Intravascular Ultrasonographic Appearance of Angiographically Normal Arteries Related to Age and the Occurrence of Vascular Disease

In 22 individuals (mean age 52 years) the ultrasonographic images of arteries defined as normal by arteriography were studied and related to the age and medical history of the patients. The series was divided into 2 groups: patients with clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis and patients without a history of arterial disease. The study included 6 young patients (mean age 14 years) referred for angiographic documentation of abolished intracranial circulation. A typical 3-layered appearance of the arterial wall was found in young healthy individuals as well as in adult and elderly subjects. There was no difference in the ultrasonograhic appearance of muscular and elastic arteries. In patients with extensive obstructive atherosclerosis affecting other parts of the arterial tree, a segment of the iliac artery can have the same appearance as seen in young healthy individuals. There are indications that severe hypertension can result in a thickening of the middle low-echogenic layer of the arterial wall. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency, small calcifications in the middle layer were a typical finding.

Side-branched AAA stent graft insertion using navigation technology: a phantom study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of a side-branched stent graft inserted in an artificial abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), using navigation technology, and to compare procedure duration and dose of radiation with control trials.

METHODS

A custom-made stent graft was inserted into an artificial AAA using navigation technology in combination with fluoroscopy. The navigation technology was based on three-dimensional visualization of computed tomography data and electromagnetic tracking of microposition sensors. The stent graft had integrated position sensors in side branch and introducer and was guided into proper position with the aid of three-dimensional images. Control trials were performed with fluoroscopy alone.

RESULTS

It was feasible to insert a side-branched stent graft using three-dimensional navigation technology. The navigation-guided trials had a significantly lower X-ray load (p < 0.001), but showed no difference in the duration of the procedures (p = 0.34) as compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Inserting a side-branched stent graft in an artificial AAA using navigation technology is feasible. Side-branched stent grafts and navigation systems may become useful in the endovascular treatment of complicated aortic aneurysms.

Ability of navigated 3D ultrasound to delineate gliomas and metastases--comparison of image interpretations with histopathology

BACKGROUND

The objective of the study was to test the ability of a 3D ultrasound (US) based intraoperative imaging and navigation system to delineate gliomas and metastases in a clinical setting. The 3D US data is displayed as reformatted 2D image slices. The quality of the displayed 3D data is affected both by the resolution of the acquired data and the reformatting process. In order to investigate whether or not 3D US could be used for reliable guidance in tumour surgery, a study was initiated to compare interpretations of imaged biopsy sites with histopathology. The system also enabled concomitant comparison of navigated preoperative MR with histopathology.

METHOD

Eighty-five biopsies were sampled between 2-7 mm from the tumour border visible in the ultrasound images. Biopsies were collected from 28 operations (7 low-grade astrocytomas, 8 anaplastic astrocytomas, 7 glioblastomas and 6 metastases). Corresponding cross-sections of preoperative MR T1, MR T2 and intraoperative US were concomitantly displayed, steered by the biopsy forceps equipped with a positioning sensor. The surgeons' interpretation of the images at the electronically indicated biopsy sites were compared with the histopathology of the samples.

FINDINGS

The ultrasound findings were in agreement with histopathology in 74% (n = 31) for low-grade astrocytomas, 83% (n = 18) for anaplastic astrocytomas, 77% (n = 26) for glioblastomas and 100% (n = 10) for metastases. Excluding irradiated patients, the results for glioblastomas improved to 80% concurrence (n = 20). As expected tumour cells were found in biopsies outside the US visible tumour border, especially in low-grade gliomas. Navigated 3D US have a significantly better agreement with histopathology than navigated MR T1 for low-grade astrocytomas.

CONCLUSION

Reformatted images from 3D US volumes give a good delineation of metastases and the solid part of gliomas before starting the resection. Navigated 3D US is at least as reliable as navigated 3D MR to delineate gliomas and metastases.

Stereoscopic navigation-controlled display of preoperative MRI and intraoperative 3D ultrasound in planning and guidance of neurosurgery: new technology for minimally invasive image-guided surgery approaches

OBJECTIVE

This paper demonstrates a method that brings together three essential technologies for surgery planning and guidance: neuronavigation systems, 3D visualization techniques and intraoperative 3D imaging technologies. We demonstrate the practical use of an in-house interactive stereoscopic visualization module that is integrated with a 3D ultrasound based neuronavigation system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A stereoscopy volume visualization module has been integrated with a 3D ultrasound based neuronavigation system, which also can read preoperative MR and CT data. The various stereoscopic display modalities, such as "cut plane visualization" and "interactive stereoscopic tool guidance" are controlled by a pointer, a surgical tool or an ultrasound probe. Interactive stereoscopy was tested in clinical feasibility case studies for planning and guidance of surgery procedures.

RESULTS

By orientating the stereoscopic projections in accordance to the position of the patient on the operating table, it is easier to interpret complex 3D anatomy and to directly take advantage of this 3D information for planning and surgical guidance. In the clinical case studies, we experienced that the probe-controlled cut plane visualization was promising during tumor resection. By combining 2D and 3D display, interpretation of both detailed and geometric information may be achieved simultaneously. The possibilities of interactively guiding tools in a stereoscopic scene seemed to be a promising functionality for use during vascular surgery, due to specific location of certain vessels.

CONCLUSION

Interactive stereoscopic visualization improves perception and enhances the ability to understand complex 3D anatomy. The practical benefit of 3D display is increased considerably when integrated with surgical navigation systems, since the orientation of the stereoscopic projection corresponds to the orientation of the patient on the operating table. Stereoscopic visualizations work well on MR and CT images, although volume rendering techniques are especially suitable for intraoperative 3D ultrasound image data.

SonoWand, an ultrasound-based neuronavigation system

OBJECTIVE

We have integrated a neuronavigation system into an ultrasound scanner and developed a single-rack system that enables the surgeon to perform frameless and armless stereotactic neuronavigation using intraoperative three-dimensional ultrasound data as well as preoperative magnetic resonance or computed tomographic images. The purpose of this article is to describe our two-rack prototype and present the results of our work on image quality enhancement.

DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTATION

The system consists of a high-end ultrasound scanner, a modest-cost computer, and an optical positioning/digitizer system. Special technical and clinical efforts have been made to achieve high image quality. A special interface between the ultrasound instrument and the navigation computer ensures rapid transfer of digital three-dimensional data with no loss of image quality.

OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE

The positioning system tracks the position and orientation of the patient, the ultrasound probe, the pointer, and various surgical instruments. This makes it possible to update the three-dimensional map during surgery and navigate by ultrasound data in a similar manner as with magnetic resonance data.

METHODS

The two-rack prototype has been used for clinical testing since November 1997 at the University Hospital in Trondheim.

EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS

The image quality improvements have enabled us, in most cases, to extract information from ultrasound with clinical value similar to that of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The overall clinical accuracy of the ultrasound-based navigation system is expected to be comparable to or better than that of a magnetic resonance imaging-based system.

CONCLUSION

The SonoWand system enables neuronavigation through direct use of intraoperative three-dimensional ultrasound. Further research will be necessary to explore the potential clinical value and the limitations of this technology.

Ultrasound imaging during endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair using the Stentor bifurcated endograft

PURPOSE

To evaluate different ultrasound modalities during implantation and follow-up of endovascular grafts for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) exclusion.

METHODS

Between February 1995 and May 1996, 18 patients (14 men; aged 49 to 80 years, mean 67) were treated with endovascular intervention for infrarenal AAA. Seventeen patients received Mialhe Stentor bifurcated grafts, while one patient was treated with a straight graft for pseudoaneurysm. During and after the implantation, 3.25- and 5-MHz annular array ultrasound probes were used for transabdominal visualization of the endograft. Intravascular ultrasound was applied in combination with angiography for postoperative control.

RESULTS

Intraprocedurally, transabdominal two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound successfully monitored guidewire passage from the groin into the main part of the bifurcated endograft for implantation of the second limb. All implantation procedures were technically successful, but four endoleaks were identified intraprocedurally by 2D ultrasound and angiography. One healed spontaneously, two were treated with endovascular techniques at 1 and 4 months, and the last leak was scheduled for repair when the patient died of probable myocardial infarction at 2 months. During follow-up, 2D ultrasound successfully visualized all the endografts; no endoleaks were found in up to 18 months of surveillance.

CONCLUSIONS

Transabdominal ultrasound imaging could be valuable in bifurcated endograft deployment both for guiding guidewire insertion and for controlling wire position before the second graft limb is connected to the main graft. Provided that satisfactory visualization of the entire endograft can be obtained, ultrasound examination may possibly replace arteriography and computed tomographic scanning as a follow-up investigation.

Ultrasound-guided neurosurgery: a feasibility study in the 3-30 MHz frequency range

This study, which includes seven patients, illustrates some potential values of the interactive use of ultrasound technology prior to, during and after brain tumour resection. Ultrasound B-scan and colour flow imaging were applied during open surgery using a cardiac scanner in the 3.25-7.5 MHz frequency range and an intravascular scanner with catheters at 10, 20 and 30 MHz. The tumour and vital blood vessels were localized prior to resection using low frequency imaging from the brain surface. High frequency, high resolution close-up imaging was applied during and after resection in order to identify remaining tumour tissue, as well as to detect blood vessels in the vicinity of the resection wall. The study also demonstrates that the tumour and surgical tools such as, for example, bipolar diathermy, acoustic aspirator or biopsy forceps,can be visualized simultaneously. This simplifies the localization of remaining tumour tissue.

Intravascular ultrasonographic appearance of angiographically normal arteries related to age and the occurrence of vascular disease

In 22 individuals (mean age 52 years) the ultrasonographic images of arteries defined as normal by arteriography were studied and related to the age and medical history of the patients. The series was divided into 2 groups: patients with clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis and patients without a history of arterial disease. The study included 6 young patients (mean age 14 years) referred for angiographic documentation of abolished intracranial circulation. A typical 3-layered appearance of the arterial wall was found in young healthy individuals as well as in adult and elderly subjects. There was no difference in the ultrasonographic appearance of muscular and elastic arteries. In patients with extensive obstructive atherosclerosis affecting other parts of the arterial tree, a segment of the iliac artery can have the same appearance as seen in young healthy individuals. There are indications that severe hypertension can result in a thickening of the middle low-echogenic layer of the arterial wall. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency, small calcifications in the middle layer were a typical finding.