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Fish I, Stenfeldt C, Pauszek SJ, Brito BP, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga G, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. A55 Foot-and-mouth disease virus undergoes abundant viral genomic changes at distinct stages of infection of cattle. Virus Evol 2018. [PMCID: PMC5905456 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey010.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - C Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - S J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B P Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - E J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - G Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, USA
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Ahmed Z, Pauszek SJ, Ludi A, LaRocco M, Khan EUH, Afzal M, Arshed MJ, Farooq U, Arzt J, Bertram M, Brito B, Naeem K, Abubakar M, Rodriguez LL. Genetic diversity and comparison of diagnostic tests for characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains from Pakistan 2008-2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:534-546. [PMID: 29034593 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the laboratory analysis of 125 clinical samples from suspected cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and Asian buffalo collected in Pakistan between 2008 and 2012. Of these samples, 89 were found to contain viral RNA by rRT-PCR, of which 88 were also found to contain infectious FMD virus (FMDV) by virus isolation (VI), with strong correlation between these tests (κ = 0.96). Samples that were VI-positive were serotyped by antigen detection ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and VP1 sequence acquisition and analysis. Sequence data identified FMDV serotypes A (n = 13), O (n = 36) and Asia-1 (n = 41), including three samples from which both serotypes Asia-1 and O were detected. Serotype A viruses were classified within three different Iran-05 sublineages: HER-10, FAR-11 and ESF-10. All serotype Asia-1 were within Group VII (Sindh-08 lineage), in a genetic clade that differs from viruses isolated prior to 2010. All serotypes O were classified as PanAsia-2 within two different sublineages: ANT-10 and BAL-09. Using VP1 sequencing as the gold standard for serotype determination, the overall sensitivity of Ag-ELISA to correctly determine serotype was 74%, and serotype-specific sensitivity was 8% for serotype A, 88% for Asia-1 and 89% for O. Serotype-specific specificity was 100% for serotype A, 93% for Asia-1 and 94% for O. Interestingly, 12 of 13 serotype A viruses were not detected by Ag-ELISA. This study confirms earlier accounts of regional genetic diversity of FMDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of continued validation of diagnostic tests for rapidly evolving pathogens such as FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ahmed
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - S J Pauszek
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - A Ludi
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M LaRocco
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - E-U-H Khan
- Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office, NARC Premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Afzal
- Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office, NARC Premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M J Arshed
- Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office, NARC Premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - U Farooq
- Animal Health Program, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - J Arzt
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - M Bertram
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - B Brito
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - K Naeem
- Animal Health Program, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - L L Rodriguez
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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Ludi A, Ahmed Z, Pomeroy LW, Pauszek SJ, Smoliga GR, Moritz M, Dickmu S, Abdoulkadiri S, Arzt J, Garabed R, Rodriguez LL. Serotype Diversity of Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus in Livestock without History of Vaccination in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:e27-38. [PMID: 24735162 PMCID: PMC4499489 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available about the natural cycle of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the absence of control measures such as vaccination. Cameroon presents a unique opportunity for epidemiological studies because FMD vaccination is not practiced. We carried out a prospective study including serological, antigenic and genetic aspects of FMD virus (FMDV) infections among different livestock production systems in the Far North of Cameroon to gain insight into the natural ecology of the virus. We found serological evidence of FMDV infection in over 75% of the animals sampled with no significant differences of prevalence observed among the sampled groups (i.e. market, sedentary, transboundary trade and mobile). We also found antibodies reactive to five of the seven FMDV serotypes (A, O, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) among the animals sampled. Finally, we were able to genetically characterize viruses obtained from clinical and subclinical FMD infections in Cameroon. Serotype O viruses grouped into two topotypes (West and East Africa). SAT2 viruses grouped with viruses from Central and Northern Africa, notably within the sublineage causing the large epidemic in Northern Africa in 2012, suggesting a common origin for these viruses. This research will guide future interventions for the control of FMD such as improved diagnostics, guidance for vaccine formulation and epidemiological understanding in support of the progressive control of FMD in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ludi
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Z. Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - L. W. Pomeroy
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S. J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - G. R. Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - M. Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S. Dickmu
- Laboratoire National Veterinaire, Lanavet, Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | - J. Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - R. Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Public Health Preparedness for Infectious Disease Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Pauszek SJ, Ludi A, Huston CL, Pacheco JM, Le VT, Nguyen PT, Bui HH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen T, Nguyen TT, Ngo LT, Do DH, Rodriguez L, Arzt J. An Integrative Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Carriers in Vietnam Achieved Through Targeted Surveillance and Molecular Epidemiology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:547-563. [PMID: 26301461 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major constraint to transboundary trade in animal products, yet much of its natural ecology and epidemiology in endemic regions is still poorly understood. To address this gap, a multidisciplinary, molecular and conventional epidemiological approach was applied to an investigation of endemic FMD in Vietnam. Within the study space, it was found that 22.3% of sampled ruminants had previously been infected with FMD virus (FMDV), of which 10.8% were persistent, asymptomatic carriers (2.4% of the total population). Descriptive data collected from targeted surveillance and a farm questionnaire showed a significantly lower prevalence of FMDV infection for dairy farms. In contrast, farms of intermediate size and/or history of infection in 2010 were at increased risk of FMD exposure. At the individual animal level, buffalo had the highest exposure risk (over cattle), and there was spatial heterogeneity in exposure risk at the commune level. Conversely, carrier prevalence was higher for beef cattle, suggesting lower susceptibility of buffalo to persistent FMDV infection. To characterize virus strains currently circulating in Vietnam, partial FMDV genomic (VP1) sequences from carrier animals collected between 2012 and 2013 (N = 27) and from FMDV outbreaks between 2009 and 2013 (N = 79) were compared by phylogenetic analysis. Sequence analysis suggested that within the study period, there were two apparent novel introductions of serotype A viruses and that the dominant lineage of serotype O in Vietnam shifted from SEA/Mya-98 to ME-SA/PanAsia. FMDV strains shared close ancestors with FMDV from other South-East Asian countries indicating substantial transboundary movement of the predominant circulating strains. Close genetic relationships were observed between carrier and outbreak viruses, which may suggest that asymptomatic carriers of FMDV contribute to regional disease persistence. Multiple viral sequences obtained from carrier cattle over a 1-year period had considerable within-animal genetic variation, indicating within-host virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C de Carvalho Ferreira
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - S J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - A Ludi
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - C L Huston
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J M Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - V T Le
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - P T Nguyen
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H H Bui
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T D Nguyen
- National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T Nguyen
- National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T T Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - L T Ngo
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - D H Do
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
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O'Donnell V, Pacheco JM, Larocco M, Gladue DP, Pauszek SJ, Smoliga G, Krug PW, Baxt B, Borca MV, Rodriguez L. Virus-host interactions in persistently FMDV-infected cells derived from bovine pharynx. Virology 2014; 468-470:185-196. [PMID: 25216088 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) produces a disease in cattle characterized by vesicular lesions and a persistent infection with asymptomatic low-level production of virus in pharyngeal tissues. Here we describe the establishment of a persistently infected primary cell culture derived from bovine pharynx tissue (PBPT) infected with FMDV serotype O1 Manisa, where surviving cells were serially passed until a persistently infected culture was generated. Characterization of the persistent virus demonstrated changes in its plaque size, ability to grow in different cell lines, and change in the use of integrins as receptors, when compared with the parental virus. These results demonstrate the establishment of persistently infected PBPT cell cultures where co-adaptation has taken place between the virus and host cells. This in vitro model for FMDV persistence may help further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the cattle carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V O'Donnell
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - J M Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Michael Larocco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - D P Gladue
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - S J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - G Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - P W Krug
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - B Baxt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - M V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Smoliga GR, Bishop E, Pauszek SJ, Hartwig EJ, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:152-64. [PMID: 24943477 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study was performed to investigate the potential of pigs to establish and maintain persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Infectious virus could not be recovered from sera, oral, nasal or oropharyngeal fluids obtained after resolution of clinical infection with any of five FMDV strains within serotypes A, O and Asia-1. Furthermore, there was no isolation of live virus from tissue samples harvested at 28-100 days post-infection from convalescent pigs recovered from clinical or subclinical FMD. Despite lack of detection of infectious FMDV, there was a high prevalence of FMDV RNA detection in lymph nodes draining lesion sites harvested at 35 days post-infection, with the most frequent detection recorded in popliteal lymph nodes (positive detection in 88% of samples obtained from non-vaccinated pigs). Likewise, at 35 dpi, FMDV capsid antigen was localized within follicles of draining lymph nodes, but without concurrent detection of FMDV non-structural protein. There was a marked decline in the detection of FMDV RNA and antigen in tissue samples by 60 dpi, and no antigen or viral RNA could be detected in samples obtained at 100 dpi. The data presented herein provide the most extensive investigation of FMDV persistence in pigs. The overall conclusion is that domestic pigs are unlikely to be competent long-term carriers of infectious FMDV; however, transient persistence of FMDV protein and RNA in lymphoid tissues is common following clinical or subclinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stenfeldt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - J M Pacheco
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - G R Smoliga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - E Bishop
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - S J Pauszek
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - E J Hartwig
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - L L Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - J Arzt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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Brito BP, Perez AM, Jamal SM, Belsham GJ, Pauszek SJ, Ahmed Z, Rodriguez LL. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Phylodynamics: Genetic Variability Associated with Epidemiological Factors in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:516-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mead DG, Lovett KR, Murphy MD, Pauszek SJ, Smoliga G, Gray EW, Noblet R, Overmyer J, Rodriguez LL. Experimental transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus from Simulium vittatum to cattle: clinical outcome is influenced by site of insect feeding. J Med Entomol 2009; 46:866-872. [PMID: 19645291 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) is an insect-transmitted Rhabdovirus causing vesicular disease in domestic livestock including cattle, horses, and pigs. Natural transmission during epidemics remains poorly understood, particularly in cattle, one of the most affected species during outbreaks. This study reports the first successful transmission of VSNJV to cattle by insect bite resulting in clinical disease. When infected black flies (Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt) fed at sites where VS lesions are usually observed (mouth, nostrils, and foot coronary band), infection occurred, characterized by local viral replication, vesicular lesions, and high neutralizing antibody titers (> 1: 256). Viral RNA was detected up to 9 d postinfection in tissues collected during necropsy from lesion sites and lymph nodes draining those sites. Interestingly, when flies were allowed to feed on flank or neck skin, viral replication was poor, lesions were not observed, and low levels of neutralizing antibodies (range, 1:8-1:32) developed. Viremia was never observed in any of the animals and infectious virus was not recovered from tissues on necropsies performed between 8 and 27 d postinfection. Demonstration that VSNJV transmission to cattle by infected black flies can result in clinical disease contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology and potential prevention and control methods for this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, CA 30602, USA
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