Truex MJ, Macbeth TW, Vermeul VR, Fritz BG, Mendoza DP, Mackley RD, Wietsma TW, Sandberg G, Powell T, Powers J, Pitre E, Michalsen M, Ballock-Dixon SJ, Zhong L, Oostrom M. Demonstration of combined zero-valent iron and electrical resistance heating for in situ trichloroethene remediation.
Environ Sci Technol 2011;
45:5346-5351. [PMID:
21591672 DOI:
10.1021/es104266a]
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Abstract
The effectiveness of in situ treatment using zero-valent iron (ZVI) for nonaqueous phase or significant sediment-associated contaminant mass can be limited by relatively low rates of mass transfer to bring contaminants in contact with the reactive media. For a field test in a trichloroethene (TCE) source area, combining moderate-temperature subsurface electrical resistance heating with in situ ZVI treatment was shown to accelerate TCE treatment by a factor of about 4 based on organic daughter products and a factor about 8 based on chloride concentrations. A mass-discharge-based analysis was used to evaluate reaction, dissolution, and volatilization processes at ambient groundwater temperature (~10 °C) and as temperature was increased up to about 50 °C. Increased reaction and contaminant dissolution were observed with increased temperature, but vapor- or aqueous-phase migration of TCE out of the treatment zone was minimal during the test because reactions maintained low aqueous-phase TCE concentrations.
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