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Keruckiene R, Vijaikis E, Chen CH, Lin BY, Huang JX, Chu CC, Dzeng YC, Chen C, Lee JH, Chiu TL, Macionis S, Keruckas J, Butkute R, Grazulevicius JV. Power Efficiency Enhancement of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Due to the Favorable Horizontal Orientation of a Naphthyridine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Luminophore. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2023; 5:1013-1023. [PMID: 36873261 PMCID: PMC9979784 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Four emitters based on the naphthyridine acceptor moiety and various donor units exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) were designed and synthesized. The emitters exhibited excellent TADF properties with a small ΔE ST and a high photoluminescence quantum yield. A green TADF organic light-emitting diode based on 10-(4-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.4% with Commission Internationale de L'éclairage coordinates of (0.368, 0.569) as well as a high current and power efficiency of 58.6 cd/A and 57.1 lm/W, respectively. The supreme power efficiency is a record-high value among the reported values of devices with naphthyridine-based emitters. This results from its high photoluminescence quantum yield, efficient TADF, and horizontal molecular orientation. The molecular orientations of the films of the host and the host doped with the naphthyridine emitter were explored by angle-dependent photoluminescence and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). The orientation order parameters (ΘADPL) were found to be 0.37, 0.45, 0.62, and 0.74 for the naphthyridine dopants with dimethylacridan, carbazole, phenoxazine, and phenothiazine donor moieties, respectively. These results were also proven by GIWAXS measurement. The derivative of naphthyridine and phenothiazine was shown to be more flexible to align with the host and to show the favorable horizontal molecular orientation and crystalline domain size, benefiting the outcoupling efficiency and contributing to the device efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Keruckiene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eimantas Vijaikis
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Chia-Hsun Chen
- Materials
Science and Engineering and Physics, Graduate Institute of Photonics
and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yen Lin
- Department
of Opto-Electronics Engineering, National
Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien974301, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Xiang Huang
- Materials
Science and Engineering and Physics, Graduate Institute of Photonics
and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Chu
- Materials
Science and Engineering and Physics, Graduate Institute of Photonics
and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Dzeng
- Research
Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Research
Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Haw Lee
- Materials
Science and Engineering and Physics, Graduate Institute of Photonics
and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lung Chiu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li32003, Taiwan
| | - Simas Macionis
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Keruckas
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rita Butkute
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, K. Barsausko St. 59, LT-50254Kaunas, Lithuania
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Mahmoudi M, Gudeika D, Kutsiy S, Simokaitiene J, Butkute R, Skhirtladze L, Woon KL, Volyniuk D, Grazulevicius JV. Ornamenting of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters by Anchor Groups for the Minimization of Solid-State Solvation and Conformation Disorder Corollaries in Non-Doped and Doped Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:40158-40172. [PMID: 36000983 PMCID: PMC9460442 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivated to minimize the effects of solid-state solvation and conformation disorder on emission properties of donor-acceptor-type emitters, we developed five new asymmetric multiple donor-acceptor type derivatives of tert-butyl carbazole and trifluoromethyl benzene exploiting different electron-accepting anchoring groups. Using this design strategy, for a compound containing four di-tert-butyl carbazole units as donors as well as 5-methyl pyrimidine and trifluoromethyl acceptor moieties, small singlet-triplet splitting of ca. 0.03 eV, reverse intersystem crossing rate of 1 × 106 s-1, and high photoluminescence quantum yield of neat film of ca. 75% were achieved. This compound was also characterized by the high value of hole and electron mobilities of 8.9 × 10-4 and 5.8 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 at an electric field of 4.7 × 105 V/cm, showing relatively good hole/electron balance, respectively. Due to the lowest conformational disorder and solid-state solvation effects, this compound demonstrated very similar emission properties (emission colors) in non-doped and differently doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The lowest conformational disorder was observed for the compound with the additional accepting moiety inducing steric hindrance, limiting donor-acceptor dihedral rotational freedom. It can be exploited in the multi-donor-acceptor approach, increasing the efficiency. Using an emitter exhibiting the minimized solid-state solvation and conformation disorder effects, the sky blue OLED with the emitting layer of this compound dispersed in host 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene displayed an emission peak at 477 nm, high brightness over 39 000 cd/m2, and external quantum efficiency up to 15.9% along with a maximum current efficiency of 42.6 cd/A and a maximum power efficiency of 24.1 lm/W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Mahmoudi
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Gudeika
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Stepan Kutsiy
- Department
of Electronic Devices, Lviv Polytechnic
National University, S. Bandera 12, Lviv 79013, Ukraine
| | - Jurate Simokaitiene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Rita Butkute
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Levani Skhirtladze
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Kai Lin Woon
- Low
Dimensional Material Research Centre, Department of Physics, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu pl.19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
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Navozenko O, Yashchuk V, Kachkovsky O, Gudeika D, Butkute R, Slominskii Y, Azovskyi V. Aggregate Formation of Boron-Containing Molecules in Thermal Vacuum Deposited Films. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14195615. [PMID: 34640007 PMCID: PMC8509698 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spectral properties of new boron-containing dyes were studied. One-component (pure dyes) and composite "Alq3+dye" thin films were fabricated using the thermal vacuum deposition method. The positions of the transmission spectra maxima in a one-component film are different for different film thicknesses. The best correlation of the maxima positions of the dye transmission spectra in solid and liquid solutions was observed for thicknesses of films close to a few (up to 10) monolayers. On the other hand, the absorption spectra maxima positions of one-component dye films (upper 10 nm) and composite films with high concentration, did not match the corresponding positions of absorption spectra maxima recorded in solutions. Comparison of the absorption spectra in one-component dye films and in solutions indicates the presence of both monomers and their aggregates in one-component films (contrary to solutions where such processes of aggregation do not take place, even at very high concentrations). Simultaneously with aggregation manifestation in the absorption spectra, the intensity of fluorescence of one-component dye films dramatically decreases. A quantum chemical simulation of the possible relative arrangement of two dye molecules indicates that the most possible of the simplest types of aggregates are physical dimers. Films of practical importance (due to efficient energy transfer from host to guest molecules when all singlet excitons are captured) possess a high quantum yield of fluorescence when reaching an impurity concentration of a few percent (aggregation does not take place yet).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Navozenko
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrs’ka Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.Y.); (V.A.)
- Correspondence: (O.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Valeriy Yashchuk
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrs’ka Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.Y.); (V.A.)
| | - Oleksiy Kachkovsky
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Murmanskaya Street, 1, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Dalius Gudeika
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (O.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Rita Butkute
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Yuriy Slominskii
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Str., 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Volodymyr Azovskyi
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrs’ka Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (V.Y.); (V.A.)
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Butkute R, Peciulyte L, Lygaitis R, Gudeika D, Buika G, Grazulevicius JV. Phenanthroimidazole-based monomers: synthesis, properties and self-polymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gudeika D, Ivanauskaite A, Lygaitis R, Kosach V, Volyniuk D, Butkute R, Naumenko A, Yashchuk V, Grazulevicius J. Charge-transporting blue emitters having donor and acceptor moieties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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