterior fossa anomaly on ultrasound examination underwent fetal MRI at 21 (Case 1) and 19 (Case 2) weeks' gestation. In both cases, upward rotation of the cerebellar vermis was noted; on midsagittal imaging, the brainstem-vermis angle was 28° and 43°, respectively, while cerebellar morphometry showed a reduced vermian anteroposterior diameter compared to reference data. The posterior fossa appeared to be mildly enlarged, while all other findings were normal. Follow-up MRI at 28 + 3 weeks' gestation (Case 1) and at 1 postnatal year (Case 2) showed completely normal findings. Both children had normal psychomotor development and neurological examinations at 1 year of age. Incomplete rotation of the cerebellar vermis can be a physiological finding on early second-trimester fetal MRI examination and can simulate DWM or other forms of cerebellar hypoplasia. Embryologically, delayed permeabilization of Blake's pouch could account for the delayed vermian rotation. Follow-up imaging at a later gestational age is crucial to ensure that this condition is not over-reported and to avoid the potential risk of unnecessary pregnancy interruption. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Performance and limitations of steatosis biomarkers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

Several steatosis biomarkers are available with limited independent validation.

AIM

To determine diagnostic value and limitations of several steatosis biomarkers using liver biopsy as reference standard in a large cohort of patients with suspected NAFLD.

METHODS

Three hundred and twenty-four consecutive liver biopsies were included. Histological steatosis was categorised as none (<5%), mild (5-33%), moderate (33-66%) and severe (>66%). Five steatosis biomarkers were measured: fatty liver index (FLI), NAFLD liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and triglyceride × glucose (TyG) index.

RESULTS

Steatosis grades prevalence was: none 5%, mild 39%, moderate 30% and severe 27%. Except for VAI, the steatosis biomarkers showed a linear trend across the steatosis grades. However, their correlation with the histological amount of steatosis was only weak-moderate. All steatosis biomarkers had an adequate diagnostic accuracy for the presence of steatosis: AUROCs for FLI, LFS, HSI, VAI and TyG were 0.83, 0.80, 0.81, 0.92 and 0.90. However, their ability to quantify steatosis was poor: none of them distinguished between moderate and severe steatosis and the AUROCs for predicting steatosis >33% were 0.65, 0.72, 0.65, 0.59 and 0.59 for FLI, LFS, HSI, VAI and TyG. Both fibrosis and inflammation significantly confounded the association between steatosis biomarkers and steatosis. The steatosis biomarkers were all correlated with HOMA-IR, independent from histological steatosis.

CONCLUSIONS

All five steatosis biomarkers can diagnose steatosis and are correlated with insulin resistance. They are confounded by fibrosis and inflammation, and do not accurately quantify steatosis; this may limit their clinical utility. More research is needed to identify truly independent and quantitative markers of steatosis.

Glucocorticoid receptors in human epicardial adipose tissue: role of coronary status

BACKGROUND

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is in close contact with coronary vessels and therefore could alter coronary homeostasis. Glucocorticoids are pathophysiological mediators of visceral fat deposition and its associated atherogenic complications.

AIM

We investigated in EAT the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and its various (A, B, C) promoters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Paired subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and EAT biopsies were obtained from 15 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 12 patients without CAD (NCAD). GR and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 protein (11β-HSD-1, the enzyme which converts inactive cortisone into active cortisol) were studied by immunohistochemistry and GR and its various promoters were studied by mRNA quantitative RT-PCR.

RESULTS

GR and 11β-HSD-1 protein were expressed in adipocytes, stromal areas, isolated stromal cells close to adipocytes, and blood vessels. Total GR mRNA levels did not differ in SAT obtained from NCAD or CAD patients and were decreased in EAT, irrespectively of the coronary status, with parallel changes in promoter B- and C-, but not promoter A-associated transcripts. Total GR mRNA and adipocyte surface in EAT obtained from CAD patients were correlated negatively (p<0.035, r=0.39).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that in EAT, GR gene promoters could play a role in tissue- specific GR expression levels. EAT may be less sensitive to glucocorticoids than SAT, preventing the EAT mass development in CAD patients and suggesting a protective role on coronary homeostasis.

[Long-term therapy for chronic hepatitis B in HIV co-infected patients]

As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are acquired through the same routes of contamination, the prevalence of HBV serological markers found in the HIV-infected population is approximately 7%. Liver-related mortality and morbidity is higher in HIV/HBV co-infected patients than in HBV mono-infected patients. Both viruses must be considered before a treatment decision is made. According to the European consensus conference on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV coinfected patients, treatment is based on whether there is an existing indication of anti- HIV therapy or not. In patients with no indication of anti-HIV therapy, drugs with dual anti-viral activity (lamivudine, entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) should not be used due to the risk of developing HIV-resistance. Interferon or adefovir in combination with telbivudine are recommended. In patients with an indication of anti-HIV therapy, a backbone of highly active anti-retroviral therapy should include tenofovir in combination with lamivudine or emtricitabine. The same regimen is recommended in patients who develop lamivudine resistance.

Progression from isolated steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

In patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) isolated steatosis is considered a benign condition with no or minimal rate of progression, in contrast to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which can progress to cirrhosis. We report on a series of six patients with isolated steatosis on an initial liver biopsy, and NASH on a follow-up biopsy performed five years after. All but one of the initial biopsies were longer than 15 mm. At follow-up, inflammation and ballooning were present in all patients and mild fibrosis in three. All patients had one or more features of metabolic syndrome at baseline. Progression to steatohepatitis occurred independent of aminotransferase changes. Five patients experienced an increase in one or several metabolic risk factors during follow-up: body mass index, triglyceride levels, arterial hypertension and/or the HOMA index. One patient did not exhibit progression but was still exposed to metabolic risks factors at the end of follow-up. This report demonstrates that isolated steatosis is not necessarily a benign, non-progressive condition. Current recommendations for the absence of hepatic monitoring in patients with isolated steatosis are not adequate. If metabolic risk factors persist or deteriorate during follow-up and/or non-invasive markers suggest disease progression, a control liver biopsy should be considered.

Reproducibility of lung and lobar volume measurements using computed tomography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

Lung and lobar volume measurements from computed tomographic (CT) imaging are being used in clinical trials to assess new minimally invasive emphysema treatments aiming to reduce lung volumes. Establishing the reproducibility of lung volume measurements is important if they are to be accepted as treatment planning and outcome variables. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the correlation between lung volumes assessed on CT imaging and on pulmonary function testing (PFT), (2) compare the two methods' reproducibility, and (3) assess the reproducibility of CT lobar volumes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CT imaging and body plethysmography were performed at baseline and after a 9-month interval in multicenter emphysema treatment trials. Lung volumes were measured at total lung capacity (TLC) and at residual volume (RV). Lobar volumes were measured on CT imaging using a semiautomated technique. The correlations between CT and PFT volumes were computed for 486 subjects at baseline. Reproducibility was assessed in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for 126 subjects from the control group at TLC and 120 subjects at RV.

RESULTS

Correlations between CT and PFT lung volumes were 0.86 at TLC and 0.67 at RV. At TLC, the ICCs were 0.943 for CT imaging and 0.814 for PFT. At RV, the ICCs were 0.886 for CT imaging and 0.683 for PFT. CT lobar volumes showed good reproducibility (all P values < .05).

CONCLUSION

CT lung and lobar volume measurements could be captured in a multicenter trial setting with high reproducibility and were highly correlated with those obtained on PFT. CT imaging showed significantly better reproducibility than PFT between interval lung volume measurements, offering the potential for designing emphysema treatment trials involving fewer subjects.

CAD in clinical trials: Current role and architectural requirements

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technology is becoming an important tool to assess treatment response in clinical trials. However, CAD software alone is not sufficient to conduct an imaging-based clinical trial. There are a number of architectural requirements such as image receive (from multiple field sites), a database for storing quantitative measures, and data mining and reporting capabilities. In this paper we describe the architectural requirements to incorporate CAD into clinical trials and illustrate their functionality in therapeutic trials for emphysema.

An architecture for computer-aided detection and radiologic measurement of lung nodules in clinical trials

Computer tomography (CT) imaging plays an important role in cancer detection and quantitative assessment in clinical trials. High-resolution imaging studies on large cohorts of patients generate vast data sets, which are infeasible to analyze through manual interpretation. In this article we describe a comprehensive architecture for computer-aided detection (CAD) and surveillance on lung nodules in CT images. Central to this architecture are the analytic components: an automated nodule detection system, nodule tracking capabilities and volume measurement, which are integrated within a data management system that includes mechanisms for receiving and archiving images, a database for storing quantitative nodule measurements and visualization, and reporting tools. We describe two studies to evaluate CAD technology within this architecture, and the potential application in large clinical trials. The first study involves performance assessment of an automated nodule detection system and its ability to increase radiologist sensitivity when used to provide a second opinion. The second study investigates nodule volume measurements on CT made using a semi-automated technique and shows that volumetric analysis yields significantly different tumor response classifications than a 2D diameter approach. These studies demonstrate the potential of automated CAD tools to assist in quantitative image analysis for clinical trials.

[Caudal regression syndrome. Lumbo-sacral agenesis]

Retrospective analysis of six cases of caudal regression syndrome, classified in accordance with vertebral envolvement. The degree of vertebral agenesis, morphology and topography of the conus medularis, neurologic implications (motor, sensitive and autonomous) and associated malformations, of particular importance in some situations of little significant vertebral agenesis are analyzed. Associations with eventual predisponent factors are sought.

Prenatal exposure to metronidazole and risk of childhood cancer: a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 5 years

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the role of in utero exposure to metronidazole (a carcinogen in some animal models) and the risk of subsequent cancer, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of childhood cancer.

METHODS

The cohort included 328,846 children younger than 5 years born to women enrolled in Tennessee Medicaid at any time between the last menstrual period (LMP) and the date of delivery. The cohort was identified by linking files of Tennessee Medicaid mothers ages 15-44 years and children and the children's birth and death certificates for the period January 1, 1975 through December 31, 1992. Exposure data were obtained from Medicaid pharmacy records and exposure was defined as filling a metronidazole prescription that had at least a day's supply between the 30 days prior to the LMP and the date of delivery. Study cases were cohort children diagnosed with a first primary cancer before age 5 years, identified by linking the cohort with a statewide childhood cancer database for the study period.

RESULTS

Cohort members contributed 1,172,696 person-years of follow-up for analysis, with children exposed (8.1%) and not exposed (91.9%) in utero to metronidazole contributing 79,716 and 1,092,980 person-years, respectively. Of 952 children younger than 5 years in the statewide cancer database, 175 met study eligibility criteria. Of these, 42 had leukemia, 30 had central nervous system (CNS) tumors, 28 had neuroblastoma, and 75 had other cancers. Using Poisson regression modeling, children exposed to metronidazole in utero had no significant increase in adjusted relative risk (RR) for all cancers (RR: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.41-1.59), leukemia (no exposed case), CNS tumors (RR: 1.23; 95% CI, 0.29-5.21), neuroblastomas (RR: 2.60; 95% CI, 0.89-7.59), and other cancers (RR: 0.57; 95% CI, 0.18-1.82).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors conclude that although there was no increase in risk for all cancers associated with in utero exposure to metronidazole, the observed increased risk for neuroblastomas, although not significant, requires further evaluation.

Adolescent cancer survivors. Psychosocial and familial adaptation

Adolescent cancer survivors were compared with nondiseased control subjects on measures of adaptation, coping, body image, sexual adjustment, psychopathology, and family functioning. Cancer survivors reported no major difficulties in social competence, overall coping, and family communication. Although their school teachers reported no symptoms of psychopathology, the cancer survivors did report body image disturbances and adjustment difficulties. Further, the surviving adolescents were eager to present themselves favorably. Compared with nondiseased control families, families of survivors were characterized as somewhat inflexible. Implications for clinical practice include the careful monitoring of youth who have survived cancer as well as sensitivity to underlying concerns that the survivors and their families may avoid.

Chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia: cognitive and academic sequelae

Iatrogenic cognitive impairments have been reported for survivors of childhood leukemia after prophylactic central nervous system therapy with craniospinal radiation. To determine whether chemotherapy alone might be a source of central nervous system damage, we assessed in a cross-sectional design the cognitive and academic functioning of 48 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who were at various stages in their treatment or who had completed treatment. The off-therapy patients who had completed a 3-year course of chemotherapy were more impaired in tasks of higher-order cognitive functioning than were those children whose leukemia had been newly diagnosed and those children whose diagnoses had been 1 year earlier. Off-therapy patients also had concomitant diagnosable learning disabilities in mathematics. We recommend appropriate liaison and special education placements, as well as continued evaluation of cognitive and leaning functioning of children treated for moderate-risk acute lymphocytic leukemia who receive chemotherapy alone.

Cognitive status of children treated with central nervous system prophylactic chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia

Treatment-related cognitive impairments have been reported for survivors of childhood leukemia following prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) treatment with craniospinal radiation. We examined the neurocognitive status of 46 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) to assess the impact of a regimen consisting of systemic chemotherapy and prophylactic CNS chemotherapy. By comparing three groups of ALL children (i.e., patients whose diagnosis was recent, patients 1 year postdiagnosis currently receiving CNS prophylactic chemotherapy, and off-therapy patients who had been treated with chemotherapy for 3 years) and their healthy siblings on measures of sequential and simultaneous processing, we were able to examine the effects of CNS prophylactic and systemic chemotherapy at various points during treatment. Results indicate that the children who had received a 3-year course of chemotherapy (off-therapy patients) were more impaired on tasks involving right-hemisphere simultaneous processing than were sibling controls or ALL children whose diagnosis was recent and whose treatment had just begun. Age at diagnosis did not interact with the effects of chemotherapy. These findings support the need for continued evaluation of cognitive functioning in ALL, children receiving CNS prophylactic chemotherapy to identify potential harmful neurocognitive sequelae of treatment.

A phase I study of interleukin-2 in children with cancer and evaluation of clinical and immunologic status during therapy. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study

The authors performed a Phase I study to assess the toxicity and hematologic effect of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in seven children with advanced malignancies. The rIL-2 was given as a bolus injection of 1 or 3 X 10(6) U/m2/dose three times a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 3 weeks. No life-threatening toxicity occurred with the dose of 1 X 10(6) U/m2 of rIL-2. At a dose of 3 X 10(6) U/m2, therapy had to be terminated due to cardiovascular toxicity in two patients. Toxic effects at low-dose rIL-2 included fever, nausea, vomiting, and mild hypotension. High-dose rIL-2 toxicity included fluid retention, increased creatinine, oliguria, elevated liver enzymes, and significant hypotension. Immunologic studies showed that rIL-2 caused a drop in the number of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells which returned to pretherapy levels or above by 24 to 48 hours. The rIL-2 exerted no growth or stimulatory activity on the leukemic cell population. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a Phase I study of IL-2 therapy in children.

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels in children with sickle cell disease

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the major coenzyme form of vitamin B6, is known to have antisickling properties in vitro. Recently, low plasma PLP levels were reported in a group of adults with sickle cell anemia. We measured the plasma PLP levels in a group of 55 asymptomatic nontransfused children with sickle cell diseases (SCD) to determine the prevalence of low plasma PLP levels in this population. Comparative studies were made with the measurement of PLP in three other groups serving as controls: Group A (black children, n = 36); Group B (white children, n = 37); and Group C (black adults, n = 13). PLP was measured directly in plasma by a radioenzymatic technique. The results of these comparisons showed that there was no statistically significant difference in plasma PLP of black children with SCD (10.7 +/- 10.0 ng/ml) as compared with black control children (group A, 9.0 +/- 12.3 ng/ml). The low plasma levels PLP in these two groups were significantly lower than that of the plasma PLP of white control children (group B, 15.85 +/- 15.92 ng/ml). This data suggest that a high prevalence of low PLP levels exists in black children seen at Grady Memorial Hospital, both with and without SCD.