Potential roles of inflammasomes in the pathophysiology of Psoriasis: A comprehensive review

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease whose pathophysiology is attributed to both innate and adaptive immune cells and molecules. Despite the crucial roles of the immune system in psoriasis, it cannot be categorized as an autoimmune disease because of the lack of main signs of autoimmunity, such as specific antibodies, well-defined antigens, and autoimmune genetic risk factors. The presence of some cellular and molecular properties, such as the presence of neutrophils in skin lesions and the activation of the innate immune system, attributes psoriasis to a group of diseases called autoinflammatory disorders. Autoinflammatory diseases refer to a group of inherited disorders whose main manifestations are recurrent fever, a high level of acute-phase reactant, and a tendency for inflammation of the skin, joints, and other organs like the nervous system. In most autoinflammatory disorders, it has been seen that complexes of the high-molecular-weight protein named inflammasomes have significant roles. The inflammasome complex usually is formed and activated in the stimulated immune cell cytoplasm, and its activation consequently leads to inflammatory events such as producing of active caspase-1, mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18 and can cause an inflammatory programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Since the identification of inflammasomes, it has been shown that there are close links between them and hereditary and acquired autoinflammatory diseases like psoriasis. In this review, we aim to focus on well-defined inflammasome and their role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.

Comparison of clinicodemographic characteristics and pattern of vascular involvement in 126 patients with Takayasu arteritis: a report from Iran and Turkey

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an extremely uncommon vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its branches. Due to the genetic and ethnicity effect, a diverse array of TA clinical manifestations has been reported worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinicodemographic characteristics and pattern of vascular involvement of Iranian and Turkish TA patients. This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional investigation of 126 TA patients in Iran and Turkey. All of the variables analyzed were extracted from historical medical records. In 126 TA patients, the ratio of females to males was 8.6:1, and the average age at onset of disease was 30.5±11.1 years. Fatigue (49.2%) and a weak or absent pulse (79.4%) were the most prevalent symptoms and signs, respectively. The most prevalent angiographic classifications were types V and I in Iranian patients (41.09%) and type I in the Turkish population (47.7%) The left subclavian artery was the vessel most frequently affected by TA (66.6%). Our findings indicated that there were no significant differences between the two countries in terms of clinicodemographic characteristics or vascular involvement. Some clinical manifestations, such as claudication, were more prevalent in the Turkish population due to a higher incidence of occlusive lesions in the right subclavian artery.

Potential Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Organ Transplantation

Organ transplantation is the most preferred treatment option for end-stage organ diseases; however, allograft rejection is the major hurdle in successful long-term transplant survival. In spite of developing better HLA matching and more effective immunosuppressive regimen, one-year graft survival has been increased by nearly 90% and the incidence of acute rejection by one-year post-transplantation has been decreased by 12.2% in the last decades, chronic allograft rejection has remained as one of the major obstacles to the long-lasting survival of the transplanted allograft. Therefore, seemingly preventing the allograft rejection and inducing immunological tolerance against transplanted allografts is one of the primary goals in transplantation research to enable long-lasting graft survival. Various mechanisms such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed that induce immune tolerance by modulating the gene expression and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses during transplantation. Besides, because of involvement in regulating epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms, lncRNAs could affect allograft status. Therefore, these molecules could be considered as the potential targets for prediction, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of graft rejection. It is suggested that the noninvasive predictive biomarkers hold promise to overcome the current limitations of conventional tissue biopsy in the diagnosis of rejection. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of lncRNAs and their function to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the risk of graft rejection, and the suggestive therapeutic choices after transplantation.

Fabrication and evaluation of Cs/PVP sponge containing platelet-rich fibrin as a wound healing accelerator: An in vitro and in vivo study

Despite significant advances in surgery and postoperative care, there are still challenges in the treatment of wounds. In the current study, a freeze-dried chitosan (Cs)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sponges containing platelet-rich fibrin (PRF at 1, 1.5 and 2% w/v) for wound dressing application is fabricated and fully characterized. Addition of 1% w/v of PRF to Cs/PVP (CS/PVP/1PRF) sample significantly increased the tensile strength (from 0.147 ± 0.005 to 0.242 ± 0.001 MPa), elastic modulus (from 0.414 ± 0.014 to 0.611 ± 0.022 MPa) and strain at break (from 53.4 ± 0.9 to 61.83 ± 1.17%) compared to Cs sample, and was hence selected as the optimal sample. The antibacterial activity of Cs/PVP/1PRF sponge wound dressing against E. coli and S. aureus was confirmed to be effective. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that the release of both VEGF and PDGF-AB from PRF powder, as well as PDGF-AB from Cs/PVP/1PRF sample was time-independent, but the release of VEGF from Cs/PVP/1PRF sample increased significantly with time. According to MTT and CAM assays, the Cs/PVP/1PRF sample significantly increased proliferation and angiogenic potential, respectively. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated a 97.16 ± 1.55% wound closure for Cs/PVP/1PRF group after 14 days.

Context Matters: Social Psychological Factors That Underlie Academic Performance across Seven Institutions

To enhance equity and diversity in undergraduate biology, recent research in biology education focuses on best practices that reduce learning barriers for all students and improve academic performance. However, the majority of current research into student experiences in introductory biology takes place at large, predominantly White institutions. To foster contextual knowledge in biology education research, we harnessed data from a large research coordination network to examine the extent of academic performance gaps based on demographic status across institutional contexts and how two psychological factors, test anxiety and ethnicity stigma consciousness, may mediate performance in introductory biology. We used data from seven institutions across three institution types: 2-year community colleges, 4-year inclusive institutions (based on admissions selectivity; hereafter, inclusive), and 4-year selective institutions (hereafter, selective). In our sample, we did not observe binary gender gaps across institutional contexts, but found that performance gaps based on underrepresented minority status were evident at inclusive and selective 4-year institutions, but not at community colleges. Differences in social psychological factors and their impacts on academic performance varied substantially across institutional contexts. Our findings demonstrate that institutional context can play an important role in the mechanisms underlying performance gaps.

B cell modulation strategies in the improvement of transplantation outcomes

Successful transplantation outcome is the final goal in most end stage and nonfunctional organs; however, despite using different therapeutic strategies, antibody-mediated rejection is still a big obstacle. B cells have a key role in transplant rejection by several functions, such as antibody production, antigen presenting, contribution in T cell activation, forming the germinal center, and tertiary lymphoid organs. Therefore, B cells modulation seems to be very crucial in transplant outcome. A double-edged sword function is considered for B cells during transplantation; On the one hand, antibody production against the transplanted organ induces antibody-mediated rejection. On the other hand, IL10 production by regulatory B (Breg) cells induces graft tolerance. Nowadays, several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are available for B cell modulation that are routinely used in transplant recipients, among which rituximab (anti-CD20 mAb) act in eliminating B cells. However, there are some other monoclonal antibodies, such as epratuzumab and Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO), which exert anti-CD22 activity, resulting in disruption of B cell functions and induction of tolerance in autoimmune disease or B cell malignancies; that notwithstanding, these mAbs have not yet been tried in transplantation. In this review, we focus on different methods for modulating the activity of B cells as well as induction of Breg cells, aiming to prevent the allograft rejection.

Transitional immature regulatory B cells and regulatory cytokines can discriminate chronic antibody-mediated rejection from stable graft function

BACKGROUND

The balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses of the immune system has been demonstrated to determine the fate of transplanted allografts. Here we analyzed CD19⁺CD24^hiCD38^hi immature transitional regulatory B (TRB) cells, as well as the gene and protein levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the three separate groups, include of stable transplanted subjects, chronic antibody-mediated rejection (cAMR) patients, and healthy individuals.

METHOD

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from stable subjects (n = 36), cAMR patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 18) were isolated. Flowcytometry was performed for CD19, CD24, and CD38 surface markers. ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR were performed for IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines.

RESULT

The percentages of immature TRB cells were significantly decrease in cAMR patients (0.98%) versus stable recipients (2.81%) and healthy subjects (4.03%) (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Total lymphocytes, circulating B cells, memory and mature subsets of B cells did not show any significant difference between the groups. TGF-β mRNA was 3-fold upregulated in the cAMR group compared to stable patients (P < 0.001.), but without significant alteration at the protein level. Also, long-term survival renal transplant recipients had a higher protein but not mRNA levels of IL-10 than short-term survival renal transplant recipients.

CONCLUSION

It seems that immature TRB cell subpopulation might be a crucial regulator of immune system response and plays an important role in determining the transplantation outcome. Furthermore, immunosuppressive IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines might act as a double sword and can exhibit either pathogenic or protective effects against allograft.

IL-27 and autoimmune rheumatologic diseases: The good, the bad, and the ugly

The footprint of cytokines is evident in almost every biological process, such as development, as well as the pathogenesis of the different diseases, immune responses to pathogens, etc. These small proteins are categorized into different functional classes; for instance, they can play a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory role in different situations, or they can confer a polarization to the immune system. Interleukin (IL)-27 is a member of the IL-12 family. Antigen-presenting cells are the primary source of IL-27 production, which exerts its effects by bindings to the IL-27 receptor expressed on the surface of target cells. Interaction of IL-27 and IL-27 receptor leads to activation of the JAK-STAT and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Most studies focused on the inflammatory effects of this cytokine, but gradually anti-inflammatory effects were also revealed for this cytokine, which changed the traditional perception of the function of this cytokine. The functionality of IL-27 in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases has been attributed to a double-blade sword. Hence, novel therapeutic approaches have been devised targeting IL-12 family that has been accompanied with promising results. In this review, we focused on the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of IL-27 in different autoimmune rheumatologic diseases and its plausible therapeutic potentials.

Nerve guidance conduit design based on self-rolling tubes

The current gold standard in peripheral nerve repair is nerve autografts for bridging gaps larger than a centimeter. However, autografts are associated with a low availability and the loss of function at the donor site. Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials reflect suitable alternatives. Clinically approved NGCs comprise either wraps that are rolled around the loose ends of the nerve or steady-state tubes; however, both lack internal guidance structures. Here, we established self-rolling NGCs to allow for gentle encapsulation of nerve cells together with supportive microenvironments, such as (1) an inner tube wall coating with a bioactive spider silk film, (2) an inner tube wall lining using an anisotropic spider silk non-woven mat, or (3) a luminal filler using an anisotropic collagen cryogel. Neuronal cells adhered and differentiated inside the modified tubes and formed neurites, which were oriented along the guidance structures provided by the spider silk non-woven mat or by the fibrillary structure of the collagen cryogel. Thus, our size-adaptable NGCs provide several features useful for peripheral nerve repair, and distinct combinations of the used elements might support and enhance the clinical outcome.

Interferon regulatory factors: Where to stand in transplantation

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are implicated in regulating inflammatory responses to pathogens and alloantigens. Since transplantation is usually accompanied by ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), acute and chronic rejections, as well as immunodeficiency due to immunosuppressive drugs, IRFs seem to play a considerable role in allograft outcome. For instance, IRF-1 has been shown to be involved in pathogenesis of IRI; however, IRF-2 exhibits an opposite function. Some IRF-3 and 5 SNPs are associated with better or worse graft survival rates. Of note, IRF-4 inhibition has resulted in improved transplant outcomes. Herein we review available studies about IRFs influence on various stages of transplantation.

Thyroid metastasis of bladder transitional cell carcinoma

The thyroid gland is a rare site for cancer metastasis. We report a 75-year-old man who was referred with a history of hematuria and generalized bone pain for the past few months. He had a past history of partial left lobe thyroidectomy for follicular adenoma. Subsequently he was referred for a thyroid mass and a subtotal thyroidectomy showed a poorly-differentiated carcinoma. On the latest admission, the patient underwent resection of a bladder tumour with malignant histology and an immunohistochemical profile of CK7+/CK20+/34 Beta E12+/CEA-/PSA-. Re-examination of thyroid sections with immunohistochemical stains revealed the malignant cells to be CK7+/CK20+/34 Beta E12+/CEA-/TTF1-. The findings were compatible with metastasis of the bladder transitional cell carcinoma to the thyroid gland.Scans revealed multiple liver and bone metastases. The patient died 2 months after the diagnosis.

Cyclic mechanical loading promotes bacterial penetration along composite restoration marginal gaps

OBJECTIVES

Secondary caries is the most common reason for composite restoration replacement and usually forms between dentin and the filling. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of cyclic loading and bacterial exposure on bacterial penetration into gaps at the interface between dentin and resin composite restorative material using a novel bioreactor system and test specimen design.

METHODS

Human molars were machined into 3mm thick disks with 2mm deep × 5 mm diameter cavity preparations into which composite restorations were placed. A ∼ 15-30 μm (small) or ∼ 300 μm wide (large) marginal gap was introduced along half of the interface between the dentin and restoration. Streptococcus mutans UA 159 biofilms were grown on each sample prior to testing each in a bioreactor both with and without cyclic loading. Both groups of samples were tested for 2 weeks and post-test biofilm viability was confirmed with a live-dead assay. Samples were fixed, mounted and cross-sectioned to reveal the gaps and observe the depth of bacterial penetration.

RESULTS

It was shown that for large gap samples the bacteria easily penetrated to the full depth of the gap independent of loading or non-loading conditions. The results for all cyclically loaded small gap samples show a consistently deep bacterial penetration down 100% of the gap while the average penetration depth was only 67% for the non-loaded samples with only two of six samples reaching 100%.

SIGNIFICANCE

A new bioreactor was developed that allows combining cyclic mechanical loading and bacterial exposure of restored teeth for bacterial biofilm and demineralization studies. Cyclic loading was shown to aid bacterial penetration into narrow marginal gaps, which could ultimately promote secondary caries formation.

Characterization of structural, mechanical and nano-mechanical properties of electrospun PGS/PCL fibers

Structural and mechanical properties of aligned PGS/PCL nanofibers for cornea tissue engineering are studied and compared to natural corneal stroma.

Human liver regeneration is characterized by the coordinated expression of distinct microRNA governing cell cycle fate

In the absence of adequate compensatory regeneration, overwhelming liver damage can cause acute liver failure (ALF) and death without emergent liver transplantation (LT). Auxiliary LT produces satisfactory outcomes in this setting, with the prospect of native liver regeneration sustaining long-term survival. Since animal models only partially recapitulate human liver regeneration, we investigated the molecular mechanisms controlling it in this unique LT setting, as an exemplar of human liver regeneration. We demonstrate coordinated changes in expression of microRNA (miRNA) during regeneration that drive proliferation, innate immunity and angiogenesis. In contrast, failed regeneration in a similar cohort is associated with distinct miRNA enforcing cell cycle inhibition and DNA methylation. The miRNA expression associated with successful or failed regeneration when recapitulated in vitro, triggered expression of cardinal regeneration-linked genes promoting cell cycle entry or inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA 150, 663 and 503, whose downregulation is associated with successful regeneration, induced cell proliferation which a key determinant of successful regeneration. Our data indicate that human liver regeneration may be orchestrated by distinct miRNA controlling key regeneration-linked processes including hepatocyte proliferation. To our knowledge this is the first characterization of molecular processes associated with human liver regeneration.

Hydrodynamic gene delivery to the pig liver via an isolated segment of the inferior vena cava

Hydrodynamic gene delivery is an attractive option for non-viral liver gene therapy, but requires evaluation of efficacy, safety and clinically applicable techniques in large animal models. We have evaluated retrograde delivery of DNA to the whole liver via the isolated segment of inferior vena cava (IVC) draining the hepatic veins. Pigs (18-20 kg weight) were given the pGL3 plasmid via two programmable syringe pumps in parallel. Volumes corresponding to 2% of body weight (360-400 ml) were delivered at 100 ml s(-1) via a Y connector. The IVC segment pressure, portal venous pressure, arterial pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse were monitored. Concurrent studies were performed in rats for interspecies comparisons. The hydrodynamic procedure generated intrahepatic vascular pressures of 101-126 mm Hg, which is approximately 4 times higher than in rodents, but levels of gene delivery were approximately 200-fold lower. Suprahepatic IVC clamping caused a fall in arterial pressure, with the development of ECG signs of myocardial ischaemia, but these abnormalities resolved rapidly. The IVC segment approach is a clinically acceptable approach to liver gene therapy. However, it is less effective in pigs than in rodents, possibly because of larger liver size or a less compliant connective tissue framework.

Evaluation of intravenous hydrocortisone in reducing headache after spinal anesthesia: a double blind controlled clinical study [corrected]

BACKGROUND

Headache after spinal anesthesia is a common complication is patients undergoing this procedure. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of intravenous hydrocortisone in the treatment of headache after spinal anesthesia in women who have undergone cesarean section.

METHODS

Sixty patients with headache after spinal anesthesia were included. Patients randomly allocated into two groups, 30 patients received only conventional therapy (complete bed rest, hydration, acetaminophen and pethidine). Other 30 patients received conventional therapy plus intravenous hydrocortisone (200 mg first, then 100 mg TID for 48 hours). Mean (+/- SD) of headache intensity at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after beginning of treatment was measured using visual analog scale.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in headache intensity between two groups before beginning of treatment. After 6 hours, the mean of headache intensity in 30 patients treated conventionally was 6.63 (+/- 1.35) while it was 2.77 (+/- 1.07) in other patients received intravenous hydrocortisone too (p <0.001). After 24 hours, mean headache intensity was 3.87 (+/- 1.63) in conventionally treated group versus 0.73 (+/- 0.74) in hydrocortisone group (p <0.001). After 48 hours, mean headache intensity was 1.87 (+/- 0.93) in conventionally treated group versus 0.63 (+/- 0.61) in hydrocortisone group (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed the therapeutic effects of intravenous hydrocortisone in reducing headache after spinal anesthesia in women who underwent cesarean section. Its mechanism of action is yet to be determined.

Effect of a new phenanthroline derivative on testicular tissue and serum testosterone concentration and its contraceptive affects on adult Balb/C mouse strain

In this research, the effect of 2, 6-diaminopyridinum as a new phenanthroline derivative was studied on the hypophysis-gonad axis, testicular tissue and sperm production in male Balb/C mice. Fifty adult male Balb/C mice were divided in five groups. First group was considered as untreated control. Saline was injected to second group and the remaining three groups received intraperitoneal injection of 15, 20 and 25 mg kg(-1) of 2, 6-diaminopyridinum every other day for 20 days. The LD50 was determined to be 35 mg kg(-1) body weight. The testicular tissues were studied morphologically and the serum concentration of FSH, LH and testosterone were measured. The results showed that 25 mg kg(-1) diaminopyridinum decreased the number of germ cells significantly and serum testosterone level with no change on FSH and LH levels. This study indicates that 25 mg kg(-1) of phenanthroline may directly affect testicular tissue causing a lower testosterone level and spermatogenesis in mice.

The block of central vasopressin V1 but not V2 receptors suppresses grooming behavior and hypothermia induced by intracerebroventricular vasopressin in male rats

The role of central vasopressin V1 receptors in grooming behavior induced by vasopressin and oxytocin was studied in male rats of the Wistar strain. The intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of vasopressin (3 micrograms/5 microliters) induced hypothermia and enhanced novelty-induced grooming behavior. Enhanced grooming but not hypothermia was also induced by ICV injection of oxytocin (3 micrograms/5 microliters). The central administration of a selective vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist prevented the stimulating action of vasopressin on novelty-induced grooming and its hypothermic effect. The ICV injection of a selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist failed to affect vasopressin-induced grooming and hypothermic effect. An increase in core temperature was observed in oxytocin-injected animals pretreated with the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, pretreatment with the antagonist did not affect grooming induced by oxytocin. These results suggest that enhancement of grooming behavior and influence on thermoregulation are differently regulated by central receptors for vasopressin and oxytocin.