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Blaney DL, Hibbitts K, Diniega S, Davies AG, Clark RN, Green RO, Hedman M, Langevin Y, Lunine J, McCord TB, Murchie S, Paranicas C, Seelos F, Soderblom JM, Cable ML, Eckert R, Thompson DR, Trumbo SK, Bruce C, Lundeen SR, Bender HA, Helmlinger MC, Moore LB, Mouroulis P, Small Z, Tang H, Van Gorp B, Sullivan PW, Zareh S, Rodriquez JI, McKinley I, Hahn DV, Bowers M, Hourani R, Bryce BA, Nuding D, Bailey Z, Rettura A, Zarate ED. The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE). SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2024; 220:80. [PMID: 39398102 PMCID: PMC11464581 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) is an infrared compositional instrument that will fly on NASA's Europa Clipper mission to the Jupiter system. MISE is designed to meet the Level-1 science requirements related to the mission's composition science objective to "understand the habitability of Europa's ocean through composition and chemistry" and to contribute to the geology science and ice shell and ocean objectives, thereby helping Europa Clipper achieve its mission goal to "explore Europa to investigate its habitability." MISE has a mass of 65 kg and uses an energy per flyby of 75.2 W-h. MISE will detect illumination from 0.8 to 5 μm with 10 nm spectral resolution, a spatial sampling of 25 m per pixel at 100 km altitude, and 300 cross-track pixels, enabling discrimination among the two principal states of water ice on Europa, identification of the main non-ice components of interest: salts, acids, and organics, and detection of trace materials as well as some thermal signatures. Furthermore, the spatial resolution and global coverage that MISE will achieve will be complemented by the higher spectral resolution of some Earth-based assets. MISE, combined with observations collected by the rest of the Europa Clipper payload, will enable significant advances in our understanding of how the large-scale structure of Europa's surface is shaped by geological processes and inform our understanding of the surface at microscale. This paper describes the planned MISE science investigations, instrument design, concept of operations, and data products.
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Vance SD, Craft KL, Shock E, Schmidt BE, Lunine J, Hand KP, McKinnon WB, Spiers EM, Chivers C, Lawrence JD, Wolfenbarger N, Leonard EJ, Robinson KJ, Styczinski MJ, Persaud DM, Steinbrügge G, Zolotov MY, Quick LC, Scully JEC, Becker TM, Howell SM, Clark RN, Dombard AJ, Glein CR, Mousis O, Sephton MA, Castillo-Rogez J, Nimmo F, McEwen AS, Gudipati MS, Jun I, Jia X, Postberg F, Soderlund KM, Elder CM. Investigating Europa's Habitability with the Europa Clipper. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023; 219:81. [PMID: 38046182 PMCID: PMC10687213 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The habitability of Europa is a property within a system, which is driven by a multitude of physical and chemical processes and is defined by many interdependent parameters, so that its full characterization requires collaborative investigation. To explore Europa as an integrated system to yield a complete picture of its habitability, the Europa Clipper mission has three primary science objectives: (1) characterize the ice shell and ocean including their heterogeneity, properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) characterize Europa's composition including any non-ice materials on the surface and in the atmosphere, and any carbon-containing compounds; and (3) characterize Europa's geology including surface features and localities of high science interest. The mission will also address several cross-cutting science topics including the search for any current or recent activity in the form of thermal anomalies and plumes, performing geodetic and radiation measurements, and assessing high-resolution, co-located observations at select sites to provide reconnaissance for a potential future landed mission. Synthesizing the mission's science measurements, as well as incorporating remote observations by Earth-based observatories, the James Webb Space Telescope, and other space-based resources, to constrain Europa's habitability, is a complex task and is guided by the mission's Habitability Assessment Board (HAB).
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McLean JH, Clark RN. Seven new genera and thirty-four new species of buccinoid gastropods (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Zootaxa 2023; 5351:151-201. [PMID: 38221493 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Seven new genera and thirty-four new species of gastropods in the in the family Buccinidae, are described from the Aleutian Islands. The new taxa represent five subfamilies: Parancistrolepidinae Habe, 1972: Boreancistrolepis excelsus n. gen. & n. sp. Beringiinae Golikov & Starabogatov, 1975: Aleutijapelion mirandus n. gen. & n. sp.; Beringius nearensis n. sp., B. amliensis n. sp., B. bisulcatus n. sp., B. kiskensis n. sp., B. stanchfieldi n. sp., B. frausseni n. sp., B. aurulentus n. sp., B. maristempestus n. sp., B. undataformis n. sp.; Exiloberingius exiguus n. gen. & n. sp. Neptuneinae Stimpson, 1865: Aulacofusus canaliculatus n. sp., A. tanagaensis n. sp.; Neptunea aleutica n. sp., N. baxteri n. sp., N. dominator n. sp., N. petrelensis n. sp., N. quhmax n. sp., N. vesteraalen n. sp.; N. harrisoni n. sp., N. jewetti n. sp., Laevisipho galaxaios n. gen & n. sp., L. kessleri n. sp.; Volutopsiinae: Volutopsius nanus n. sp., Volutopsius gracilis n. sp.; Crebrivolutopsius labidentatus n. gen. & n. sp. Buccininae Rafinesque, 1815: Aleutibuccinum n. gen.; Castaneobuccinum orri n. gen. & n. sp., C. lauthi, n. sp., C. clinopsis n. sp., C. pagodaformis n. sp.; Sulcosinus carinatus n. sp.; Buccinum lanatum n. sp.; and Buccinum katharinae n. gen. & n. sp. The new genera and species are distinguished by the morphological characters of the shells and radulae.
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Tiscareno MS, Nicholson PD, Cuzzi JN, Spilker LJ, Murray CD, Hedman MM, Colwell JE, Burns JA, Brooks SM, Clark RN, Cooper NJ, Deau E, Ferrari C, Filacchione G, Jerousek RG, Le Mouélic S, Morishima R, Pilorz S, Rodriguez S, Showalter MR, Badman SV, Baker EJ, Buratti BJ, Baines KH, Sotin C. Close-range remote sensing of Saturn's rings during Cassini's ring-grazing orbits and Grand Finale. Science 2019; 364:364/6445/eaau1017. [PMID: 31196983 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Saturn's rings are an accessible exemplar of an astrophysical disk, tracing the Saturn system's dynamical processes and history. We present close-range remote-sensing observations of the main rings from the Cassini spacecraft. We find detailed sculpting of the rings by embedded masses, and banded texture belts throughout the rings. Saturn-orbiting streams of material impact the F ring. There are fine-scaled correlations among optical depth, spectral properties, and temperature in the B ring, but anticorrelations within strong density waves in the A ring. There is no spectral distinction between plateaux and the rest of the C ring, whereas the region outward of the Keeler gap is spectrally distinct from nearby regions. These results likely indicate that radial stratification of particle physical properties, rather than compositional differences, is responsible for producing these ring structures.
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Thompson DR, Candela A, Wettergreen DS, Dobrea EN, Swayze GA, Clark RN, Greenberger R. Spatial Spectroscopic Models for Remote Exploration. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:934-954. [PMID: 30035643 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ancient hydrothermal systems are a high-priority target for a future Mars sample return mission because they contain energy sources for microbes and can preserve organic materials (Farmer, 2000 ; MEPAG Next Decade Science Analysis Group, 2008 ; McLennan et al., 2012 ; Michalski et al., 2017 ). Characterizing these large, heterogeneous systems with a remote explorer is difficult due to communications bandwidth and latency; such a mission will require significant advances in spacecraft autonomy. Science autonomy uses intelligent sensor platforms that analyze data in real-time, setting measurement and downlink priorities to provide the best information toward investigation goals. Such automation must relate abstract science hypotheses to the measurable quantities available to the robot. This study captures these relationships by formalizing traditional "science traceability matrices" into probabilistic models. This permits experimental design techniques to optimize future measurements and maximize information value toward the investigation objectives, directing remote explorers that respond appropriately to new data. Such models are a rich new language for commanding informed robotic decision making in physically grounded terms. We apply these models to quantify the information content of different rover traverses providing profiling spectroscopy of Cuprite Hills, Nevada. We also develop two methods of representing spatial correlations using human-defined maps and remote sensing data. Model unit classifications are broadly consistent with prior maps of the site's alteration mineralogy, indicating that the model has successfully represented critical spatial and mineralogical relationships at Cuprite. Key Words: Autonomous science-Imaging spectroscopy-Alteration mineralogy-Field geology-Cuprite-AVIRIS-NG-Robotic exploration. Astrobiology 18, 934-954.
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Clark RN, Jewett SC. A new sea star of the genus Leptasterias (Asteroidea: Asteriidae) from the Aleutian Islands. Zootaxa 2015; 3941:579-84. [PMID: 25947530 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new species of asteriid sea star of the genus Leptasterias (Order Forcipulatida) is described from the nearshore waters of the Aleutian Islands. Leptaterias tatei sp. nov. is distinguished from Leptasterias stolacantha Fisher, 1930, by the characteristics of the spines and pedicellariae. Geographic distribution is discussed and a key to the five-rayed Leptasterias of the Aleutian Islands is provided.
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Barnes JW, Buratti BJ, Turtle EP, Bow J, Dalba PA, Perry J, Brown RH, Rodriguez S, Mouélic SL, Baines KH, Sotin C, Lorenz RD, Malaska MJ, McCord TB, Clark RN, Jaumann R, Hayne PO, Nicholson PD, Soderblom JM, Soderblom LA. Precipitation-induced surface brightenings seen on Titan by Cassini VIMS and ISS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2191-2521-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Clark RN, Roush TL. Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib07p06329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1285] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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King TVV, Clark RN. Spectral characteristics of chlorites and Mg-serpentines using high-resolution reflectance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib10p13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCord TB, Clark RN, Hawke BR, McFadden LA, Owensby PD, Pieters CM, Adams JB. Moon: Near-infrared spectral reflectance, A first good look. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb086ib11p10883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Clark RN. Spectral properties of mixtures of montmorillonite and dark carbon grains: Implications for remote sensing minerals containing chemically and physically adsorbed water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb088ib12p10635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clark RN, McCord TB. Mars residual north polar cap: Earth-based spectroscopic confirmation of water ice as a major constituent and evidence for hydrated minerals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb087ib01p00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clark RN, Lucey PG. Spectral properties of ice-particulate mixtures and implications for remote sensing: 1. Intimate mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib07p06341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cornet T, Bourgeois O, Le Mouélic S, Rodriguez S, Sotin C, Barnes JW, Brown RH, Baines KH, Buratti BJ, Clark RN, Nicholson PD. Edge detection applied to Cassini images reveals no measurable displacement of Ontario Lacus' margin between 2005 and 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012je004073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clark RN, Curchin JM, Barnes JW, Jaumann R, Soderblom L, Cruikshank DP, Brown RH, Rodriguez S, Lunine J, Stephan K, Hoefen TM, Le Mouélic S, Sotin C, Baines KH, Buratti BJ, Nicholson PD. Detection and mapping of hydrocarbon deposits on Titan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Clark RN, Burgess RL, Hendee JC. The development of anti-litter behavior in a forest campground. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 5:1-5. [PMID: 16795313 PMCID: PMC1310718 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1972.5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effectiveness of an incentive procedure designed to induce litter collection in a large forest campground. Children in the campground were offered their choice of a variety of reinforcers for picking up and properly disposing of litter. The procedure resulted in a sharp decline in four types of litter planted in the campground.
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Abstract
This study evaluates the differential effectiveness of six different anti-litter procedures in two neighborhood theaters. The procedures used to encourage individuals in attendance to pick up litter and deposit it properly included: providing litterbags, providing litterbags with instructions to use them, providing extra trash cans, showing a special anti-litter film before the feature film, and providing incentives for the appropriate deposit of litter. In both theaters, the incentive procedures resulted in the removal of over 90% of all litter by the children in attendance, a figure far above that achieved by the other procedures investigated.
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Purdy CW, Clark RN, Straus DC. Ambient and indoor particulate aerosols generated by dairies in the southern High Plains. J Dairy Sci 2010; 92:6033-45. [PMID: 19923606 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to quantify and size ambient aerosolized dust in and around the facilities of 4 southern High Plains dairies of New Mexico and to determine where health of workers might be vulnerable to particulate aerosols, based on aerosol concentrations that exceed national air quality standards. Ambient dust air samples were collected upwind (background) and downwind of 3 dairy location sites (loafing pen boundary, commodity, and compost field). The indoor milking parlor, a fourth site, was monitored immediately upwind and downwind. Aerosolized particulate samples were collected using high-volume sequential reference air samplers, laser aerosol monitors, and cyclone air samplers. The overall (main effects and estimable interactions) statistical general linear model statement for particulate matter (PM(10); particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of up to 10 microm) and PM(2.5) resulted in a greater mean concentration of dust in the winter (PM(10) = 97.4 +/- 4.4 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 32.6 +/- 2.6 microg/m(3)) compared with the summer (PM(10) = 71.9 +/- 5.0 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 18.1 +/- 1.2 microg/m(3)). The upwind and downwind boundary PM(10) concentrations were significantly higher in the winter (upwind = 64.3 +/- 9.5 microg/m(3); downwind = 119.8 +/- 13.0 microg/m(3)) compared with the summer (upwind = 35.2 +/- 7.5 microg/m(3); downwind = 66.8 +/- 11.8 microg/m(3)). The milking parlor PM(10) and PM(2.5) concentration data were significantly higher in the winter (PM(10) = 119.5 +/- 5.8 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 55.3 +/- 5.8microg/m(3)) compared with the summer (PM(10) = 88.6.0 +/- 5.8 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 21.0 +/- 2.1 microg/m(3)). Personnel should be protected from high aerosol concentrations found at the commodity barn, compost field, and milking parlor during the winter.
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Ehlmann BL, Mustard JF, Swayze GA, Clark RN, Bishop JL, Poulet F, Des Marais DJ, Roach LH, Milliken RE, Wray JJ, Barnouin-Jha O, Murchie SL. Identification of hydrated silicate minerals on Mars using MRO-CRISM: Geologic context near Nili Fossae and implications for aqueous alteration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Data from the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) on Cassini during its flyby of the Moon in 1999 show a broad absorption at 3 micrometers due to adsorbed water and near 2.8 micrometers attributed to hydroxyl in the sunlit surface on the Moon. The amounts of water indicated in the spectra depend on the type of mixing and the grain sizes in the rocks and soils but could be 10 to 1000 parts per million and locally higher. Water in the polar regions may be water that has migrated to the colder environments there. Trace hydroxyl is observed in the anorthositic highlands at lower latitudes.
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Murchie SL, Mustard JF, Ehlmann BL, Milliken RE, Bishop JL, McKeown NK, Noe Dobrea EZ, Seelos FP, Buczkowski DL, Wiseman SM, Arvidson RE, Wray JJ, Swayze G, Clark RN, Des Marais DJ, McEwen AS, Bibring JP. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clark RN, Curchin JM, Hoefen TM, Swayze GA. Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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