First Observation of the Directed Flow of D^{0} and D^{0}[over ¯] in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We report the first measurement of rapidity-odd directed flow (v_{1}) for D^{0} and D^{0}[over ¯] mesons at midrapidity (|y|<0.8) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. In 10-80% Au+Au collisions, the slope of the v_{1} rapidity dependence (dv_{1}/dy), averaged over D^{0} and D^{0}[over ¯] mesons, is -0.080±0.017(stat)±0.016(syst) for transverse momentum p_{T} above 1.5  GeV/c. The absolute value of D^{0} meson dv_{1}/dy is about 25 times larger than that for charged kaons, with 3.4σ significance. These data give a unique insight into the initial tilt of the produced matter, and offer constraints on the geometric and transport parameters of the hot QCD medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Polarization of Λ (Λ[over ¯]) Hyperons along the Beam Direction in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

The Λ (Λ[over ¯]) hyperon polarization along the beam direction has been measured in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV, for the first time in heavy-ion collisions. The polarization dependence on the hyperons' emission angle relative to the elliptic flow plane exhibits a second harmonic sine modulation, indicating a quadrupole pattern of the vorticity component along the beam direction, expected due to elliptic flow. The polarization is found to increase in more peripheral collisions, and shows no strong transverse momentum (p_{T}) dependence at p_{T} greater than 1  GeV/c. The magnitude of the signal is about 5 times smaller than those predicted by hydrodynamic and multiphase transport models; the observed phase of the emission angle dependence is also opposite to these model predictions. In contrast, the kinematic vorticity calculations in the blast-wave model tuned to reproduce particle spectra, elliptic flow, and the azimuthal dependence of the Gaussian source radii measured with the Hanbury Brown-Twiss intensity interferometry technique reproduce well the modulation phase measured in the data and capture the centrality and transverse momentum dependence of the polarization signal.

Observation of Excess J/ψ Yield at Very Low Transverse Momenta in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV and U+U Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193 GeV

We report on the first measurements of J/ψ production at very low transverse momentum (p_{T}<0.2  GeV/c) in hadronic Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV and U+U collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193  GeV. Remarkably, the inferred nuclear modification factor of J/ψ at midrapidity in Au+Au (U+U) collisions reaches about 24 (52) for p_{T}<0.05  GeV/c in the 60%-80% collision centrality class. This noteworthy enhancement cannot be explained by hadronic production accompanied by cold and hot medium effects. In addition, the dN/dt distribution of J/ψ for the very low p_{T} range is presented for the first time. The distribution is consistent with that expected from the Au nucleus and shows a hint of interference. Comparison of the measurements to theoretical calculations of coherent production shows that the excess yield can be described reasonably well and reveals a partial disruption of coherent production in semicentral collisions, perhaps due to the violent hadronic interactions. Incorporating theoretical calculations, the results strongly suggest that the dramatic enhancement of J/ψ yield observed at extremely low p_{T} originates from coherent photon-nucleus interactions. In particular, coherently produced J/ψ's in violent hadronic collisions may provide a novel probe of the quark-gluon plasma.

Azimuthal Harmonics in Small and Large Collision Systems at RHIC Top Energies

The first (v_{1}^{fluc}), second (v_{2}), and third (v_{3}) harmonic coefficients of the azimuthal particle distribution at midrapidity are extracted for charged hadrons and studied as a function of transverse momentum (p_{T}) and mean charged particle multiplicity density ⟨N_{ch}⟩ in U+U (sqrt[s_{NN}]=193  GeV), Au+Au, Cu+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au, and p+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV with the STAR detector. For the same ⟨N_{ch}⟩, the v_{1}^{fluc} and v_{3} coefficients are observed to be independent of the collision system, while v_{2} exhibits such a scaling only when normalized by the initial-state eccentricity (ϵ_{2}). The data also show that ln(v_{2}/ϵ_{2}) scales linearly with ⟨N_{ch}⟩^{-1/3}. These measurements provide insight into initial-geometry fluctuations and the role of viscous hydrodynamic attenuation on v_{n} from small to large collision systems.

Low-p_{T} e^{+}e^{-} Pair Production in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV and U+U Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193 GeV at STAR

We report first measurements of e^{+}e^{-} pair production in the mass region 0.4<M_{ee}<2.6  GeV/c^{2} at low transverse momentum (p_{T}<0.15  GeV/c) in noncentral Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV and U+U collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=193  GeV. Significant enhancement factors, expressed as ratios of data over known hadronic contributions, are observed in the 40%-80% centrality of these collisions. The excess yields peak distinctly at low p_{T} with a width (sqrt[⟨p_{T}^{2}⟩]) between 40 and 60  MeV/c. The absolute cross section of the excess depends weakly on centrality, while those from a theoretical model calculation incorporating an in-medium broadened ρ spectral function and radiation from a quark gluon plasma or hadronic cocktail contributions increase dramatically with an increasing number of participant nucleons. Model calculations of photon-photon interactions generated by the initial projectile and target nuclei describe the observed excess yields but fail to reproduce the p_{T}^{2} distributions.

Beam Energy Dependence of Jet-Quenching Effects in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV

We report measurements of the nuclear modification factor R_{CP} for charged hadrons as well as identified π^{+(-)}, K^{+(-)}, and p(p[over ¯]) for Au+Au collision energies of sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV. We observe a clear high-p_{T} net suppression in central collisions at 62.4 GeV for charged hadrons which evolves smoothly to a large net enhancement at lower energies. This trend is driven by the evolution of the pion spectra but is also very similar for the kaon spectra. While the magnitude of the proton R_{CP} at high p_{T} does depend on the collision energy, neither the proton nor the antiproton R_{CP} at high p_{T} exhibit net suppression at any energy. A study of how the binary collision-scaled high-p_{T} yield evolves with centrality reveals a nonmonotonic shape that is consistent with the idea that jet quenching is increasing faster than the combined phenomena that lead to enhancement.

Beam-Energy Dependence of Directed Flow of Λ, Λ[over ¯], K^{±}, K_{s}^{0}, and ϕ in Au+Au Collisions

Rapidity-odd directed-flow measurements at midrapidity are presented for Λ, Λ[over ¯], K^{±}, K_{s}^{0}, and ϕ at sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV in Au+Au collisions recorded by the Solenoidal Tracker detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These measurements greatly expand the scope of data available to constrain models with differing prescriptions for the equation of state of quantum chromodynamics. Results show good sensitivity for testing a picture where flow is assumed to be imposed before hadron formation and the observed particles are assumed to form via coalescence of constituent quarks. The pattern of departure from a coalescence-inspired sum rule can be a valuable new tool for probing the collision dynamics.

Dijet imbalance measurements in Au+Au and pp collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV at STAR

We report the first dijet transverse momentum asymmetry measurements from Au+Au and pp collisions at RHIC. The two highest-energy back-to-back jets reconstructed from fragments with transverse momenta above 2  GeV/c display a significantly higher momentum imbalance in heavy-ion collisions than in the pp reference. When reexamined with correlated soft particles included, we observe that these dijets then exhibit a unique new feature-momentum balance is restored to that observed in pp for a jet resolution parameter of R=0.4, while rebalancing is not attained with a smaller value of R=0.2.

Measurement of D^{0} Azimuthal Anisotropy at Midrapidity in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We report the first measurement of the elliptic anisotropy (v_{2}) of the charm meson D^{0} at midrapidity (|y|<1) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The measurement was conducted by the STAR experiment at RHIC utilizing a new high-resolution silicon tracker. The measured D^{0} v_{2} in 0%-80% centrality Au+Au collisions can be described by a viscous hydrodynamic calculation for a transverse momentum (p_{T}) of less than 4  GeV/c. The D^{0} v_{2} as a function of transverse kinetic energy (m_{T}-m_{0}, where m_{T}=sqrt[p_{T}^{2}+m_{0}^{2}]) is consistent with that of light mesons in 10%-40% centrality Au+Au collisions. These results suggest that charm quarks have achieved local thermal equilibrium with the medium created in such collisions. Several theoretical models, with the temperature-dependent, dimensionless charm spatial diffusion coefficient (2πTD_{s}) in the range of ∼2-12, are able to simultaneously reproduce our D^{0} v_{2} result and our previously published results for the D^{0} nuclear modification factor.

Charge-Dependent Directed Flow in Cu+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of charge-dependent directed flow in Cu+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The results are presented as a function of the particle transverse momentum and pseudorapidity for different centralities. A finite difference between the directed flow of positive and negative charged particles is observed that qualitatively agrees with the expectations from the effects of the initial strong electric field between two colliding ions with different nuclear charges. The measured difference in directed flow is much smaller than that obtained from the parton-hadron-string-dynamics model, which suggests that most of the electric charges, i.e., quarks and antiquarks, have not yet been created during the lifetime of the strong electric field, which is of the order of, or less than, 1  fm/c.

Ischemia-induced disturbance of neuronal network function in the rat spinal cord analyzed by voltage-imaging

Using a voltage-imaging technique, we analyzed the acute effect of ischemia, hypoxia and hypoglycemia on the neuronal network function of the rat spinal cord. Ischemic, hypoxic, or hypoglycemic stress was loaded to spinal cord slices with an oxygen- and glucose-free, oxygen-free, or glucose-free mock cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Depolarizing signals in the dorsal horn, induced by dorsal root stimulation, consisted of fast (pre-synaptic) and slow (post-synaptic) components. The slow component was attenuated much more than the fast component under an ischemic condition (P<0.0002). Post-synaptic neuronal activities in lamina III-IV were suppressed earlier than those in lamina I-II. The nerve fiber was relatively resistant to ischemia. As long as the fast component was preserved in the dorsal horn, the suppression of the fast and slow components was reversible. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the recovered slow component sizes between the group in which the fast component was suppressed by more than 20% by ischemia and the group in which the suppression was less than 20%. Further prolonged stress irreversibly eliminated most of the slow component, and attenuated the fast component (to 59+/-8%) accompanied by cellular damage in histology. Suppression of neural activity by hypoxic or hypoglycemic stress was less prominent than that by ischemia. Prolonged ischemic stress suddenly and irreversibly eliminated depolarizing signals in the ventral horn accompanied by morphological damage of motoneurons. Immunohistochemical staining was negative for apoptosis. We have, for the first time, analyzed the processes of spinal cord disturbance induced by ischemia, hypoxia and hypoglycemia at the neuronal network level by directly observing the regional neuronal network activities within the spinal cord. We conclude that synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn, especially in deep regions, is vulnerable and first affected by these stresses. Severe ischemic stress induces irreversible dysfunction of neurons accompanied by eventual cell death in both dorsal and ventral horns.

A refined 3-dimensional QSAR of cytochrome P450 2C9: computational predictions of drug interactions

A ligand-based model is reported that predicts the Ki values for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) inhibitors. This CoMFA model was used to predict the affinity of 14 structurally diverse compounds not in the training set and appears to be robust. The mean error of the predictions is 6 microM. The experimentally measured Ki values of the 14 compounds range from 0.1 to 48 microM. Leave-one-out cross-validated partial least-squares gives a q2 value of between 0.6 and 0.8 for the various models which indicates internal consistency. Random assignment of biological data to structure leads to negative q2 values. These models are useful in that they establish a pharmacophore for binding to CYP2C9 that can be tested with site-directed mutagenesis. These models can also be used to screen for potential drug interactions and to design compounds that will not bind to this enzyme with high affinity.

Comparative study of reverse flow island flaps in the lower extremities--peroneal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial island flaps in 25 patients

The reverse flow island flap is one of the most versatile reconstructive procedures in the lower extremity. There are three major arteries, the peroneal, the anterior tibial, and the posterior tibial artery, and a reverse flow island flap pedicled by each vessel and its intermuscular cutaneous perforators is available. Twenty-five reverse flow island flaps were clinically applied for soft tissue defects in the lower leg (10 peroneal, 8 anterior tibial, and 7 posterior tibial flaps). We report a comparative study of the characteristics and indications of the peroneal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial reverse flow flaps. We conclude that the anterior tibial reverse flow flaps are more likely, without venous anastomosis, to become congested and necrose than the peroneal and posterior tibial flaps.

Operations for microforms of cleft lip

Microform cleft lip is a mild expression of cleft lip and may be difficult to repair. Its severity may be defined by the degree of downward depression of the nostril rim, skin striae of the upper lip, notching of Cupid's bow, and deformity of the vermilion border. Variation in surgical repair is reported for each type of microform cleft lip.

[Morphological study on the intraocular proliferative membrane of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy]

The membranes from 42 eyes with PDR and 8 eyes with PVR were removed during vitreous surgery. In 12 of those with PDR and 3 of the cases with PVR, the reproliferated membranes formed beneath silicone oil (SO) were removed and were histologically and immunohistochemically examined, using morphometrical quantitative analysis. In each case, area coefficient, fibrous content and the number of new vessels, and thick basement membranes, increased wall cells and multilayer basement membranes of new vessels were studied. In both PDR and PVR, the number of cells per unit area tended to be increased with the period of time after SO was injected, while the percentage of fibrous components did not change. The Percentage of occurrence of each type of new vessels was almost the same in both primary and reproliferative PDR membranes. In the primary proliferative PDR membranes, endothelial cell proliferation was found predominantly, while glial hyperplasia was predominant in the primary proliferated PVR membranes and the reproliferated membranes under SO of PDR and PVR.

[Clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil in pediatrics]

Cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI), a newly developed oral cephem antibiotic was administered to treat 16 children with various infections. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The clinical responses were "excellent" in 7, "good" in 5, "fair" in 3 and "poor" in 1, with 75.0% efficacy rate. 2. No side effects and no abnormal laboratory findings were observed.

[Clinical studies of cefpodoxime proxetil in pediatric field]

Clinical studies of cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR), a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in 60 patients in the pediatric field. The overall efficacy rate on 54 patients with various infections was 98.1%, and few side effects, all of them very mild, were developed in 6 of 60 patients (10%). It was concluded that CPDX-PR was one of the most useful antibiotics in the pediatric field because of the high efficacy rate and the safety.

Aesthetic considerations of the cleft lip operation

The results of a cleft lip operation are checked from the anterior, the profile, and the caudal views and even if the deformities are minimal, for aesthetic reasons they should be repaired. Philtrum length, philtrum shape, philtrum depth, nasolabial triangular area, vermilion thickness, Cupid's bow peak, horizontal upper lip groove, vermilion border, alar size, depth of alar groove, nasal deviation, nostril shape, nasal tip, columella height, sill shape, columella width, and facial balance of the anterior, profile, and caudal views are used as aesthetic checkpoints for the results of a cleft lip operation. If deformities are found, the aesthetic plastic surgeon should repair them to achieve a more satisfactory result. In addition, augmentation rhinoplasty, augmentation mentoplasty, or other craniofacial surgery may be performed.

[Clinical studies on ceftriaxone in the pediatric field]

Clinical studies on ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904, CTRX) were carried out and the results were as follows: Twelve patients (acute purulent tonsillitis 1, pneumonia 6, urinary tract infection 5) were treated with CTRX, in doses of 21-48 mg/kg divided 2 times per day for 3.5-8 days intravenously. The overall efficacy rate was 100%. No adverse reactions were observed. No abnormal laboratory data were noted.

[Clinical studies on sulbactam/cefoperazone in pediatric field]

Clinical studies on sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) were carried out and the results were as follows: Eleven patients (pneumonia 8, acute purulent arthritis of the knee joint 1, urinary tract infection 2) were treated with SBT/CPZ, in doses of 30-67 mg/kg divided 3 times per day for 3-61/3 days intravenously. The overall efficacy rate was 100%. As to adverse reaction, diarrhea was observed in 1 case. Abnormal laboratory data were noted in 2 cases (GPT elevation in 1, and eosinophilia and GPT elevation in 1).

[Clinical studies on ceftazidime in the pediatric field]

Ceftazidime ( CAZ ) is a newly developed cephalosporin. Clinical studies on this drug was carried out and the results were as follows. Twenty-nine patients (acute purulent tonsillitis 2, acute bronchitis 1, pneumonia 15, acute purulent lymphadenitis 2, pyoderma 1, skin abscess 2 and urinary tract infection 6) were treated with CAZ in doses of 42-1 mg/kg (mean 59 mg/kg) divided 2-3 times per day for 3-10 days (mean 5.7 days) intravenously. The overall efficacy rate was 96.6%. As to adverse reaction, drug fever was observed in 1 patient. Abnormal laboratory data were noted in 4 cases (elevation of serum GOT, GPT and BUN in 1, elevation of serum GOT and GPT in 1, elevation of BUN in 1 and leukopenia in 1).

Monocyte function in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood

The monocyte function of 112 specimens from 42 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) aged from 2 to 17 years was studied by the methods of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, phagocytosis of immunobeads (IB) and yeast cells, chemotaxis and acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining. The dissociation between phagocytosis and chemotaxis was observed in the fresh cases of steroid sensitive INS and in the cases of steroid non-sensitive INS. In the fresh cases of steroid sensitive INS, NBT reduction and phagocytosis were increased, but chemotaxis was decreased. In the cases of steroid non-sensitive INS, the phagocytosis of IB was decreased, but chemotaxis was increased. These findings suggest a different pathogenesis between steroid sensitive and steroid non-sensitive INS. The dissociation between phagocytosis and chemotaxis may be explained by the alteration of the surface receptors of monocyte and by lymphokines.

[Clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]

Cefpiramide (CPM) is a newly developed cephalosporin. Clinical studies on this drug were carried out and the results were as follows; Forty-three patients (purulent lymphadenitis 2, cellulitis 2, purulent otitis media 1, purulent tonsillitis 3, acute bronchitis 2, pneumonia 22, bronchiectasis 1, urinary tract infection 10) were treated with CPM, in doses of 20 approximately 82 mg/kg divided 2 approximately 4 times per day for 3 approximately 11 days intravenously. The overall efficacy rate was 83.7%. As to adverse reaction, 4 cases, which includes 3 cases of diarrhea and 1 case of exanthema, were observed. Abnormal laboratory data noted were liver dysfunction in 3 cases (6.8%), and eosinophilia in 2 cases (4.5%).

[Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefotetan in pediatrics]

Basic and clinical studies on cefotetan (CTT) were carried out and the results were as follows: Absorption and excretion Two patients were given 10 mg/kg of CTT by one shot intravenous injection. At 30 minutes after injection, mean serum level was 76.5 micrograms/ml and the half-life time was 2.3 hours. Mean 6-hour urinary recovery in same patients was 57.5%. Clinical evaluation Forty-two patients were treated with CTT, in doses of 19.2-102.9 mg/kg divided 2-4 times per day for 3-10 days intravenously. Responses were excellent in 14, good in 23, fair in 1, poor in 4, and the overall efficacy rate was 88.1%. As to adverse reaction, urticaria was observed in 1 patient. Abnormal laboratory data noted were elevation of GOT in 1, GOT and GPT in 2, creatinine in 1, and eosinophilia in 3 patients.

[Comprehensive evaluation of cefotetan in pediatrics]

Fundamental and clinical studies on cefotetan (CTT), a new cephamycin antibiotic, were carried out under a joint study programme in pediatric field, and the following results were obtained. Pharmacokinetic study In 20 pediatric patients with normal renal function, weighing 15 to 48 kg, CTT was injected intravenously at 20 mg/kg in 3 to 5 minutes. The mean blood concentration of CTT was 215.6 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes after the end of injection, 90.7 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 57.2 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 33.9 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and 10.2 micrograms/ml at 8 hours. The half-life of the drug in the beta-phase, computed from the mean blood concentrations up to 8 hours postdosing, was 2.61 hours. The peak of the mean urinary excretion of cefotetan appeared in 0 to 2 hours after the injection and 36.5% of the dose was recovered in the urine. The mean excretion at 0 to 8 hours was 68.1%. Clinical study Clinical effects of CTT was evaluated in 285 patients with 287 diseases, since 1 patient had both pneumonia and erysipelas, and another both pneumonia and acute otitis media. Daily dosage of CTT ranged from 15 to 123 mg/kg, and 266 patients (93.3%) received the drug either 2 or 3 times daily. The clinical response was seen in 83.3% of the 6 cases with sepsis, 89.3% of the 122 cases with pneumonia with or without pyothorax, 96.2% of the 52 cases with either acute bronchitis or tonsillitis, 92.5% of the 67 cases with urinary tract infection and 92.5% of the 40 cases with other infections. The causative organisms were detected in 160 patients and the rate of complete disappearance was 80.6%. Out of 310 patients, side effects were seen in 9 cases, diarrhea in 8 (2.6%) and rash in 1 (0.3%). Abnormal clinical laboratory findings were seen in 24 cases, elevation of serum transaminases in 19 (7.8%), elevation of TTT and LDH in 1 (0.4%) and eosinophilia in 4 (1.6%). None of these cases showed serious side effects or abnormal clinical laboratory findings. From the above results, it is concluded that CTT is one of the useful drug for treatment of infections in pediatric field.

[Clinical studies of T-1982 (cefbuperazone) in pediatric field]

T-1982 (cefbuperazone) is a newly developed cephamycin. Clinical studies on this drug were carried out and the results were as follows: Eighteen patients (pneumonia 13, purulent tonsillitis 1, acute bronchitis 1, cellulitis 1, urinary tract infection 2) were treated intravenously with daily 27.4-100.2 mg/kg of T-1982 in 3-4 divided dose for 3-6.7 days. The overall efficacy rate was 94.4%. No adverse reactions were observed. Abnormal laboratory data noted were liver dysfunction in 1 case (4.8%), eosinophilia in 2 cases (9.5%), and anemia in 1 case (4.8%).

[Clinical studies on cefsulodin in the pediatric field]

Clinical studies on cefsulodin (CFS) in 6 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were carried out and the results as follows. 1. Among 4 patients administered CFS intravenously, 3 patients (urinary tract infection 1, acute purulent otitis media 1, aspiration pneumonia 1) responded well. 2. Two patients with respiratory infection were treated CFS by nebulization. One responded well and another fair. 3. No side effects were observed.

[Basic and clinical studies on cefmenoxime in pediatric field]

Cefmenoxime (CMX) is a newly developed cephalosporin. Basic and clinical studies on this drug was carried out and the results were as follows. 1. Serum level and urinary recovery A 7 years old male was administered 10 mg per kilogram of CMX by one shot intravenous injection. Serum levels were 23.3 micrograms/ml at the time of 15 minutes after injection, 12.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 3.9 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 2.0 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, and 0.3 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. In this same patient, 6-hour urinary recovery was 54.7%. 2. Clinical evaluation and adverse reaction Thirty-seven patients (upper respiratory infection 4, pneumonia 20, pyothorax 1, purulent lymphadenitis 1, cellulitis 2, sepsis 1 and urinary tract infection 8) were treated with CMX in doses of 30 approximately 212 mg/kg divided 3 approximately 4 times per day for 1.5 approximately 21 days intravenously. The overall efficacy rate was 94.6%. As to adverse reaction, exanthema and drug fever were observed in 1 patient respectively. Abnormal laboratory data noted were eosinophilia in 2.3%, and elevation of serum transaminase in 9.8%.

[Clinical studies on 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin in respiratory tract infections in pediatric field (author's transl)]

Clinical studies on 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin (MOM) was carried out in 31 patients with respiratory tract infections (acute pharyngitis 6, acute purulent tonsillitis 5, scarlet fever 1, acute bronchitis 6, pneumonia 13 cases), in dose of 12 approximately 34 mg/kg divided 3 per day for 3 approximately 19 days. The overally efficacy rate was 74.2%. As to adverse reaction, exanthema and diarrhea with abdominal pain were observed in each 1 patient. Eosinophilia and elevation of serum GPT were noted in each 1 patient.

Monocyte function in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood

The monocyte function in 2-15 year old patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in childhood was studied in reference to the phagocytosis of sensitized red blood cells and NBT reduction. The monocyte function was found to be increased in fresh cases of INS. In the case of refractory INS not responding to steroid treatment, the monocyte function was normal or tended to be low.

A case of membranous glomerulonephritis in which positive to negative change of hepatitis B e antigen in glomeruli was observed

9-year-old boy suffering from membranous glomerulonephritis (GN) associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was observed. In this case seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) could not be confirmed, but a change from HBeAg positive to negative in the glomeruli was observed, and electron-dense deposits (EDD) became translucent and urinary protein also turned negative. These findings apparently suggest the possibility that membranous GN in this case is closely concerned with the causation and development of HBeAg.

[A clinical study of cefotiam in pediatric field (author's transl)]

Cefotiam is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. The treatment with this drug was carried out in 12 cases of pediatric infection. The clinical response was observed in 92% of the cases. Cefotiam was found to be active against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Neither marked side effects nor laboratory abnormalities were found with this treatment.

[Clinical experience with cefadroxil dry syrup in pediatric infections (author's transl)]

Cefadroxil was administered to 16 pediatric patients at dose levels ranging from 27 to 56 mg/kg daily for 5-9 consecutive days. Of 16 patients, 9 had urinary tract infections including 5 cases with nephrotic syndromes, 4 had respiratory tract infections including 2 cases with nephrotic syndromes, 3 had skin infections including 2 cases of pyoderma and 1 case of suppurative gingivitis, including 1 case with nephrotic syndrome. Clinical results obtained were 9 'excellent', 4 'effective' and 3 'ineffective' showing an efficacy ratio of 81%. Of 9 urinary tract infections, 5 patients exhibited bacteriuria and 3 had original pathogens persisting after treatment. In respiratory tract, skin and gingival infections, cefadroxil was either 'excellent' or 'effective' in all 7 patients. The above results demonstrate a distinctive feature of cefadroxil that attains a good cutaneous distribution after oral administration. The absorption of the drug was not adversely affected by a food intake. No significant side effects were observed in all 16 patients. Judging from our clinical results, cefadroxil is considered one of the valuable cephalosporin antibiotics in the treatment of pediatric infections.

[Clinical studies of cefoperazone in pediatric field (author's transl)]

Clinical studies of cefoperazone (CPZ) were performed and the following results were obtained. 1) CPZ was intravenously administered at the daily dose of 35 approximately 107 mg/kg to 10 children with infection: urinary tract infection (6 cases), respiratory infection (3 cases), and acute enterocolitis (1 case). The overall efficacy rate was 80%, and in urinary tract infection including one case caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, efficacy rate was 100%. 2) The bloody stools were noted in one case, 2 days after the administration of CPZ, but improved gradually. No abnormal laboratory data were found.

[A clinical observation of cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]

Cefuroxime, a new synthetic cephalosporin, was administered to 10 pediatric patients (6 with respiratory tract infection, 2 with urinary tract infection, 1 with sepsis of E. coli and 1 with enterocolitis). The clinical result was good and excellent in all the 10 cases. No side effect was observed in any of them.

[Clinical experience with CS-1170 (author's transl)]

CS-1170 was administered in 6 cases of infections in the pediatric field and the clinical response was excellent in 3, fair in 1, poor in 1 and unknown in one. Cases of acute purulent osteomyelitis which was cured by the present drug were described in detail. Each case is summarized Table 1.

[A clinical study of PC-904 in pediatric field (author's transl)]

A clinical study of PC-904 was performed and the following results were obtained. 1) PC-904 was intravenously administered at the daily dosage of 20 approximately 120 mg/kg to 13 children; urinary tract infection (10 cases), acute pneumonia (1 case), sepsis (1 case) and purulent meningitis (1 case). The overall efficacy rate was 46.2%. 2) As to adverse reaction, eosinophilia was noted only in 2 patients. One neonate was treated with this drug, but no side effects were observed. 3) It was considered that PC-904 was a useful antibiotic drug for the second choice rather than the first.