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Curran PJ, Bending SJ, Gibbs AS, Mackenzie AP. The search for spontaneous edge currents in Sr 2RuO 4 mesa structures with controlled geometrical shapes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12652. [PMID: 37542057 PMCID: PMC10403554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning Hall microscopy has been used to search for spontaneous edge fields in geometrically shaped mesa structures etched into the ab surface of Sr2RuO4 single crystals in order to test recent theories of the direction of edge current flow as a function of facet orientation and band filling. We find no evidence for spontaneous edge fields in any of our mesa structures above our experimental noise floor of ± 25 mG. We do, however, observe pronounced vortex clustering at low fields and temperatures, consistent with the established semi-Meissner scenario whereby a long range attractive component to the vortex-vortex interaction arises due, for example, to the multiband nature of the superconductivity. We also see clear evidence for the formation of a square vortex lattice inside square mesa structures above 1.3 K. Our results are discussed in terms of recent relevant experimental results and theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Curran
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - S J Bending
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - A S Gibbs
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - A P Mackenzie
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Collomb D, Bending SJ, Koshelev AE, Smylie MP, Farrar L, Bao JK, Chung DY, Kanatzidis MG, Kwok WK, Welp U. Observing the Suppression of Superconductivity in RbEuFe_{4}As_{4} by Correlated Magnetic Fluctuations. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:157001. [PMID: 33929261 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.157001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we describe quantitative magnetic imaging of superconducting vortices in RbEuFe_{4}As_{4} in order to investigate the unique interplay between the magnetic and superconducting sublattices. Our scanning Hall microscopy data reveal a pronounced suppression of the superfluid density near the magnetic ordering temperature in good qualitative agreement with a recently developed model describing the suppression of superconductivity by correlated magnetic fluctuations. These results indicate a pronounced exchange interaction between the superconducting and magnetic subsystems in RbEuFe_{4}As_{4}, with important implications for future investigations of physical phenomena arising from the interplay between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Collomb
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - S J Bending
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - A E Koshelev
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M P Smylie
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
| | - L Farrar
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - J-K Bao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - D Y Chung
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M G Kanatzidis
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - W-K Kwok
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - U Welp
- Argonne National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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San Emeterio Alvarez L, Wang KY, Lepadatu S, Landi S, Bending SJ, Marrows CH. Spin-transfer-torque-assisted domain-wall creep in a Co/Pt multilayer wire. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:137205. [PMID: 20481911 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.137205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have studied field- and current-driven domain-wall (DW) creep motion in a perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pt multilayer wire by real-time Kerr microscopy. The application of a dc current of density of approximately < 10(7) A/cm2 assisted only the DW creeping under field in the same direction as the electron flow, a signature of spin-transfer torque effects. We develop a model dealing with both bidirectional spin-transfer effects and Joule heating, with the same dynamical exponent mu=1/4 for both field- and current-driven creep, and use it to quantify the spin-transfer efficiency as 3.6+/-0.6 Oe cm2/MA in our wires, confirming the significant nonadiabatic contribution to the spin torque.
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Khotkevych VV, Milosević MV, Bending SJ. A scanning Hall probe microscope for high resolution magnetic imaging down to 300 mK. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:123708. [PMID: 19123570 DOI: 10.1063/1.3046285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, construction, and performance of a low-temperature scanning Hall probe microscope with submicron lateral resolution and a large scanning range. The detachable microscope head is mounted on the cold flange of a commercial (3)He-refrigerator (Oxford Instruments, Heliox VT-50) and operates between room temperature and 300 mK. It is fitted with a three-axis slip-stick nanopositioner that enables precise in situ adjustment of the probe location within a 6x6x7 mm(3) space. The local magnetic induction at the sample surface is mapped with an easily changeable microfabricated Hall probe [typically GsAs/AlGaAs or AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs Hall sensors with integrated scanning tunnel microscopy (STM) tunneling tips] and can achieve minimum detectable fields >or=10 mG/Hz(1/2). The Hall probe is brought into very close proximity to the sample surface by sensing and controlling tunnel currents at the integrated STM tip. The instrument is capable of simultaneous tunneling and Hall signal acquisition in surface-tracking mode. We illustrate the potential of the system with images of superconducting vortices at the surface of a Nb thin film down to 372 mK, and also of labyrinth magnetic-domain patterns of an yttrium iron garnet film captured at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Khotkevych
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
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Neal JS, Milosević MV, Bending SJ, Potenza A, San Emeterio L, Marrows CH. Competing symmetries and broken bonds in superconducting vortex-antivortex molecular crystals. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:127001. [PMID: 17930542 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hall probe microscopy has been used to image vortex-antivortex molecules induced in superconducting Pb films by the stray fields from square arrays of magnetic dots. We have directly observed spontaneous vortex-antivortex pairs and studied how they interact with added free (anti)fluxons in an applied magnetic field. We observe a variety of phenomena arising from competing symmetries which either drive added antivortices to join antivortex shells around dots or stabilize the translationally symmetric antivortex lattice between the dots. Added vortices annihilate antivortex shells, leading first to a stable "nulling state" with no free fluxons and then, at high densities, to vortex shells around the dots stabilized by the asymmetric antipinning potential. Our experimental findings are in good agreement with Ginzburg-Landau calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Neal
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Aziz A, Bending SJ, Roberts HG, Crampin S, Heard PJ, Marrows CH. Angular dependence of domain wall resistivity in artificial magnetic domain structures. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:206602. [PMID: 17155700 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.206602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We exploit the ability to precisely control the magnetic domain structure of perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/Pt trilayers to fabricate artificial domain wall arrays and study their transport properties. The scaling behavior of this model system confirms the intrinsic domain wall origin of the magnetoresistance, and systematic studies using domains patterned at various angles to the current flow are excellently described by an angular-dependent resistivity tensor containing perpendicular and parallel domain wall resistivities. We find that the latter are fully consistent with Levy-Zhang theory, which allows us to estimate the ratio of minority to majority spin carrier resistivities, rho downward arrow/rho upward arrow approximately 5.5, in good agreement with thin film band structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aziz
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Grigorenko AN, Bending SJ, Grigorieva IV, Koshelev AE, Tamegai T, Ooi S. Tilt of pancake vortex stacks in layered superconductors in the crossing lattice regime. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:067001. [PMID: 15783766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.067001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study crossing vortices in strongly anisotropic Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta single crystals. Using scanning Hall probe microscopy and Bitter decoration techniques, we find an asymmetry of magnetic field profiles produced by pancake vortices (PVs), which are interacting with Josephson vortices (JVs), near the surface of the crystal. We attribute the observed asymmetry to a substantial tilt (14-18 degrees) of PV stacks, which is produced by the torque due to the surface currents and JVs. We calculate the tilt angle and obtain agreement with experimental data when the irreversible in-plane magnetization is included. A further refinement to the model is considered which accounts for a reduction in the PV stack line tension near the sample surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Grigorenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Grigorenko AN, Bending SJ, Van Bael MJ, Lange M, Moshchalkov VV, Fangohr H, de Groot PAJ. Symmetry locking and commensurate vortex domain formation in periodic pinning arrays. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:237001. [PMID: 12857280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.237001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous formation of domains of commensurate vortex patterns near rational fractional matching fields of a periodic pinning array has been investigated with high resolution scanning Hall probe microscopy. We show that domain formation is promoted due to the efficient incorporation of mismatched excess vortices and vacancies at the corners of domain walls, which outweighs the energetic cost of creating them. Molecular dynamics simulations with a generic pinning potential reveal that domains are formed only when vortex-vortex interactions are long range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Grigorenko
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Grigorenko AN, Bending SJ, Koshelev AE, Clem JR, Tamegai T, Ooi S. Visualization of interacting crossing vortex lattices in the presence of quenched disorder. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:217003. [PMID: 12443445 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.217003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have imaged interacting crossing pancake vortex (PV) and Josephson vortex (JV) lattices in highly anisotropic Bi2Sr2CaCu2O(8+delta) single crystals under tilted magnetic fields. The dependence of vortex structures on in-plane field is in good quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions, yielding an almost temperature-independent anisotropy parameter of gamma=640+/-25. We directly confirm that the PV/JV attraction arises from small PV displacements in the presence of JV supercurrents and demonstrate how the existence of quenched disorder leads to indirect JV pinning and dynamic vortex fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Grigorenko
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Sandhu A, Masuda H, Oral A, Bending SJ, Yamada A, Konagai M. Room temperature scanning Hall probe microscopy using GaAs/AlGaAs and Bi micro-hall probes. Ultramicroscopy 2002; 91:97-101. [PMID: 12211490 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3991(02)00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A room temperature scanning Hall probe microscope system utilizing GaAs/AlGaAs and bismuth micro-Hall probes was used for magnetic imaging of ferromagnetic domain structures on the surfaces of crystalline thin film garnets and permanent magnets. The Bi micro-Hall probes had dimensions ranging between 0.25 and 2.8 microm2 and were fabricated using a combination of optical lithography and focused ion beam milling. The use of bismuth was found to overcome surface depletion effects associated with semiconducting micro-Hall probes. Our experiments demonstrated that Bi is a practical choice of material for fabricating sub-micron sized Hall sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sandhu
- Research Center for Quantum Effect Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
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Bekaert J, Temst K, Moshchalkov VV, Bruynseraede Y, Howells GD, Grigorenko AN, Bending SJ, Borghs G. Local Observation of Field Polarity Dependent Flux Pinning by Magnetic Dipoles. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:155-158. [PMID: 11136117 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A scanning Hall probe microscope is used to study flux pinning in a thin superconducting Pb film covering a square array of single-domain Co dots with in-plane magnetization. We show that single flux quanta of opposite sign thread the superconducting film below T(c) at the opposite poles of these dipoles. Depending on the polarity of the applied field, flux lines are attracted to a specific pole of the dipoles, due to the direct interaction with the vortexlike structures induced by the local stray field.
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Bekaert J, Van Bael MJ, Temst K, Van Look L, Moshchalkov VV, Bruynseraede Y, Howells GD, Grigorenko AN, Bending SJ, Borghs G. Scanning Hall probe microscopy observation of flux pinning in a Pb film covering an array of Co dots. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9918(200008)30:1<444::aid-sia850>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
We report on the magnetoresistance of a two-dimensional electron gas subjected to an abrupt magnetic field gradient arising from a ferromagnetic stripe fabricated at its surface. A sharp resistance resonance effect is observed at B(p) due to the formation of two types of magnetic edge states that drift in opposite directions perpendicular to the magnetic field gradient for B<B(p) and B>B(p). A semiclassical drift-diffusion model gives a good description of the effects of the magnetic confinement on both the diagonal and off-diagonal components of the resistivity tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nogaret
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Nash GR, Bending SJ, Boero M, Grambow P, Eberl K, Kershaw Y. Anisotropic surface acoustic wave scattering in quantum-wire arrays. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 54:R8337-R8340. [PMID: 9984589 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.r8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Carey DD, Stoddart ST, Bending SJ, Harris JJ, Foxon CT. Investigation of deep metastable traps in Si delta -doped GaAs/Al0.33Ga0.67As quantum-well samples using noise spectroscopy. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 54:2813-2821. [PMID: 9986135 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Peck AJ, Bending SJ, Weis J, Haug RJ, Ploog K. Direct evidence of tunneling between edge states across a gate-induced potential barrier. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 51:4711-4714. [PMID: 9979333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bending SJ. Complete numerical description of nonlocal quantum diffusion in an array of magnetic-flux vortices. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:17621-17624. [PMID: 9976174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.17621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Geim AK, Bending SJ, Grigorieva IV, Blamire MG. Ballistic two-dimensional electrons in a random magnetic field. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 49:5749-5752. [PMID: 10011544 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Stoddart ST, Bending SJ, Geim AK, Henini M. Quantum-resolved investigations of flux dynamics: Collective and single vortex effects. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 71:3854-3857. [PMID: 10055090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Stoddart ST, Mutlu HI, Geim AK, Bending SJ. Microscopic investigation of the flux dynamics of type-II superconducting films. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:5146-5150. [PMID: 10006679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bending SJ, Geim AK. Quantitative numerical model for nonlocal quantum diffusion in a distribution of magnetic-flux tubes. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:14912-14914. [PMID: 10003598 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Geim AK, Bending SJ, Grigorieva IV. Asymmetric scattering and diffraction of two-dimensional electrons at quantized tubes of magnetic flux. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 69:2252-2255. [PMID: 10046437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Leo J, Bending SJ. Quasiballistic electronic transport in a tunneling hot-electron-transfer amplifier. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:2187-2191. [PMID: 9997490 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bending SJ, Klitzing K, Ploog K. Two-dimensional electron gas as a flux detector for a type-II superconducting film. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 42:9859-9864. [PMID: 9995238 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.9859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bending SJ, Beasley MR, Wolf EL. Electron tunneling spectroscopy of superconducting A15 V-Ga alloy films. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1987; 35:115-119. [PMID: 9940576 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.35.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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