Influence of Maternity Leave on Exclusive Breastfeeding: Analysis from Two Surveys Conducted in the Federal District of Brazil

BACKGROUND

Since the 1980s, Brazil has implemented several initiatives to support breastfeeding. Maternity leave, paid in full for 16 weeks, has been available since 1988. However, few studies in Brazil have analyzed the impacts of maternity leave on breastfeeding using population-based indicators.

RESEARCH AIM

The aim was to analyze the association between maternity leave and exclusive breastfeeding interruption in children younger than 4 months residing in the Federal District of Brazil, in 2008 and 2014.

METHODS

Data from two surveys were used: the 2008 Second National Survey on Prevalence of Breastfeeding and the 2014 Monitoring of Infant Feeding Practices. The sample included 1,742 mothers with children younger than 4 months residing in the Federal District and using the Public Unified Health System. The main independent variable was the mother being on maternity leave and the outcome was interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Multiple analyses were performed to test the association between maternity leave and the risk of interrupting exclusive breastfeeding, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and biomedical characteristics.

RESULTS

In 2008 and 2014, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 60% and 71.4% and prevalence of maternity leave was 27% and 41%, respectively. The lack of maternity leave was strongly associated with interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in 2008 (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.12, 2.82]) and in 2014 (PR = 3.95, 95% CI [1.88, 8.31]) after adjusting for confounding variables.

CONCLUSION

Not being on maternity leave was strongly associated with the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding among employed women residing in the Federal District.

Influence of the support offered to breastfeeding by maternity hospitals

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether the support offered by maternity hospitals is associated with higher prevalences of exclusive and predominant breastfeeding.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study including a representative sample of 916 infants less than six months who were born in maternity hospitals, in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, 2011. The maternity hospitals were evaluated in relation to their fulfillment of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Data were collected regarding breastfeeding patterns, the birth hospital and other characteristics. The individualized effect of the study factor on exclusive and predominant breastfeeding was analyzed using Poisson multiple regression with robust variance.

RESULTS

Predominant breastfeeding tended to be more prevalent when the number of fulfilled steps was higher (p of linear trend = 0.057). The step related to not offering artificial teats or pacifiers to breastfed infants and that related to encouraging the establishment of breastfeeding support groups were associated, respectively, to a higher prevalence of exclusive (PR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.04;1.54) and predominant breastfeeding (PR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.01;2.39), after an adjustment was performed for confounding variables.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed a positive association between support offered by maternity hospitals and prevalences of exclusive and predominant breastfeeding. These results can be useful to other locations with similar characteristics (cities with hospitals that fulfill the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding) to provide incentive to breastfeeding, by means of promoting, protecting and supporting breastfeeding in maternity hospitals.

[Implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between the level of implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 916 infants < 6 months, in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil, in 2011. Data on breastfeeding, place of outpatient care and other characteristics were collected during the National Vaccination Campaign. The factor studied is where outpatient care took place: Private; Non-Network Public; Public with Network Workshop; and Public certified by Network. The individualized effect of the factor studied on the outcome was analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance.

RESULTS

The comparison between private (reference category) and other outpatient care showed significant dose-response relationship with a progressive increase in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in public non-Network, public with Network Workshop and public accredited by Network outpatient care (p = 0.047). As regards the Basic Health Units accredited by Network category, the Prevalence Ratio of exclusive breastfeeding was equal to 1.47 (95%CI 1.00;2.17), after adjustment for confounding variables.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for infants < 6 months was higher in places accredited by the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network, which evinces the importance of investing in accreditation of Basic Units of Health by this strategy.

Análise de implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil: desafios e perspectivas da promoção do aleitamento materno na atenção básica

Avaliou-se a implantação da Rede Amamenta Brasil, estratégia elaborada pelo Ministério da Saúde para o incentivo à amamentação na atenção básica. Realizou-se pesquisa avaliativa do tipo análise de implantação do componente 1, considerando-se três níveis de análise (federal, estadual e municipal) e adotando-se o estudo de casos múltiplos. Elaboraram-se o modelo lógico e a matriz de indicadores da Rede Amamenta Brasil. Para apreensão do contexto organizacional, analisado por meio das categorias do Triângulo de Matus e do grau de implantação, foram utilizadas a análise documental, entrevistas e grupos focais. O grau de implantação foi obtido pela avaliação do cumprimento das atividades propostas nos três níveis; nos municípios, foram avaliados os critérios estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde para certificação das unidades básicas. Identificaram-se diferentes contextos organizacionais e graus de implantação, variando, nos municípios, de 18% a 100%. Foi possível observar a influência do contexto sobre a implantação da estratégia, de modo que se evidenciou relação entre contextos mais favoráveis e graus de implantação mais avançados.

Práticas de alimentação complementar no primeiro ano de vida e fatores associados

OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de consumo de alimentos complementares e os fatores associados à alimentação complementar oportuna em menores de um ano. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 1 176 crianças, durante a Campanha Nacional de Vacinação de 2003, em São Bernardo do Campo (SP), cujos acompanhantes responderam questionário que incluiu questões sobre a alimentação da criança nas 24 horas precedentes. A estimativa da prevalência de consumo dos alimentos complementares foi realizada por um modelo de regressão logística ajustado por idade; as medianas de introdução de alimentos por análise de sobrevida e os fatores associados à alimentação complementar oportuna por regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto de variância e seleção hierarquizada de variáveis. RESULTADOS: Observou-se introdução precoce de alimentos complementares: no quarto mês, cerca de um terço das crianças recebiam suco de fruta e um quarto das crianças recebiam mingau, fruta ou sopa, ao passo que a probabilidade de consumir a comida da família aos oito meses foi baixa (48%). A mediana de idade para o consumo de frutas foi de 266 dias (IC95% 256-275), de papa de legumes foi 258 dias (IC95% 250-264) e comida da família, 292 dias (IC 95% 287-303). Os fatores associados ao consumo de alimentos sólidos antes dos seis meses de idade foram: sistema de assistência à saúde; idade materna; trabalho materno e uso de chupeta. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo precoce de alimentos sólidos, um risco potencial para a saúde infantil e para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas na idade adulta, evidenciam a necessidade de ações programáticas para reversão deste quadro.

Breastfeeding knowledge and practice of health professionals in public health care services

This study evaluated breastfeeding knowledge and practice of professionals who care for infants at health care services in a city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. This epidemiological study was carried out with a population of 89 nurses and physicians. Their answers to a structured questionnaire were analyzed in total and by place of work through the test for difference between proportions (Chi-square) with the level of significance at p<0.05. Data analysis was performed according to the Ministry of Health recommendations. The significant differences found for knowledge and practice, according to place of work, were restricted to certain aspects. Results of average scores were slightly better for professionals from the basic care units. Regular and poor performance were found in different studied aspects regardless of place of work, which suggest that potential educational interventions in this subject should include professionals at all levels of health care.

Preditores do retardo de crescimento linear em pré-escolares: uma abordagem multinível

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os determinantes do déficit de crescimento linear em crianças menores de cinco anos, utilizando modelagem multinível. Foi estudada uma amostra de 3.746 pré-escolares de 15 municípios brasileiros (dez do Estado da Bahia e cinco do Estado de São Paulo), construída em três estágios (municípios, domicílios e crianças). Os dados municipais foram obtidos do censo demográfico de 1991. Os dados referentes aos indivíduos e domicílios foram coletados entre 1999 e 2001, constando de questionários estruturados e medições de peso e altura das crianças. Para análise utilizou-se o programa MLwiN. No modelo multinível final observou-se que baixo IDH e inadequada assistência pré-natal, no nível dos municípios; baixas condições ambientais, econômicas e da escolaridade materna, no nível dos domicílios; o baixo peso ao nascer, esquema vacinal incompleto, história prévia de desnutrição e ausência do aleitamento ao peito, no nível das crianças, mostraram-se fortemente associados ao déficit do crescimento linear das crianças estudadas. A variabilidade total da desnutrição explicada pelo modelo foi de 27,4%, desta, 51,3%, 33% e 15,7% foram explicadas, respectivamente, pelas variáveis dos níveis da criança, do domicílio e do município.

Is overweight a risk factor for wheezing in pre-school children? A study in 14 Brazilian communities

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between overweight and wheezing in pre-school children in 14 small Brazilian communities.

METHODS

Cross-sectional epidemiological study, conducted between 2001 and 2002. A sample of 3453 children under 5 years of age was taken from nine communities in the state of Bahia and five in the state of São Paulo. Data on housing, family and children were obtained by applying structured questionnaires in loco. Weight and height for each child were also measured. The association between wheezing and overweight was assessed by unconditional logistic multivariate regression models.

RESULTS

Overweight children had a greater frequency of wheezing and an odds ratio of 2.57 (95% confidence interval 1.51-4.37) was estimated after controlling for several potential confounding variables. The magnitude of the risk was not affected by several different model specifications.

CONCLUSION

Excess weight is associated with increased risk for wheezing in this population of children below 5 years of age.

Determinants of the breastfeeding pattern among working women in São Paulo

The needs of breastfeeding women who work away from home differ from those of other women, particularly those who breastfeed exclusively. Sixty-nine factory workers were interviewed in São Paulo, both during pregnancy and when they returned to work. Median durations of exclusive (EBF), predominant (PBF), and any breastfeeding (BF) were found to be 10 days, 70 days, and 150 days, respectively. Despite having used the 4-month leave to which they were entitled, by 1 month, 86% of the respondents had given tea, 50% water, and 42% artificial baby milk. Only 2 women were still exclusively breastfeeding when they returned to work. Various personal characteristics were associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. Maternity ward routines were generally not supportive, but duration of PBF was longer where better support was received. Duration of EBF was longer among women with support for breastfeeding at work, and shorter for those working on weekends or doing shift work. Thus, women may have adjusted their feeding patterns based on whether or not they anticipated workplace support. Only weekend work and socioeconomic status were linked to shorter duration of breastfeeding. Stronger social and health care support for EBF may be needed before the full impact of workplace support can be usefully studied in Brazil.

[Possibilities and limitations of breast-feeding among formally employed women]

INTRODUCTION

Studies carried out on breastfeeding and working women are difficult to compare. Breastfeeding practices among formally employed women in Brazil have not been much studied, despite important changes in public policies such as the extension of maternity leave to 120 days.

OBJECTIVES

A description of breastfeeding patterns among women employed in factories and the constraints and opportunities involved in conciliating breastfeeding and work.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

An exploratory study was carried out in 13 factories in S. Paulo city in 1994, where all women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy were interviewed (76), and re-interviewed (69) when they went back to work (around 5,4 months after delivery).

RESULTS

Breastfeeding initiation was found in 97% of women and the median duration was 150 days. The exclusive breastfeeding and predominant breastfeeding rates were, respectively, 10 and 70 days of median duration. Higher socio-economic status and nursery facilities and the existence of a place in which to extract and store the mother's milk at the workplace were factors associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. Other factors such as flex-time and work out of the production-line also showed a significant relation to longer duration of breastfeeding in the factories studied.

CONCLUSION

Maternity leave is widely taken advantage of and highly beneficial for the majority of working women as regards breastfeeding, but other factors are important in maintaining lactation, such as circumstances which permit closer mother-child contact and/or the extraction of human milk during the working day.