The accessory subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma determines the DNA content of mitochondrial nucleoids in human cultured cells

The accessory subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma, POLGbeta, functions as a processivity factor in vitro. Here we show POLGbeta has additional roles in mitochondrial DNA metabolism. Mitochondrial DNA is arranged in nucleoprotein complexes, or nucleoids, which often contain multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome. Gene-silencing of POLGbeta increased nucleoid numbers, whereas over-expression of POLGbeta reduced the number and increased the size of mitochondrial nucleoids. Both increased and decreased expression of POLGbeta altered nucleoid structure and precipitated a marked decrease in 7S DNA molecules, which form short displacement-loops on mitochondrial DNA. Recombinant POLGbeta preferentially bound to plasmids with a short displacement-loop, in contrast to POLGalpha. These findings support the view that the mitochondrial D-loop acts as a protein recruitment centre, and suggest POLGbeta is a key factor in the organization of mitochondrial DNA in multigenomic nucleoprotein complexes.

Regulation and co-ordination of nuclear gene expression during mitochondrial biogenesis

Biogenesis of mitochondria is happening constantly due to the physiological and developmental situation of a cell. As mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process producing about 20 % of cellular protein, the expression of the 1000 genes involved is expected to be coordinated and regulated tightly. The variety of physiological stimuli and differentiation states lead to the idea of a complex network connecting many different regulatory pathways. By analysing nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes some of the factors involved in the regulation and coordination of mitochondrial gene expression were identified. These factors include general transcription factors such as Sp1 or YY1, as well as transcription factors specific for mitochondrial genes like the nuclear respiratory factors NRF1 and 2. An important control function linked to the physiological situation of a cell is triggered by hormones such as steroid and thyroid hormones. Even cell type-specific regulatory proteins like the myogenin transcription factor family have a strong influence on some mitochondrial genes in the specific cellular background. The regulatory function of most of these proteins can be modulated and enhanced by the coactivators PGC-1a and b and PRC. Although regulatory pathways have been characterized in more detail in recent years, no regulation mechanism has been shown to work on all analysed mitochondrial genes, and the general concept of mitochondrial regulation still remains unclear.

Relocation of urf a from the mitochondrion to the nucleus cures the mitochondrial mutator phenotype in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

In previous papers we have reported the characterisation of mitochondrial mutator mutants of Schizosaccharomzyces pombe. In contrast to nuclear mutator mutants known from other eucaryotes, this mutator phenotype correlates with mutations in an unassigned open reading frame (urf a) in the mitochondrial genome. Since an efficient biolistic transformation system for fission yeast mitochondria is not yet available, we relocated the mitochondrial urf a gene to the nucleus. As host strain for the ectopic expression, we used the nonsense mutant ana(r)-6, which carries a premature stop codon in the urf a gene. The phenotype of this mutant is characterised by continuous segregation of progeny giving rise to fully respiration competent colonies, colonies that show moderate growth on glycerol and a fraction of colonies that are unable to grow on glycerol. The phenotype of this mutant provides an excellent tool with which to study the effects on the mutator phenotype of ectopic expression of the urf a gene. Since a UGA codon encoding tryptophan is present in the original mitochondrial gene, we constructed two types of expression cassettes containing either the mitochondrial version of the urf a gene (mt-urf a) or a standard genetic code version (nc-urf a; UGA replaced by UGG) fused to the N-terminal import leader sequence of the cox4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that the expression of the mt-urf a gene in its new location is able to cure, at least in part, the phenotype of mutant ana(r)-6, whereas the expression of the nc-urf a gene completely restores the wild-type (non-mutator) phenotype. The significant similarity of the urf a gene to the mitochondrial var1 gene of S. cerevisiae and homologous genes in other yeasts suggests that the urf a gene product might be a ribosomal protein with a dual function in protein synthesis and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity.