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Hu X, Zhang B, Liu W, Paciga S, He W, Lanz TA, Kleiman R, Dougherty B, Hall SK, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM, Power A, John SL, Blackwood D, St Clair D, Brandon NJ. A survey of rare coding variants in candidate genes in schizophrenia by deep sequencing. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:857-8. [PMID: 24126932 PMCID: PMC4113932 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- PharmaTherapeutics Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - B Zhang
- Research CoE, Groton, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - W Liu
- Research Statistics, Neuroscience, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - S Paciga
- PharmaTherapeutics Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - W He
- Research CoE, Groton, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - T A Lanz
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - R Kleiman
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - B Dougherty
- PharmaTherapeutics Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - S K Hall
- PharmaTherapeutics Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Power
- PharmaTherapeutics Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - S L John
- PharmaTherapeutics Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA,E-mail:
| | - D Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D St Clair
- Department of applied medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - N J Brandon
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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Southgate L, Scollen S, He W, Moss A, Simpson MA, Zhang B, Xi L, Schlitt T, Weale ME, Hyde CL, Stephens JC, Sjöstrand C, Russell MB, Leone M, John SL, Trembath RC. Elucidating the molecular genetic basis of cluster headache: delineation of the genetic architecture by exome sequencing. J Headache Pain 2013. [PMCID: PMC3620257 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-s1-p34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Southgate L, Scollen S, He W, Moss A, Simpson MA, Zhang B, Xi L, Schlitt T, Weale ME, Hyde CL, Stephens JC, Sjöstrand C, Russell MB, Leone M, John SL, Trembath RC. Elucidating the molecular genetic basis of cluster headache: delineation of the genetic architecture by exome sequencing. J Headache Pain 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-1-s1-p34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Hu X, Pickering EH, Hall SK, Naik S, Liu YC, Soares H, Katz E, Paciga SA, Liu W, Aisen PS, Bales KR, Samad TA, John SL. Genome-wide association study identifies multiple novel loci associated with disease progression in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e54. [PMID: 22833209 PMCID: PMC3309471 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly population; however, knowledge about genetic risk factors involved in disease progression is limited. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using clinical decline as measured by changes in the Clinical Dementia Rating-sum of boxes as a quantitative trait to test for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with the rate of progression in 822 Caucasian subjects of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). There was no significant association with disease progress for any of the recently identified disease susceptibility variants in CLU, CR1, PICALM, BIN1, EPHA1, MS4A6A, MS4A4E or CD33 following multiple testing correction. We did, however, identify multiple novel loci that reached genome-wide significance at the 0.01 level. These top variants (rs7840202 at chr8 in UBR5: P=4.27 × 10(-14); rs11637611 with a cluster of SNPs at chr15q23 close to the Tay-Sachs disease locus: P=1.07 × 10(-15); and rs12752888 at chr1: P=3.08 × 10(-11)) were also associated with a significant decline in cognition as well as the conversion of subjects with MCI to a diagnosis of AD. Taken together, these variants define approximately 16.6% of the MCI sub-population with a faster rate of decline independent of the other known disease risk factors. In addition to providing new insights into protein pathways that may be involved with the progress to AD in MCI subjects, these variants if further validated may enable the identification of a more homogeneous population of subjects at an earlier stage of disease for testing novel hypotheses and/or therapies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- PharmaTx Precision Medicine, Pfizer, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | - S K Hall
- PharmaTx Precision Medicine, Pfizer, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - S Naik
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Y C Liu
- Clinical Statistics, Pfizer, Shanghai, China
| | - H Soares
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | - E Katz
- PharmaTx Precision Medicine, Pfizer, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - S A Paciga
- PharmaTx Precision Medicine, Pfizer, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT, USA
| | - W Liu
- Research Statistics, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - K R Bales
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | - T A Samad
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | - S L John
- PharmaTx Precision Medicine, Pfizer, Pfizer Global R&D, Groton, CT, USA
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Abstract
Problem-based learning (PBL) tutors (n = 27) were interviewed to identify problems they encountered in facilitating a hybrid PBL-lecture curriculum. Analysis of responses yielded six problems for students: "mini-lecturing," dysfunctional group dynamics, completing cases too quickly, superficial research, frustration with tutors who lack content expertise, and lack of support for PBL. These may arise because students lack problem-solving and interpersonal skills needed to benefit from PBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Houlden
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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El-Sadr WM, Luskin-Hawk R, Yurik TM, Walker J, Abrams D, John SL, Sherer R, Crane L, Labriola A, Caras S, Pulling C, Hafner R. A randomized trial of daily and thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:775-83. [PMID: 10589887 DOI: 10.1086/520433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We enrolled 2,625 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients into a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and tolerability of daily vs. thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160 mg/800 mg) for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The rate of PCP was 3.5 and 4.1 per 100 person-years in the daily and thrice-weekly groups, respectively, with a relative risk (RR) of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-1.09; P = .16) (RR of <1.0 favors daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). The RR for PCP determined by on-treatment analysis was 0.59 (P = .03). The RR for death was 0.91 (P = .12); for bacterial pneumonia, 0.82 (P = .06); and for combined PCP and bacterial pneumonia, 0.84 (P = .04). Discontinuation due to adverse events occurred more commonly in the daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group (RR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.73-2.66; P < .001). Overall estimates for efficacy end points favored daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, although rates of intolerance were higher among patients receiving that dose. Daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may offer advantages as a first choice for PCP prophylaxis; thrice-weekly dosing is an appropriate option for patients intolerant of the daily dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M El-Sadr
- Harlem Hospital Center and Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10037, USA.
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Reynolds I, Tullo AB, John SL, Holt PJ, Hillarby MC. Corneal epithelial-specific cytokeratin 3 is an autoantigen in Wegener's granulomatosis-associated peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40:2147-51. [PMID: 10440272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous investigation it was demonstrated that circulating antibodies to a 66-kDa corneal epithelial antigen (BCEA-A) are associated with peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The aim of this study was to identify BCEA-A. METHODS The 66-kDa antigen was purified from a bovine corneal epithelial protein extract, using DE52 ion exchange chromatography. Purified protein was used to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies were used to screen a bovine corneal epithelial cDNA expression library. Positive clones were purified and sequenced. Clones were identified by DNA sequence homology searches of the GenBank DNA database. RESULTS A cDNA clone that demonstrated strong binding to both the rabbit polyclonal antibody and patient sera, showed 85% homology to rabbit cytokeratin 3 (K3). K3 is a basic cytokeratin specific to corneal epithelium. No bovine DNA sequence for K3 is available. However, bovine K3 is larger than rabbit K3, with a molecular weight of 66 kDa. Immunofluorescence using both patient sera and the rabbit antibody demonstrated a cytoplasmic binding pattern on human corneal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS This evidence suggests that the 66-kDa autoantigen (BCEA-A) associated with PUK in WG is cytokeratin 3, and this may form the basis of a diagnostic/prognostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Reynolds
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Manchester, and Central Manchester Health Care NHS Trust, United Kingdom
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Reynolds I, John SL, Tullo AB, Ayad S, Morgan K, Ballardie FW, Holt PJ, Hillarby MC. Characterization of two corneal epithelium-derived antigens associated with vasculitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39:2594-601. [PMID: 9856769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous investigation into corneal autoimmunity, it was demonstrated that a putative autoantigen, a protein of 66 kDa, present in bovine corneal epithelium, binds circulating autoantibodies in approximately 60% of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The aim of the present study was to characterize and identify the 66-kDa protein. METHODS A purification protocol was established for the 66-kDa protein using standard chromatography techniques. During the purification procedure it became clear that the 66-kDa protein detected in patients' sera was in fact two proteins, both running at 66 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, that eluted in different fractions on DE-52 chromatography columns. These two proteins have been labeled bovine corneal epithelial antigen-A and -B (BCEA-A and BCEA-B). Further investigations of antibody binding have demonstrated that patients' sera bind to either one or the other of these proteins with no cross-reactivity between them. Separated BCEA-A and BCEA-B protein extracts were immunoblotted with 27 WG patients' sera, 10 Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) patients' sera, 31 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients' sera, and 40 healthy control subjects' sera from the blood bank. RESULTS Forty-six percent of WG patients' sera had antibodies to one of the 66-kDa antigens, whereas none of the healthy control subjects' sera had 66-kDa antibodies (P < 10(-5)). In the WG group, 31% were positive to BCEA-A (versus controls, P = 0.0023), and 15% were positive to BCEA-B. WG patients with peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) had a significant association with anti-BCEA-A antibodies when compared with healthy control subjects (50%, P < 10(-6)). However, in the RA group with no eye disease there was an association with BCEA-A (25%, P = 0.011) but not in the RA group with PUK. The frequency of anti-BCEA-B antibodies was significantly increased in patients with CSS (60%, P < 10(-7)). CONCLUSIONS In summary, it has been shown that vasculitis patients have antibodies to two 66-kDa corneal antigens and that autoantibodies to these antigens are mutually exclusive. It has also been shown that antibodies to BCEA-B are associated with CSS, whereas BCEA-A antibodies are associated with WG and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Reynolds
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Manchester, UK
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Gordin FM, Matts JP, Miller C, Brown LS, Hafner R, John SL, Klein M, Vaughn A, Besch CL, Perez G, Szabo S, El-Sadr W. A controlled trial of isoniazid in persons with anergy and human immunodeficiency virus infection who are at high risk for tuberculosis. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:315-20. [PMID: 9233868 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199707313370505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and latent tuberculosis are at substantial risk for the development of active tuberculosis. As a public health measure, prophylactic treatment with isoniazid has been suggested for HIV-infected persons who have anergy and are in groups with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of six months of prophylactic isoniazid treatment in HIV-infected patients with anergy who have risk factors for tuberculosis infection. The primary end point was culture-confirmed tuberculosis. RESULTS The study was conducted from November 1991 through June 1996. Over 90 percent of the patients had two or more risk factors for tuberculosis infection, and nearly 75 percent of patients were from greater New York City. After a mean follow-up of 33 months, tuberculosis was diagnosed in only 6 of 257 patients in the placebo group and 3 of 260 patients in the isoniazid group (risk ratio, 0.48; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.12 to 1.91; P=0.30). There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to death, death or the progression of HIV disease, or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Even in HIV-infected patients with anergy and multiple risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection, the rate of development of active tuberculosis is low. This finding does not support the use of isoniazid prophylaxis in high-risk patients with HIV infection and anergy unless they have been exposed to active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Gordin
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20422, USA
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John SL, Morgan K, Tullo AB, Holt PJ. Corneal autoimmunity in patients with peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) in association with rheumatoid arthritis and Wegener's granulomatosis. Eye (Lond) 1992; 6 ( Pt 6):630-6. [PMID: 1289143 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1992.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum antibodies to the cornea were investigated in patients with peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) in isolation or in association with a systemic disease (rheumatoid arthritis or Wegener's granulomatosis). Indirect immunofluorescence on bovine corneal sections demonstrated that antibodies bound to epithelial antigens in two distinct patterns: a lattice-like pattern, probably staining intercellular membrane antigens, and a diffuse pattern covering the entire surface of the epithelium. Both patterns were associated with PUK rather than systemic disease whilst the presence of the lattice pattern was more associated with the onset of the PUK. Immunoblotting of sera to corneal epithelial protein extracts demonstrated that a number of corneal antigens were targeted by antibodies. Two antigens, 54 kDa and 70 kDa, were of particular interest. Antibodies to the 54 kDa antigen, the major corneal-specific antigen, were also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Longitudinal studies showed that these antibodies often first occurred after an episode of PUK. Antibodies to the 70 kDa antigen were related to the Wegener's granulomatosis rather than the PUK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L John
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Manchester, UK
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