Relaxin potentiates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by endothelial cells from human umbilical vein in in vitro culture

The hormone relaxin (RLX), which can be detected in human venous cord blood, has been shown to be a potent vasodilator, acting through increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) and nitric oxide (NO) generation. This study aims at clarifying whether RLX, at concentrations of 100 and 1000 ng/ml for 6 or 12 h of exposure, can influence the expression of NOS isoforms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured in vitro. NOS mRNA expression was studied by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, NOS protein expression and activity was studied by Western blot and nitrite assay, and immunoreactive NOS localization was performed by confocal microscopy. Untreated HUVEC expressed all the NOS isoforms, especially the constitutive, endothelial-type NOS III and, to a lesser extent, NOS II and NOS I. RLX-treated cells showed an increased expression of NOS II, attaining a maximum with 1000 ng/ml RLX, which gave rise to increased NO generation, as shown by nitrite assay. This effect of RLX appears to be mediated by activation of NOS II transcription factor NF-kappaB, since it was abolished by the NF-kappaB inhibitors curcumin-95 and dexamethasone. These findings suggest that RLX in the umbilical vein might contribute to the NO-dependent regulation of vascular tone.

The vasorelaxant hormone relaxin induces changes in liver sinusoid microcirculation: a morphologic study in the rat

This study shows that specialized contractile endothelial cells exist in rat liver sinusoids which may be involved in the local control of hemodynamics and which are sensitive to vasoactive agents, including the vasorelaxant hormone relaxin. Male rats were treated with 10 microg relaxin for 4 days; phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated rats were the controls. For comparison, rats treated with relaxin together with the NO-synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-l -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and rats treated with the vasodilator taurodeoxycholic acid or the vasoconstrictor ethanol were investigated. Liver fragments were studied morphologically and morphometrically. In the control rats, peculiar contractile cells were present in the endothelial lining. These cells had abundant myofilaments and formed cytoplasmic blebs projecting into and often occluding the lumen. In the ethanol-treated rats, sinusoids were constricted and filled with cytoplasmic blebs. In the relaxin-treated rats, sinusoids were markedly dilated and the cytoplasmic blebs nearly disappeared. Similar findings were observed in the taurodeoxycholic acid-treated rats. The effects of relaxin were blunted by L-NAME, suggesting that the relaxin action involves an NO-mediated mechanism.

Relaxin causes changes of the liver. In vivo studies in rats

During pregnancy, the liver undergoes metabolic adjustments directed to fulfil the needs of the mother and the growing fetus. This study was designed to verify whether relaxin, a hormone related to pregnancy, may induce histochemical and ultrastructural modifications of hepatocytes which can be related to metabolic changes. Estrogen-primed female rats were treated with relaxin (10 microg in repository vehicle) for 18 h. Additional male rats were treated with relaxin (10 microg/day in PBS) for 4 days. Appropriate vehicle-treated rats were used as controls. After fasting, the rats were killed and liver fragments were processed for light and electron microscopy and for computer-assisted morphometry of PAS-positive glycogen deposits and acid phosphatase-reactive organelles. In both sexes, the relaxin-treated rats underwent a significant decrease in the amount of glycogen in the hepatocytes as compared with the controls. These changes were accompanied by an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, endocytosis vesicles and lysosomes. These findings show that relaxin promotes glycogen depletion and induces morphological changes of hepatocytes which are consistent with functional activation. It is suggested that relaxin might play an important role in hepatic metabolic adjustments occurring during pregnancy.

Distribution and pattern of BCL-6 mutations throughout the spectrum of B-cell neoplasia

BCL-6 mutations are accumulated during B-cell transit through the germinal center (GC) and provide a histogenetic marker for B-cell tumors. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of 308 B-cell neoplasms, we (1) expand the spectrum of tumors associated with BCL-6 mutations; (2) corroborate the notion that mutations cluster with GC and post-GC B-cell neoplasms; and (3) identify heterogeneous mutation frequency among B-lineage diffuse large cell lymphoma (B-DLCL) subsets. Mutations are virtually absent in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P <.001) and mantle cell lymphoma (P <.05), whereas they occur frequently in GC or post-GC neoplasms, including lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, MALT lymphomas, B-DLCL and Burkitt lymphoma. Among B-DLCL, mutations occur frequently in systemic nodal B-DLCL, primary extranodal B-DLCL, CD5(+) B-DLCL, CD30(+) B-DLCL, and primary splenic B-DLCL, suggesting a similar histogenesis of these B-DLCL subsets. Conversely, mutations are rare in primary mediastinal B-DLCL with sclerosis (10.0%; P <.01), supporting a distinct histogenesis for this lymphoma. Longitudinal follow-up of B-DLCL transformed from follicular lymphoma shows that they BCL-6 mutations may accumulate during histologic progression. Mutations also occur in some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, small lymphocytic lymphomas, and hairy cell leukemias, consistent with the hypothesis that a fraction of these lymphoproliferations are related to GC-like cells. Finally, the molecular pattern of 193 mutational events reinforces the hypothesis that mutations of BCL-6 and immunoglobulin genes are caused by similar mechanisms. (Blood. 2000;95:651-659)

Genetic characterization of HHV-8/KSHV-positive primary effusion lymphoma reveals frequent mutations of BCL6: implications for disease pathogenesis and histogenesis

Human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-positive primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a recently identified B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma category characterized by liquid growth in the serous body cavities. Apart from viral infection, no genetic alteration is known to be associated with PEL and no recurrent cytogenetic abnormality has been identified in these lymphomas. Yet the consistent monoclonality of PEL indicates that the disease is not solely a virus-driven proliferation. Here we report that PEL is associated with a high frequency of mutations of BCL6 5' noncoding regions, and we identify karyotypic abnormalities that may be recurrently involved in these lymphomas. Mutations of BCL-6 5' noncoding regions occurred in 8/13 PEL. Mutations occurred in the absence of BCL6 gross rearrangements were often multiple in the same patient (7/8 mutated cases), and occurred in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Since BCL6 mutations are regarded as a genetic marker of B-cell transition through the germinal center (GC), these data are consistent with histogenetic derivation of PEL from GC or post-GC B-cells. Cytogenetic and FISH analysis of seven PEL cell lines showed frequent occurrence of complete or partial trisomy 12 (7/7 cases), trisomy 7 (4/7 cases), and abnormalities of bands Iq21-25 (5/7 cases).

Genetic characterization of HHV-8/KSHV-positive primary effusion lymphoma reveals frequent mutations of BCL6: implications for disease pathogenesis and histogenesis

Human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-positive primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a recently identified B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma category characterized by liquid growth in the serous body cavities. Apart from viral infection, no genetic alteration is known to be associated with PEL and no recurrent cytogenetic abnormality has been identified in these lymphomas. Yet the consistent monoclonality of PEL indicates that the disease is not solely a virus-driven proliferation. Here we report that PEL is associated with a high frequency of mutations of BCL6 5' noncoding regions, and we identify karyotypic abnormalities that may be recurrently involved in these lymphomas. Mutations of BCL-6 5' noncoding regions occurred in 8/13 PEL. Mutations occurred in the absence of BCL6 gross rearrangements were often multiple in the same patient (7/8 mutated cases), and occurred in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Since BCL6 mutations are regarded as a genetic marker of B-cell transition through the germinal center (GC), these data are consistent with histogenetic derivation of PEL from GC or post-GC B-cells. Cytogenetic and FISH analysis of seven PEL cell lines showed frequent occurrence of complete or partial trisomy 12 (7/7 cases), trisomy 7 (4/7 cases), and abnormalities of bands Iq21-25 (5/7 cases).

Establishment and characterization of EBV-positive and EBV-negative primary effusion lymphoma cell lines harbouring human herpesvirus type-8

In this study we report on the establishment and characterization of two novel lymphoma cell lines (CRO-AP/3 and CRO-AP/5) which carry infection by human herpesvirus type-8 (HHV-8) and have derived from AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). These two cell lines are representative of different virologic subtypes of PEL, i.e. HHV-8+/EBV- PEL in the case of CRO-AP/3 and HHV-8+/EBV+ PEL in the case of CRO-AP/5. Consistent with the diagnosis of PEL, both CRO-AP/3 and CRO-AP/5 expressed indeterminate (i.e. non-B, non-T) phenotypes although immunogenotypic studies documented their B-cell origin. Both cell lines are devoid of genetic lesions of c-MYC, BCL-2 and p53 as well as gross rearrangements of BCL-6. Detailed histogenetic characterization of these novel PEL cell lines suggests that PEL may derive from a post-germinal centre B cell which has undergone pre-terminal differentiation. The CRO-AP/3 and CRO-AP/5 cell lines may provide a valuable model for clarifying the pathogenesis of PEL. In particular, these cell lines may help understand the relative contribution of HHV-8 and EBV to PEL growth and development and may facilitate the identification of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities highlighting putative novel cancer related loci relevant to PEL.

BCL-6 in aids-related lymphomas: pathogenetic and histogenetic implications

AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (AIDS-NHL) are classified into Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL), and body cavity based lymphoma. The molecular pathogenesis of AIDS-NHL is complex and involves the genetic alteration of several cancer related genes, including the BCL-6 proto-oncogene. BCL-6 encodes a zinc finger transcription factor which is selectively expressed by germinal center (GC) B-cells, but not by pre-GC or post-GC B-cells. Genetic alterations of BCL-6 occur frequently among B-cell NHL and comprise gross rearrangements as well as small mutations of the 5' noncoding region of the gene. Gross rearrangements of BCL-6 among AIDS-NHL cluster with 20% AIDS-DLCL. Conversely, mutations of the 5' noncoding region of BCL-6 occur at sustained frequency throughout the clinico-pathologic spectrum of AIDS-NHL and represent the most common genetic alteration presently detectable in these lymphomas. The frequency of BCL-6 mutations, as well as their location in the proximity of the BCL-6 regulatory regions, suggest that they may play a pathogenetic role in AIDS-related lymphomagenesis. Beside their pathogenetic implications, the occurrence of BCL-6 mutations among AIDS-NHL bears histogenetic relevance because BCL-6 mutations are regarded as a marker of B-cell transition through the GC. Thus, it is conceivable that a large fraction of AIDS-NHL is histogenetically related to GC or post-GC B-cells. This notion is further confirmed by the observation that AIDS-NHL frequently express the BCL-6 protein, which stains selectively GC B-cells throughout B-cell differentiation.