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Dcosta JV, Ochoa D, Sanaur S. Recent Progress in Flexible and Wearable All Organic Photoplethysmography Sensors for SpO 2 Monitoring. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2302752. [PMID: 37740697 PMCID: PMC10625116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable biosensors are the next-generation healthcare devices that can efficiently monitor human health conditions in day-to-day life. Moreover, the rapid growth and technological advancements in wearable optoelectronics have promoted the development of flexible organic photoplethysmography (PPG) biosensor systems that can be implanted directly onto the human body without any additional interface for efficient bio-signal monitoring. As an example, the pulse oximeter utilizes PPG signals to monitor the oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) in the blood volume using two distinct wavelengths with organic light emitting diode (OLED) as light source and an organic photodiode (OPD) as light sensor. Utilizing the flexible and soft properties of organic semiconductors, pulse oximeter can be both flexible and conformal when fabricated on thin polymeric substrates. It can also provide highly efficient human-machine interface systems that can allow for long-time biological integration and flawless measurement of signal data. In this work, a clear and systematic overview of the latest progress and updates in flexible and wearable all-organic pulse oximetry sensors for SpO2 monitoring, including design and geometry, processing techniques and materials, encapsulation and various factors affecting the device performance, and limitations are provided. Finally, some of the research challenges and future opportunities in the field are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostin Vinroy Dcosta
- Mines Saint‐ÉtienneCentre Microélectronique de ProvenceDepartment of Flexible Electronics880, Avenue de MimetGardanne13541France
| | - Daniel Ochoa
- Mines Saint‐ÉtienneCentre Microélectronique de ProvenceDepartment of Flexible Electronics880, Avenue de MimetGardanne13541France
| | - Sébastien Sanaur
- Mines Saint‐ÉtienneCentre Microélectronique de ProvenceDepartment of Flexible Electronics880, Avenue de MimetGardanne13541France
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Mandelli JS, Koepp J, Hama A, Sanaur S, Rae GA, Rambo CR. Cell viability and cytotoxicity of inkjet-printed flexible organic electrodes on parylene C. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:2. [PMID: 33386434 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the fabrication of biocompatible organic devices by means of inkjet printing with a novel combination of materials. The devices were fabricated on Parylene C (PaC), a biocompatible and flexible polymer substrate. The contact tracks were inkjet-printed using a silver nanoparticle ink, while the active sites were inkjet-printed using a poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) solution. To insulate the final device, a polyimide ink was used to print a thick film, leaving small open windows upon the active sites. Electrical characterization of the final device revealed conductivities in the order of 103 and 102 S.cm-1 for Ag and PEDOT based inks, respectively. Cell adhesion assays performed with PC-12 cells after 96 h of culture, and B16F10 cells after 24 h of culture, demonstrated that the cells adhered on top of the inks and cell differentiation occurred, which indicates Polyimide and PEDOT:PSS inks are non-toxic to these cells. The results indicate that PaC, along with its surface-treated variants, is a potentially useful material for fabricating cell-based microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S Mandelli
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate Program on Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Janice Koepp
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Program on Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil.,Biocelltis Biotechnology SA, Rod. SC 401 km 05, 5326, 88032-005, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adel Hama
- Department of Bioelectronics, IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, 880 avenue de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Sébastien Sanaur
- Department of Bioelectronics, IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, 880 avenue de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France.,Department of Flexible Electronics, IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, 880 avenue de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Giles A Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Program on Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Rambo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate Program on Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil.
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ElMahmoudy M, Curto VF, Ferro M, Hama A, Malliaras GG, O'Connor RP, Sanaur S. Electrically controlled cellular migration on a periodically micropatterned PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer platform. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. ElMahmoudy
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - V. F. Curto
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - M. Ferro
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - A. Hama
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - G. G. Malliaras
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - R. P. O'Connor
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Bioelectronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
| | - S. Sanaur
- IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Provence Microelectronics Center, Department of Flexible Electronics; F-13541 Gardanne France
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Roberts T, De Graaf JB, Nicol C, Hervé T, Fiocchi M, Sanaur S. Flexible Inkjet-Printed Multielectrode Arrays for Neuromuscular Cartography. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1462-70. [PMID: 27125475 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flexible Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) conductive-polymer multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are fabricated without etching or aggressive lift-off processes, only by additive solution processes. Inkjet printing technology has several advantages, such as a customized design and a rapid realization time, adaptability to different patients and to different applications. In particular, inkjet printing technology, as additive and "contactless" technology, can be easily inserted into various technological fabrication steps on different substrates at low cost. In vivo electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show the time stability of such MEAs. An equivalent circuit model is established for such flexible cutaneous MEAs. It is shown that the charge transfer resistance remains the same, even two months after fabrication. Surface electromyography and electrocardiography measurements show that the PEDOT PSS MEAs record electrophysiological activity signals that are comparable to those obtained with unitary Ag/AgCl commercial electrodes. Additionally, such MEAs offer parallel and simultaneous recordings on multiple locations at high surface density. It also proves its suitability to reconstruct an innervation zone map and opens new perspectives for a better control of amputee's myoelectric prostheses. The employment of additive technologies such as inkjet printing suggests that the integration of multifunctional sensors can improve the performances of ultraflexible brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Roberts
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement CNRS Aix Marseille Université ISM UMR 7287 163, Avenue de Luminy, CP, 910 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 France
- Microvitae Technologies Hôtel Technologique Europarc Sainte Victoire Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant 13590 Meyreuil France
| | - Jozina B. De Graaf
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement CNRS Aix Marseille Université ISM UMR 7287 163, Avenue de Luminy, CP, 910 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 France
| | - Caroline Nicol
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement CNRS Aix Marseille Université ISM UMR 7287 163, Avenue de Luminy, CP, 910 13288 Marseille Cedex 9 France
| | - Thierry Hervé
- Microvitae Technologies Hôtel Technologique Europarc Sainte Victoire Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant 13590 Meyreuil France
| | - Michel Fiocchi
- Department of Bioelectronics Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines CMP‐EMSE 880, route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne France
| | - Sébastien Sanaur
- Department of Bioelectronics Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines CMP‐EMSE 880, route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne France
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Stavrinidou E, Winther-Jensen O, Shekibi BS, Armel V, Rivnay J, Ismailova E, Sanaur S, Malliaras GG, Winther-Jensen B. Engineering hydrophilic conducting composites with enhanced ion mobility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2275-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stavrinidou E, Leleux P, Rajaona H, Khodagholy D, Rivnay J, Lindau M, Sanaur S, Malliaras GG. Direct measurement of ion mobility in a conducting polymer. Adv Mater 2013; 25:4488-93. [PMID: 23784809 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using planar junctions between the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS and various electrolytes, it is possible to inject common ions and directly observe their transit through the film. The 1D geometry of the experiment allows a straightforward estimate of the ion drift mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stavrinidou
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, Gardanne, France
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Khodagholy D, Doublet T, Gurfinkel M, Quilichini P, Ismailova E, Leleux P, Herve T, Sanaur S, Bernard C, Malliaras GG. Highly conformable conducting polymer electrodes for in vivo recordings. Adv Mater 2011; 23:H268-72. [PMID: 21826747 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Bioelectronics, Centre Microélectronique de Provence, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, Gardanne, France
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Xiao S, Myers M, Miao Q, Sanaur S, Pang K, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Titelbild: Molecular Wires from Contorted Aromatic Compounds (Angew. Chem. 45/2005). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200590148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xiao S, Myers M, Miao Q, Sanaur S, Pang K, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Cover Picture: Molecular Wires from Contorted Aromatic Compounds (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45/2005). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200590149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xiao S, Myers M, Miao Q, Sanaur S, Pang K, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Molecular Wires from Contorted Aromatic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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