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Miller CA, Gazeau F, Lebrun A, Gattuso JP, Alliouane S, Urrutti P, Schlegel RW, Comeau S. Productivity of mixed kelp communities in an Arctic fjord exhibit tolerance to a future climate. Sci Total Environ 2024; 930:172571. [PMID: 38663592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Arctic fjords are considered to be one of the ecosystems changing most rapidly in response to climate change. In the Svalbard archipelago, fjords are experiencing a shift in environmental conditions due to the Atlantification of Arctic waters and the retreat of sea-terminating glaciers. These environmental changes are predicted to facilitate expansion of large, brown macroalgae, into new ice-free regions. The potential resilience of macroalgal benthic communities in these fjord systems will depend on their response to combined pressures from freshening due to glacial melt, exposure to warmer waters, and increased turbidity from meltwater runoff which reduces light penetration. Current predictions, however, have a limited ability to elucidate the future impacts of multiple-drivers on macroalgal communities with respect to ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycling in Arctic fjords. To assess the impact of these combined future environmental changes on benthic productivity and resilience, we conducted a two-month mesocosm experiment exposing mixed kelp communities to three future conditions comprising increased temperature (+ 3.3 and + 5.3°C), seawater freshening by ∼ 3.0 and ∼ 5.0 units (i.e., salinity of 30 and 28, respectively), and decreased photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, - 25 and - 40 %). Exposure to these combined treatments resulted in non-significant differences in short-term productivity, and a tolerance of the photosynthetic capacity across the treatment conditions. We present the first robust estimates of mixed kelp community production in Kongsfjorden and place a median compensation irradiance of ∼12.5 mmol photons m-2 h-1 as the threshold for positive net community productivity. These results are discussed in the context of ecosystem productivity and biological tolerance of kelp communities in future Arctic fjord systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale A Miller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Department of Earth Sciences, Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Frédéric Gazeau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Anaïs Lebrun
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Samir Alliouane
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pierre Urrutti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Robert W Schlegel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Steeve Comeau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Abstract
The importance of coastal upwelling systems is widely recognized. However, several aspects of the current and future behaviors of these systems remain uncertain. Fluctuations in temperature because of anthropogenic climate change are hypothesized to affect upwelling-favorable winds and coastal upwelling is expected to intensify across all Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems. To better understand how upwelling may change in the future, it is necessary to develop a more rigorous method of quantifying this phenomenon. In this paper, we use SST data and wind data in a novel method of detecting upwelling signals and quantifying metrics of upwelling intensity, duration, and frequency at four sites within the Benguela Upwelling System. We found that indicators of upwelling are uniformly detected across five SST products for each of the four sites and that the duration of those signals is longer in SST products with higher spatial resolutions. Moreover, the high-resolution SST products are significantly more likely to display upwelling signals at 25 km away from the coast when signals were also detected at the coast. Our findings promote the viability of using SST and wind time series data to detect upwelling signals within coastal upwelling systems. We highlight the importance of high-resolution data products to improve the reliability of such estimates. This study represents an important step towards the development of an objective method for describing the behavior of coastal upwelling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amieroh Abrahams
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Albertus J. Smit
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Elwandle Coastal Node, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Abstract
Ocean temperature variability is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, and extremes in this variability affect the health of marine ecosystems around the world. The study of marine heatwaves has emerged as a rapidly growing field of research, given notable extreme warm-water events that have occurred against a background trend of global ocean warming. This review summarizes the latest physical and statistical understanding of marine heatwaves based on how they are identified, defined, characterized, and monitored through remotely sensed and in situ data sets. We describe the physical mechanisms that cause marine heatwaves, along with their global distribution, variability, and trends. Finally, we discuss current issues in this developing research area, including considerations related to thechoice of climatological baseline periods in defining extremes and how to communicate findings in the context of societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C J Oliver
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Jessica A Benthuysen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sofia Darmaraki
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | | | | | - Neil J Holbrook
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Robert W Schlegel
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Alex Sen Gupta
- Climate Change Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Ocean temperature variability is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, and extremes in this variability affect the health of marine ecosystems around the world. The study of marine heatwaves has emerged as a rapidly growing field of research, given notable extreme warm-water events that have occurred against a background trend of global ocean warming. This review summarizes the latest physical and statistical understanding of marine heatwaves based on how they are identified, defined, characterized, and monitored through remotely sensed and in situ data sets. We describe the physical mechanisms that cause marine heatwaves, along with their global distribution, variability, and trends. Finally, we discuss current issues in this developing research area, including considerations related to thechoice of climatological baseline periods in defining extremes and how to communicate findings in the context of societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C J Oliver
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Jessica A Benthuysen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sofia Darmaraki
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | | | | | - Neil J Holbrook
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Robert W Schlegel
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Alex Sen Gupta
- Climate Change Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Goldsmit J, McKindsey CW, Schlegel RW, Stewart DB, Archambault P, Howland KL. What and where? Predicting invasion hotspots in the Arctic marine realm. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4752-4771. [PMID: 32407554 PMCID: PMC7496761 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The risk of aquatic invasions in the Arctic is expected to increase with climate warming, greater shipping activity and resource exploitation in the region. Planktonic and benthic marine aquatic invasive species (AIS) with the greatest potential for invasion and impact in the Canadian Arctic were identified and the 23 riskiest species were modelled to predict their potential spatial distributions at pan-Arctic and global scales. Modelling was conducted under present environmental conditions and two intermediate future (2050 and 2100) global warming scenarios. Invasion hotspots-regions of the Arctic where habitat is predicted to be suitable for a high number of potential AIS-were located in Hudson Bay, Northern Grand Banks/Labrador, Chukchi/Eastern Bering seas and Barents/White seas, suggesting that these regions could be more vulnerable to invasions. Globally, both benthic and planktonic organisms showed a future poleward shift in suitable habitat. At a pan-Arctic scale, all organisms showed suitable habitat gains under future conditions. However, at the global scale, habitat loss was predicted in more tropical regions for some taxa, particularly most planktonic species. Results from the present study can help prioritize management efforts in the face of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Moreover, this particular approach provides information to identify present and future high-risk areas for AIS in response to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica Goldsmit
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMaurice Lamontagne InstituteMont‐JoliQCCanada
- Department of Biology, Science and Engineering FacultyArcticNetTakuvikLaval UniversityQuebec CityQCCanada
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaArctic Research DivisionFreshwater InstituteWinnipegMBCanada
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Archambault
- Department of Biology, Science and Engineering FacultyArcticNetTakuvikLaval UniversityQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Kimberly L. Howland
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaArctic Research DivisionFreshwater InstituteWinnipegMBCanada
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Abstract
To determine which anatomic position and marking techniques are valid for postoperative electrodiagnostic testing, ten patients were studied during anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve. Variables included skin and ulnar nerve distances measured anterior and posterior to the medial humeral epicondyle, and ulnar nerve conduction velocities over these distances, with the elbow flexed and extended, and with the ulnar nerve in the pretransposition and posttransposition location. The results of the study confirm that ulnar nerve conduction velocity is recorded as faster with elbow flexion preoperatively and elbow extension postoperatively when the skin measurement used for the distance is kept constant. Postoperatively, the most valid measurement of ulnar nerve conduction velocity was a skin distance that was posterior to the medial humeral epicondyle with the elbow extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Dellon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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