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McBride K, Cook J, Gray S, Felton S, Stella L, Poulidi D. Evaluation of La1−xSrxMnO3 (0 ≤ x < 0.4) synthesised via a modified sol–gel method as mediators for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01890k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of lanthanum strontium manganates (La1−xSrxMnO3) where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 were prepared using a modified peroxide sol–gel synthesis. The crystal structure of these materials was investigated and their potential as mediators for magnetic fluid hyperthermia was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. McBride
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - J. Cook
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- Queen's University Belfast
| | - S. Gray
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - S. Felton
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - L. Stella
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- Queen's University Belfast
| | - D. Poulidi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Huang R, Rahman R, Pope W, Ellingson B, Ballman K, Felton S, Anderson SK, Nayak L, Lee E, Abrey L, Galanis E, Reardon D, Cloughesy T, Wen P. NI-36 * VALIDATION OF RANO CRITERIA: CONTRIBUTION OF T2/FLAIR ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA TREATED WITH BEVACIZUMAB. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou264.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Origami can turn a sheet of paper into complex three-dimensional shapes, and similar folding techniques can produce structures and mechanisms. To demonstrate the application of these techniques to the fabrication of machines, we developed a crawling robot that folds itself. The robot starts as a flat sheet with embedded electronics, and transforms autonomously into a functional machine. To accomplish this, we developed shape-memory composites that fold themselves along embedded hinges. We used these composites to recreate fundamental folded patterns, derived from computational origami, that can be extrapolated to a wide range of geometries and mechanisms. This origami-inspired robot can fold itself in 4 minutes and walk away without human intervention, demonstrating the potential both for complex self-folding machines and autonomous, self-controlled assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Felton
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - M Tolley
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - E Demaine
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D Rus
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Wood
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Al-Niaimi F, Felton S, Williams J. Patch testing for vulval symptoms: our experience with 282 patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:439-42. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Al-Niaimi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital; London UK
| | - S. Felton
- Department of Dermatology; Salford Royal Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
| | - J. Williams
- Department of Dermatology; Salford Royal Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Voriconazole, a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent increasingly used to treat aspergillosis, has been linked with acute photosensitivity and skin carcinogenesis. The action spectrum of the photosensitivity is unknown, while an indirect retinol effect secondary to the antifungal's impact on CYP450 enzymes has been proposed to contribute to the underlying mechanism. OBJECTIVES To perform a detailed photobiological assessment of the photosensitivity presenting in a series of 12 patients treated with voriconazole. METHODS Minimal erythemal dose thresholds (MED) to narrow wavebands of ultraviolet (UV) A, UVB and visible light were determined. Provocation testing was performed to broadband UVA (310-400 nm) and to solar-simulated radiation (SSR) (290-400 nm). Patients underwent routine photopatch testing and laboratory investigations including serum vitamin A (retinol). RESULTS Patients (eight men, four women; median age 54years, range 40-63) experienced moderate-severe cutaneous erythema (n = 12), burning pain (n=5), itching (n=3), scaling (n=5), vesiculation (n=5) and oedema (n=1) following sunlight exposure; increased lentigines (n=4) and actinic cheilitis (n = 4) were also observed. While the majority (n=8) of patients showed normal MED thresholds to monochromator phototesting to UVB, UVA and visible light, a low MED to UVA was observed in four patients. Repeated provocation testing with broadband UVA and SSR provoked an abnormal erythema in eight and 10 patients, respectively. Serum retinol levels were mildly elevated in two patients but normal in the majority. CONCLUSION UVA sensitivity is the predominant finding in acute voriconazole-induced photosensitivity. We found little evidence of elevated circulating retinol as the causal factor. Patients with voriconazole-induced photosensitivity require education in appropriate UVA protective measures in addition to consideration of skin surveillance for malignant sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Haylett
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Manchester M6 8HD, U.K
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Binswanger IA, O'Brien K, Benton K, Gardner EM, Hirsh JM, Felton S, Belknap R. Tuberculosis testing in correctional officers: a national random survey of jails in the United States. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14:464-470. [PMID: 20202305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The correctional system in the United States is large and growing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend baseline and annual testing of employees in correctional facilities for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). OBJECTIVE To describe the extent of and factors associated with LTBI testing practices for jail correctional officers. DESIGN A national survey of 1760 randomly selected jails was conducted. We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine factors associated with testing officers in a guideline-concordant manner and having a written policy. RESULTS A total of 1174 (67%) surveys were returned. Only 52% of jails had a written policy on LTBI testing of officers, and 51% screened officers at least annually (guideline concordance). Large jails (OR 2.41, 95%CI 1.67-3.49) and jails in states with a high tuberculosis incidence (OR 1.67, 95%CI 1.17-2.38) and in the Midwest (OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07-2.33) were more likely to screen in a guideline-concordant manner. CONCLUSION Screening for LTBI among correctional officers in the United States was inconsistent. Strategies to improve LTBI testing among correctional officers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Binswanger
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Division of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045,USA.
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Felton S, Cann BL, Edmonds AM, Liggins S, Cruddace RJ, Newton ME, Fisher D, Baker JM. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of nitrogen interstitial defects in diamond. J Phys Condens Matter 2009; 21:364212. [PMID: 21832318 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of nitrogen doped diamond that has been (15)N enriched, electron irradiated and annealed. EPR spectra from two new nitrogen containing [Formula: see text] defects are detected and labelled WAR9 and WAR10. We show that the properties of these defects are consistent with them being the ⟨001⟩-nitrogen split interstitial and the ⟨001⟩-nitrogen split interstitial-⟨001⟩-carbon split interstitial pair, respectively. We also provide an explanation for why these defects have previously eluded discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Felton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Jaeckle KA, Ballman KV, Schomberg P, Uhm J, Schiethauer B, Giannini C, Felton S, Brown P, Jan BC. N997D: Pilot trial of CPT11 during RT followed by CPT11 and BCNU in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) patients: A North Central Cancer Group (NCCTG) study. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Jaeckle
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - K. V. Ballman
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - P. Schomberg
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - J. Uhm
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - B. Schiethauer
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - C. Giannini
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - S. Felton
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - P. Brown
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - B. C. Jan
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is widespread among injecting drug users (IDU) and may contribute to the risk of leukemia/lymphoma, neurodegenerative disease, and perhaps pneumonia, especially with HIV co-infection. METHODS In 1987--1991, 6570 IDU were tested for HIV and HTLV-II antibodies. In 1998, they were matched to the National Death Index. Numbers of observed deaths of each cause were compared by standardized mortality ratios with the numbers expected, using sex-, race-, age-, and year-specific rates in the general population. Relative risk (RR) associated with each virus, compared to uninfected drug users, was estimated by Poisson modeling. RESULTS There were 1351 deaths, including 683 (15%) of 4604 participants who enrolled seronegative for both viruses; 328 (47%) of 701 who had HIV but not HTLV-II infection; 220 (21%) of 1033 who had HTLV-II but not HIV infection; and 120 (52%) of 232 who were infected by both viruses. Compared to the general population, mortality for participants with neither virus was increased 4.3-fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.0--4.7] and was significantly elevated for virtually every cause of death. With HIV, mortality from medical causes, but not external causes, was increased 3.7-fold (95% CI, 3.3--4.2), particularly with AIDS and related conditions. With HTLV-II, all-cause mortality was reduced (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7--0.9), with no statistically significant reduction or elevation for any specific cause. A non-significant excess of tuberculosis deaths (RR, 4.6; 95% CI, 0.8--25.2) was noted with HTLV-II, but there was no excess mortality from leukemia/lymphoma, other malignancies, or neurodegenerative disease. CONCLUSIONS Without HIV or HTLV-II, IDU had profoundly increased mortality from medical and external causes. HIV was specifically associated with death due to AIDS and related conditions. HTLV-II infection was not significantly associated with mortality from any cause, suggesting that it is not a significant human pathogen, even when present with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Goedert
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Tolcher AW, Eckhardt SG, Kuhn J, Hammond L, Weiss G, Rizzo J, Aylesworth C, Hidalgo M, Patnaik A, Schwartz G, Felton S, Campbell E, Rowinsky EK. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of NSC 655649, a rebeccamycin analog with topoisomerase inhibitory properties. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:2937-47. [PMID: 11387367 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.11.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of administering NSC 655649, a water-soluble, rebeccamycin analog with topoisomerase inhibitory properties, as a brief intravenous (IV) infusion once every 3 weeks and to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of NSC 655649, characterize its pharmacokinetic behavior, and seek preliminary evidence of antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of NSC 655649 administered over 30 to 60 minutes IV once every 3 weeks. An accelerated dose-escalation method was used to guide dose escalation. After three patients were treated at the first dose level, doses were escalated in increments that ranged up to 150% using single patient cohorts until moderate toxicity was observed, when a more conservative dose-escalation scheme was invoked. MTD was defined as the highest dose level at which the incidence of dose-limiting toxicity did not exceed 20%. MTD was determined for both minimally pretreated (MP) and heavily pretreated (HP) patients. Plasma and urine were sampled to characterize the pharmacokinetic and excretory behavior of NSC 655649. RESULTS Forty-five patients were treated with 130 courses of NSC 655649 at doses ranging from 20 mg/m(2) to 744 mg/m(2). Myelosuppression was the principal toxicity. Severe neutropenia, which was often associated with thrombocytopenia, was unacceptably high in HP and MP patients treated at 572 mg/m(2) and 744 mg/m(2), respectively. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were common but rarely severe. The pharmacokinetics of NSC 655649 were dose dependent and fit a three-compartment model. The clearance and terminal elimination half-lives for NSC 655649 averaged 7.57 (SD = 4.2) L/h/m(2) and 48.85 (SD = 23.65) hours, respectively. Despite a heterogeneous population of MP and HP patients, the magnitude of drug exposure correlated well with the severity of myelosuppression. Antitumor activity was observed in two HP ovarian cancer patients and one patient with a soft tissue sarcoma refractory to etoposide and doxorubicin. CONCLUSION Recommended phase II doses are 500 mg/m(2) and 572 mg/m(2) IV once every 3 weeks for HP and MP patients, respectively. The absence of severe nonhematologic toxicities, the encouraging antitumor activity in HP patients, and the unique mechanism of antineoplastic activity of NSC 655649 warrant further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Tolcher
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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11
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Hidalgo M, Aylesworth C, Hammond LA, Britten CD, Weiss G, Stephenson J, Schwartz G, Patnaik A, Smith L, Molpus K, Felton S, Gupta E, Ferrante KJ, Tortora A, Sonnichsen DS, Skillings J, Rowinsky EK. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of BMS-184476, a taxane with greater potency and solubility than paclitaxel. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:2493-503. [PMID: 11331328 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.9.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary activity of BMS-184476 administered as a 1-hour intravenous (IV) infusion every 3 weeks. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of BMS-184476 as a 1-hour IV infusion every 3 weeks without premedication to prevent hypersensitivity reactions (HSR). Plasma sampling and urine collections were performed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BMS-184474. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were treated with 78 courses of BMS-184476 at five dose levels ranging from 20 to 80 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), consisting of severe neutropenia with fever, severe diarrhea, and/or severe mucositis, was experienced during course 1 by six of nine minimally pretreated patients treated at the 70 and 80 mg/m2 dose level. In contrast, of 15 assessable patients treated at the 60 mg/m2 dose level, which is the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of BMS-184476 on this administration schedule, only one heavily pretreated patient developed DLT (grade 4 neutropenia with fever and grade 3 diarrhea). One patient developed a grade 2 HSR during a second course of BMS-184476 at the 40 mg/m2 dose level. A previously untreated patient with an advanced cholangiocarcinoma experienced a partial response, and a patient with an untreated carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction had a minor response. The pharmacokinetics of BMS-184476 seemed linear in the dose range studied. Mean +/- SD values for clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state, and terminal half-life were 220 +/- 89 mL/min/m2, 402 +/- 231 L/m2, and 40.8 +/- 21.8 hours, respectively. CONCLUSION The MTD and recommended dose for phase II evaluations of BMS-184476 is 60 mg/m2 as a 1-hour IV infusion every 3 weeks. The results of this study suggest that BMS-184476 may have several advantages compared with paclitaxel in terms of toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutics, and administration and warrants further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hidalgo
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229, USA.
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Eckhardt SG, Baker SD, Britten CD, Hidalgo M, Siu L, Hammond LA, Villalona-Calero MA, Felton S, Drengler R, Kuhn JG, Clark GM, Smith SL, MacDonald JR, Smith C, Moczygemba J, Weitman S, Von Hoff DD, Rowinsky EK. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irofulven, a novel mushroom-derived cytotoxin, administered for five consecutive days every four weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:4086-97. [PMID: 11118470 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2000.18.24.4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the toxicity and pharmacologic behavior of the novel mushroom-derived cytotoxin irofulven administered as a 5-minute intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks to patients with advanced solid malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase I trial, 46 patients were treated with irofulven doses ranging from 1.0 to 17.69 mg/m(2) as a 5-minute IV infusion (two patients received a 1-hour infusion) daily for 5 days every 4 weeks. The modified continual reassessment method was used for dose escalation. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on days 1 and 5 to characterize the plasma disposition of irofulven. RESULTS Forty-six patients were treated with 92 courses of irofulven. The dose-limiting toxicities on this schedule were myelosuppression and renal dysfunction. At the 14.15-mg/m(2) dose level, renal dysfunction resembling renal tubular acidosis occurred in four of 10 patients and was ameliorated by prophylactic IV hydration. The 17.69-mg/m(2) dose level was not tolerated because of grade 4 neutropenia and renal toxicity, whereas the 14.15-mg/m(2) dose level was not tolerable with repetitive dosing because of persistent thrombocytopenia. Other common toxicities included mild to moderate nausea, vomiting, facial erythema, and fatigue. One partial response occurred in a patient with advanced, refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer lasting 7 months. Pharmacokinetic studies of irofulven revealed dose-proportional increases in both maximum plasma concentrations and area under the concentration-time curve, while the agent exhibited a rapid elimination half-life of 2 to 10 minutes. CONCLUSION Given the results of this study, the recommended dose of irofulven is 10.64 mg/m(2) as a 5-minute IV infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks. The preliminary antitumor activity documented in a patient with advanced pancreatic cancer and the striking preclinical antitumor effects of irofulven observed on intermittent dosing schedules support further disease-directed evaluations of this agent on the schedule evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Eckhardt
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, and Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Levine PH, Dosik H, Joseph EM, Felton S, Bertoni MA, Cervantes J, Moulana V, Miotti AB, Goberdhan LJ, Lee SL, Daouad A, DaCosta M, Jaffe ES, Axiotis CA, Cleghorn FR, Kahn A, Welles SL. A study of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma incidence in central Brooklyn. Int J Cancer 1999; 80:662-6. [PMID: 10048963 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990301)80:5<662::aid-ijc5>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a rare outcome of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I), is endemic in central Brooklyn, which has a large Caribbean migrant population. Previous studies have suggested that HTLV-I prevalence in central Brooklyn may be similar to that recorded in the Caribbean islands. We established a pilot 1-year surveillance program to identify cases of ATL in 7 of 10 hospitals serving the residents of 18 zip codes of central Brooklyn with a combined population of 1,184,670. Of the 6,198 in-patient beds in the catchment area, approximately 83% were covered. Twelve incident cases of ATL were ascertained, all among persons of Afro-Caribbean descent, indicating an annual incidence in African-Americans in this community of approximately 3.2/100,000 person-years. Unexplained hypercalcemia was the most useful screening method, identifying 3 of 5 patients not referred for possible ATL by a local hematologist. The female:male ratio was 3:1. The age pattern was different from that reported in the Caribbean Basin and closer to the pattern seen in Japan. Our study supports evidence that HTLV-I infection and ATL are endemic in central Brooklyn and suggests that a more intensive surveillance program for this disease coupled with intervention efforts to reduce HTLV-I transmission are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Levine
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Rabkin CS, Corbin DO, Felton S, Barker H, Davison D, Dearden C, Blattner WA, Evans AS. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in Barbados: results of a 20-year follow-up study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 12:519-22. [PMID: 8757431 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199608150-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1)-seropositive individuals were identified among 1,012 subjects with stored serum samples from a health and seroepidemiological survey conducted in Barbados in 1972. These 41 subjects plus 79 HTLV-1 seronegative household members were targeted in a follow-up study 20 years later. Sixteen seropositive subjects and 22 seronegative subjects were interviewed, examined, and phlebotomized. There were no changes in HTLV-1 serostatus between the 1972 and follow-up serum samples. Three (19%) of the seropositive subjects had HTLV-1-associated disorders: two with dermatitis and one with "smoldering" adult T-cell leukemia. Neurologic and immunologic function was similar in HTLV-1-seropositive and HTLV-1-seronegative subjects. HTLV-1 antibodies persist over many years, and the risk for seroconversion of household contacts is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Rabkin
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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15
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Duliège AM, Amos CI, Felton S, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Birth order, delivery route, and concordance in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mothers to twins. International Registry of HIV-Exposed Twins. J Pediatr 1995; 126:625-32. [PMID: 7699546 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(95)70365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated data from prospectively identified twins to understand better the mechanisms and covariates of mother-to-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS Using data obtained from an international collaboration and multivariate quasilikelihood modeling, we assessed concordance, birth order, route of delivery, and other factors for HIV infection in 115 prospectively studied twin pairs born to HIV-infected women. Actuarial methods were used to evaluate overall survival and survival free of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for HIV-infected twins. RESULTS Infection with HIV occurred in 35% of vaginally delivered firstborn (A) twins, 16% of cesarean-delivered A twins, 15% of vaginally delivered second-born (B) twins, and 8% of cesarean-delivered B twins. In a multivariate model, the adjusted odds ratios for HIV infection were 11.8 (confidence interval: 3.1 to 45.3) for concordance of infection with the co-twin, 2.8 (confidence interval: 1.6 to 5.0) for A versus B twins, and 2.7 (confidence interval: 1.1 to 6.6) for vaginally delivered versus cesarean-delivered twins. Among A twins, 52% (lower confidence limit: 6%) of the transmission risk was related to vaginal delivery. Comparing vaginally delivered A twins (infants most exposed to vaginal mucus and blood) to cesarean-delivered B twins (infants least exposed), 76% (lower confidence limit: 48%) of the transmission risk was related to vaginal exposure. Infected B twins had slightly reduced Quetelet indexes and more rapid development of illnesses related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HIV infection of B twins occurs predominantly in utero, whereas infection of A twins (and, by implication, singletons) occurs predominantly intrapartum. We propose that intrapartum transmission is responsible for the majority of pediatric HIV infections and that reducing exposure to HIV in the birth canal may reduce transmission of the virus from mother to infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Duliège
- Biocine Company, Emeryville, California, USA
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Abstract
To examine the epidemiology and natural history of mother-to-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), especially genetic and intrapartum exposure factors, we obtained data on twins and triplets born to women infected with the virus. 40 investigators in nine countries contributed demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data on 100 sets of twins and 1 set of triplets. Among the 66 evaluable sets, HIV-1 infection was more common in first-born than in second-born twins (p = 0.004). In 22 sets, only one twin was infected (18 first-born, 4 second-born). 50% of first-born twins delivered vaginally and 38% of first-born twins delivered by caesarean were infected, compared with 19% of second-born twins delivered by either route. HIV-1 infection status tended to be concordant in more monozygotic (14 of 17 sets) than dizygotic (26 of 43) sets, but the frequency and clinical signs of HIV-1-related disease were similar in only 3 of the 10 sets with both children infected. These findings suggest that some infants may be infected in utero before labour but that a substantial proportion of HIV-1 transmission occurs as the first twin encounters the cervix and birth canal. Such measures as cleansing of the birth canal and caesarean delivery before membrane rupture might reduce the risk of transmission for infants born to HIV-1-infected women and should be the subjects of controlled clinical trials. Caesarean section should not be regarded as a wholly preventive measure, however, since substantial proportions of both first-born and second-born twins delivered in this way were infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Goedert
- Viral Epidemiology Section, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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Izutsu K, Truelove E, Felton S, Siegel I, Madden P, Schubert M. A solid phase immunofluorescent assay for the measurement of salivary immunoglobulin and albumin levels. J Dent Res 1980; 59:1192-6. [PMID: 6769986 DOI: 10.1177/00220345800590072901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A solid phase immunofluorescence assay which can be used to measure immunoglobulin and albumin levels in whole saliva, as well as in duct collected saliva samples, is described. This method is about an order of magnitude more sensitive than the conventional radial immunodiffusion method, allowing its use in situations involving large numbers of samples or restricted sample volumes. The relative precision and accuracy of this method are comparable to those of radial immunodiffusion.
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