Family involvement and parent-teacher relationships for students with autism spectrum disorders

Family educational involvement and parent-teacher relationships are important for supporting student outcomes and have unique implications for families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little research has examined child and family characteristics among families of children with ASD as predictors of family involvement and parent-teacher relationships. The present study examined child and family variables that may affect family involvement and parent-teacher relationships for families of children with ASD. Findings suggested (a) parents of children with higher developmental risk reported less family involvement and poorer relationships with their child's teacher and (b) family histories accessing services predicted family involvement and parent-teacher relationships. Limitations of the current study and implications for science and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Effectiveness evaluation of the Positive Family Support intervention: A three-tiered public health delivery model for middle schools

This article presents the results of an evaluation of Positive Family Support, an ecological family intervention and treatment approach to parent supports and family management training developed from a history of basic and translational research. This effectiveness trial, with 41 public middle schools randomly assigned to intervention or control, examined student-, teacher-, and parent-reported outcomes, as well as math and reading scores and school attendance. Multilevel analyses suggested that for students at risk for behavior problems, immediate-intervention schools outperformed control schools on parent-reported negative school contacts for students at risk for behavior problems. Implementation, however, was hampered by several challenges, including school funding cuts, lack of staff time to provide parenting supports, and staff turnover. Given that preventive interventions are generally cost effective, it is critical that researchers continue their efforts to refine these interventions and find ways to support schools' implementation of evidence-based programs that can reduce problem behavior. This article is part of a special issue "Parental Engagement in School-Based Interventions".

A multidimensional examination of New Zealand family involvement in education

The purpose of this study was to preliminarily examine family involvement with the primary caregivers of a specific population of New Zealand primary school students through a pilot validation of a New Zealand version of the Family Involvement Questionnaire, Elementary Version (FIQ-E; Manz, Fantuzzo, & Power, 2004). Participants were 285 primary caregivers of children attending primary school in Dunedin, New Zealand. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted to determine the factor structure of the New Zealand version of the FIQ-E. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a factor structure similar to the original FIQ-E; however, fewer and different items loaded onto the common factors. Implications for these findings, including differences in the factor structure and intercultural family involvement research, are explored.

Proactive Parent Engagement in Public Schools: Using a Brief Strengths and Needs Assessment in a Multiple-Gating Risk Management Strategy

This study examined the viability of a brief, parent-reported strengths and needs assessment as the first step in a multiple-gating approach to proactive positive behavior support for families. The Positive Family Support-Strengths and Needs Assessment (PFS-SaNA) was designed to collaboratively engage parents early in the school year in a home-school coordinated Positive Family Support (PFS) system. In this study, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the PFS-SaNA in the context of public middle schools. Findings suggest that the 14-item, unidimensional PFS-SaNA shows convergent validity with teacher ratings of risk. It can be easily and cost-effectively used by school personnel when parents register their children for school at the beginning of each school year.

Examining the utility of behavioral health integration in well-child visits: implications for rural settings

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of integrating behavioral health services into well-child visits in underserved, remote, and/or fringe areas. Specifically, the following were examined: the structure of the well-child visit for standard care in comparison to when a behavioral health provider was integrated into the visit and the effect of integrating a behavioral health provider on behavioral health topics covered and parent satisfaction. Participants were 94 caregivers of children attending well-child visits. Group differences were examined for participants in well-child visits with a behavioral health provider and participants in a standard well-child visit. Findings suggest a statistically significant increase in caregiver-rated perception for the number of topics covered with the integration of a behavioral health provider in the well-child visits. No significant effects of caregiver-rated helpfulness or satisfaction were observed. Implications for the findings and future research directions are discussed.

A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America's Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations

Despite significant progress in research on the treatment and prevention of psychological, behavioral, and health problems, the translation of this knowledge into population-wide benefit remains limited. This paper reviews the state of America's children and families, highlighting the influence of stressful contextual and social conditions on child and family well-being and the concentration of disadvantage in numerous neighborhoods and communities throughout the nation. It then briefly reviews the progress that has been made in pinpointing policies that can reduce stressful contextual conditions such as poverty, discrimination, and the marketing of unhealthful foods and substances. It also describes numerous family and school interventions that have proven benefit in preventing psychological and behavioral problems as diverse as tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; depression; antisocial behavior; academic failure; obesity prevention; and early childbearing. We argue that progress in translating existing knowledge into widespread benefit will require a nationwide effort to intervene comprehensively in neighborhoods and communities of concentrated disadvantage. We present a strategic plan for how such an effort could be organized. The first step in this organizing would be the creation of a broad and diverse coalition of organizations concerned with advancing public health and well-being. Such a coalition could increase public support both for the policies needed to focus on these disadvantaged areas and the research needed to incrementally improve our ability to help these areas.

Parent Educational Involvement in Middle School: Longitudinal Influences on Student Outcomes

The present study examined influences of 6^th grade student-reported parent educational involvement on early adolescent peer group affiliations at 7^th and 8^th grade. In addition, student gender and ethnicity were explored as possible moderators. Drawn from a large effectiveness trial, participants in this study were 5,802 early adolescents across twenty middle schools in the Northwest region of the United States. Findings suggested that specifically parent's educational involvement in 6^th grade predicted increases in positive peer affiliation, when controlling for a general score of parent monitoring practices. The relation between parent educational involvement and peer affiliation varied by student ethnicity but not by gender. Findings suggest the social benefits of parent's engagement with the school context on early adolescent development.

Family engagement in schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports: Barriers and facilitators to implementation

The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to family engagement in schools implementing schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS). Participants consisted of 1 representative member each from 204 school PBIS teams across 3 states. Qualitative analysis guided examination of responses to 1 question regarding barriers and 2 questions about facilitators to family engagement. Survey respondents identified key barriers to family engagement as a lack of resources, inconsistent communication, and reluctance of families and school staff to partner. Specified facilitators included communication, PBIS, shared decision-making, and strategies to build relationships with families. (PsycINFO Database Record

Employing a Fixed-Lean Multiple Schedule in the Treatment of Challenging Behavior for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Despite its utility, there is limited applied research on employing fixed-lean (FL) schedules of reinforcement in treatment packages to address challenging behavior. One potential reason is that abrupt shifts to terminal schedules of reinforcement have been associated with immediate increases in challenging behavior before subsiding to clinically acceptable levels. The purpose of the present study was to (a) provide evidence demonstrating the utility of a FL multiple schedule (MS) in the treatment of challenging behavior in applied settings, (b) examine the potential effects of alternative stimuli on challenging behavior during a FL MS, and (c) assess the social validity of this treatment package with participants and caregivers. The results of this study showed low levels of challenging behavior and discriminated mands during the FL MS, but no evidence to support the inclusion of alternative stimuli. In addition, caregivers of both participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the treatment package. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Examining family-school engagement in a randomized controlled trial of the family check-up

The impact of the Family Check-Up (FCU) on family-school engagement was tested in a randomized, controlled trial. Participants were primary caregivers of 321 children. Approximately 87% of families randomly assigned to the intervention agreed to participate and received the intervention. Caregivers in the FCU condition outperformed caregivers in the school-as-usual condition on family-school engagement at home. In addition to outcomes, implementation of the FCU during kindergarten was examined, including family participation in the FCU, dosage, consumer satisfaction, and content of the follow-up sessions when delivered by FCU therapists. Total treatment time averaged at approximately 143 minutes and family therapists had an average of 4.05 contacts with families. The top three topics discussed during feedback and treatment visits were child behavior, positive parenting, and child academic skills. Children's baseline behavior and caregiver perception of the FCU significantly predicted participation in the FCU. Implications for family-centered interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Family-centered prevention to enhance parenting skills during the transition to elementary school: A randomized trial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a family-centered preventive intervention, the Family Check-Up (FCU), on improving parenting skills during kindergarten and first grade, when children are challenged to engage in a variety of new behaviors, such as sustained attention and self-regulation of behavior in the classroom. Building on prior research and funded by the Department of Education, we tested the effect of the FCU on parenting skills during the transition to kindergarten. We predicted both direct and moderated effects of the FCU on changes in parenting, including positive parenting, monitoring/family routines, and negative parenting skills. In this registered clinical trial (NCT02289092; see Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials diagram in Figure 1), participants were 321 families of kindergarten children recruited from 5 public elementary schools and randomly assigned to either the FCU or to a school-as-usual control group (n = 164 assigned to intervention). Families engaged in the intervention at a high rate (75%) and completed assessments about parenting skills from kindergarten to first grade. Results suggest that FCU effects on parenting skills were moderated by parenting contextual stress. As stress increased, so did positive effects of FCU on monitoring/family routines and negative parenting. No effects on positive parenting skills were observed. Results of this research suggest the effects of the FCU are more pronounced for high-stress families and contribute to the literature supporting adaptive, tailored approaches to intervention for high-risk children and their caregivers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Engagement in a brief preventive parenting intervention during the transition to kindergarten: Effects of parent stress and child behavior concerns

Although school-based preventive parenting interventions have been found to promote children's social-emotional skill development and behavioral functioning, it is important to understand potential barriers to engagement in such programs to ensure that intervention access is equitable and likely to reach those who could most benefit. In the present study, we tested independent and interactive associations between parents' concerns about their child's hyperactivity behavior and their perceived stress in relation to their participation in a preventive parenting intervention, the Family Check-Up (FCU), delivered when children were in kindergarten. Participants were parents of 164 children who were randomized to the intervention group of a randomized controlled trial that took place at five elementary schools. Results indicated that parents who reported higher levels of hyperactivity in their children and high levels of perceived stress were less likely to initially engage in the FCU, but if they did engage, they were more likely to participate more intensively as measured by total treatment time. Parents' motivation to change mediated the association between high parent stress and child hyperactivity in relation to total treatment time. This study has important implications for the use of motivational interviewing strategies to engage parents in school-based, family-centered interventions.

Using Motivational Interviewing to Improve Parenting Skills and Prevent Problem Behavior During the Transition to Kindergarten

In this study, we examined the efficacy of a version of the Family Check-Up (FCU) adapted for kindergarten school entry with regard to parenting skills during the transition to school. We also examined whether improvements in parenting skills would mediate improvements in parent- and teacher-rated child behavior problems from kindergarten to second grade. The FCU is a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention designed to engage parents in treatment to improve parenting skills. Participants were parents of 365 children enrolled in one of five elementary schools in the Pacific Northwestern United States. Main and indirect effects were tested with structural equation path modeling using an intent-to-treat approach. The FCU was associated with improved change in parenting skills, and changes in parenting skills, in turn, predicted reductions in child behavior problems. Implications for embedding MI in family-centered interventions at kindergarten school entry are discussed. Trial registration: NCT02289092.

Family-centered prevention to enhance proactive parenting and parental self-efficacy during early elementary school

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a family-centered intervention delivered during early elementary school, the Family Check-Up (FCU), in supporting parents' use of proactive parenting skills and the role that parental self-efficacy (PSE) has in promoting proactive parenting. We predicted both direct and mediated effects of the FCU on changes in proactive parenting. Participants were the primary caregivers of 321 kindergarten children and were randomly assigned to either the FCU or to a school-as-usual control group (n = 164 assigned to intervention). Results indicated that the FCU initiated during kindergarten enhanced proactive parenting skills directly and was mediated by PSE. These results highlight the FCU as an efficacious intervention in early elementary school in promoting proactive parenting skills and PSE and underscore the role of PSE as a primary pathway toward improved proactive parenting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Moving Towards Meaningful and Significant Family Partnerships in Education

Background:

Partnerships with families in education settings should emphasize their roles as active and engaged co-equal partners. However, common practices in schools are to involve families at school-based events and share information with them about their child’s education in a manner that does not promote two-way interactions.

Objective:

The objectives of this paper are to describe relevant background on familyschool connections; approaches to promote academic performance and mental and behavioral health; and a framework to organize family partnerships that support all youth across a continuum of support intensity.

Methods:

A review based on the relevant family-school partnership and systems change literature was conducted. The review focused on prevention, tiered approaches that provide a continuum of support to students, and partnership-centered family engagement.

Results:

Research supports family-school partnerships in a tiered prevention framework. A theory of change was developed to depict the impact of family partnerships on proximal and distal outcomes.

Conclusion:

Implications suggest a need for partnership-centered approaches to school reform in state and federal policy to support investments in school and district initiatives. Initiatives should embed culturally sensitive practices so that all children can thrive. Future directions for investigating effective approaches for family partnerships are described.