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Pise M, Gosavi SM, Gorule PA, Verma CR, Kharat SS, Kalous L, Kumkar P. Osteological description of Indian lepidophagous catfish Pachypterus khavalchor (Siluriformes: Horabagridae) from the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Vertebrate Biology 2022. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Pise
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Sachin M. Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai Central, India; e-mail:
| | - Pankaj A. Gorule
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; e-mail:
| | - Chandani R. Verma
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Sanjay S. Kharat
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Maharashtra, India; e-mail:
| | - Lukáš Kalous
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: , , ,
| | - Pradeep Kumkar
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: , , ,
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Kaur K, Reddy S, Barathe P, Oak U, Shriram V, Kharat SS, Govarthanan M, Kumar V. Microplastic-associated pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in environment. Chemosphere 2022; 291:133005. [PMID: 34813845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of microplastics and their release into the environment especially the water bodies by anthropogenic/industrial activities are the major resources for microplastic contamination. The widespread and often injudicious use of antimicrobial drugs or antibiotics in various sectors including human health and hygiene, agriculture, animal husbandry and food industries are leading to the release of antibiotics into the wastewater/sewage and other water bodies, particularly in urban setups and thus leads to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the microbes. Microplastics are emerging as the hubs as well as effective carriers of these microbial pathogens beside their AMR-genes (ARGs) in marine, freshwater, sewage/wastewater, and urban river ecosystems. These drug resistant bacteria interact with microplastics forming synthetic plastispheres, the ideal niche for biofilm formations which in turn facilitates the transfer of ARGs via horizontal gene transfer and further escalates the occurrence and levels of AMR. Microplastic-associated AMR is an emerging threat for human health and healthcare besides being a challenge for the research community for effective management/address of this menace. In this review, we encompass the increasing prevalence of microplastics in environment, emphasizing mainly on water environments, how they act as centers and vectors of microbial pathogens with their associated bacterial assemblage compositions and ultimately lead to AMR. It further discusses the mechanistic insights on how microplastics act as hosts of biofilms (creating the plastisphere). We have also presented the modern toolbox used for microplastic-biofilm analyses. A review on potential strategies for addressing microplastic-associated AMR is given with recent success stories, challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar Reddy
- Department of Botany, Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Akurdi, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramod Barathe
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Uttara Oak
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Shriram
- Department of Botany, Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Akurdi, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay S Kharat
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, Maharashtra, India.
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Tapkir SD, Kumkar P, Gosavi SM, Kharat SS, Patoka J, Kalous L. Far from home: Tracking the global ornamental fish trade in endangered zebra loach, Botia striata, from freshwater ecoregion and biodiversity hotspot in India. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Verma CR, Gorule PA, Kumkar P, Kharat SS, Gosavi SM. Morpho-histochemical adaptations of the digestive tract in Gangetic mud-eel Ophichthys cuchia (Hamilton 1822) support utilization of mud-dwelling prey. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151602. [PMID: 33066830 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater mud-eel, Ophichthys cuchia is nocturnal, carnivorous and economically important fish, yet its digestive physiology is unknown. We therefore studied the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of O. cuchia using morphological, osteological, histological and histochemical approach to understand how the structural adequacy of GI tract helps in acquisition of bottom and mud-dwelling prey and supports utilization of uncommon food resources. Morphologically the GI tract showed typical features of carnivorous fishes in the form of sub-terminal mouth, short muscular esophagus, expendable stomach, short intestine and rectum. Osteological investigation clearly showed that the specialized arrangement of teeth in the oral cavity and pharyngeal region helps in digging and manipulation of bottom and mud-dwelling prey. Longitudinal mucosal folds, stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells of esophagus protect mucosa from mechanical harm and also allow easy transit of prey into the stomach. Large-sized rugae of stomach are complemented with numerous gastric glands which together increase the transit time of carnivorous food stuff and ensure its complete digestion. The pylorus specifically allows only digested and finely ground food stuff into the intestine and thus avoids the intestinal blockage due to entry of undigested food. The enterocytes and goblet cells of intestine are absorptive and lubricative in their functions respectively. A significant increase in the number of goblet cells and thickness of muscularis from the intestine to the rectum was evident which facilitates the easier transit of food, protection for the epithelium from abrasion, and helps in defecation. Histochemistry revealed that the mucins are secreted throughout the GI tract and thus catalyze faster digestion of carnivorous food stuff, providing protection to mucosal membrane from abrasion, acts as a co-factor to support digestion, absorption of proteins, ions, fluids and helps in defecation. The outcome of this study clearly supports the notion that structural adaptations in the digestive tract of fishes can be effectively used as a blueprint to understand why and how particular fish species feed and use unique food. Additionally, the structural and functional adequacy of the digestive tract helps the fishes to acquire and utilize novel habitats and food resources. The results presented in this study will serve as a reference point for future studies, which focus primarily on understanding the evolution of carnivory in Synbranchids.
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Gosavi SM, Tapkir SD, Kumkar P, Verma CR, Kharat SS. Act now before its too late: Copper exposure drives chemo-ecology of predator-prey dynamics of freshwater common spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Valenciennes, 1846). Environ Res 2020; 186:109509. [PMID: 32311527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use of copper (Cu) in various commercial products, its existence in aquatic bodies (freshwater and marine) is not unusual. Cu is well known for its effect on the olfactory physiology of fish. However, there are limited studies on the effect of Cu on important ecological functions in fish (predator-prey dynamics) that are primarily influenced by olfaction. In a series of experiments, we studied the effect of Cu exposure on the chemoreceptive behavior of the prey fish, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis. Prey fishes were exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration (5 μg/L) of Cu for 3 h and the anti-predator responses against native (Channa gachua) and alien predatory fish (tilapia) were quantified using an ethological assay. Cu exposed prey fishes did not recognize the native predator and had a lower survival rate than control (unexposed) fishes in predation trials. Cu exposed prey fishes have failed to learn associatively to detect a non-native predator resulting in higher mortality in prey population in direct encounters with tilapia. However, such a lack of predator recognition was found to be short-term and the treated prey fishes recovered anti-predator responses within 72 h. In addition, Cu inactivated the alarm cue which acts as a signal for the presence of predators and ensures associative learning and therefore it was considered to be an 'info-disruptor' in the present study. These outcomes together demonstrate that even at low concentration, Cu influences ecological decisions and survival against predators. Owing to the ubiquitous occurrence of Cu in water bodies, the present investigation will contribute to the knowledge of how environmental stressors alter the crucial ecological decisions of prey individuals in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, we suggest that freshwater reservoirs containing high levels of Cu could be unsuitable for the long-term survival of prey fishes and freshwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin M Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, 246-A, J.B.B. Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 008, India.
| | - Sandip D Tapkir
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 007, India; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budêjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pradeep Kumkar
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Chandani R Verma
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Sanjay S Kharat
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
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Gosavi SM, Verma CR, Kharat SS, Pise M, Kumkar P. Structural adequacy of the digestive tract supports dual feeding habit in catfish Pachypterus khavalchor (Siluriformes: Horabagridae). Acta Histochem 2019; 121:437-449. [PMID: 30952366 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lepidophagy is comparatively rare amongst teleost fishes, yet our understanding of this specialization is lacking. Therefore we examined the digestive tract features of Pachypterus khavalchor using morphological, osteological, histological and histochemical techniques to comprehend and relate structural organization of digestive tract with scale eating habit. Morphologically, the alimentary canal is defined by a short and muscular esophagus, well-developed stomach and comparatively short intestine. Gut content analysis and intestinal coefficient value (0.53 ± 0.01) revealed that P. khavalchor exhibit both carnivory and lepidophagy. However, P. khavalchor primarily feeds on the scales (67.47%) and other chitin-rich material like aquatic insects (17.62%), aquatic larvae (8.66%) which affirms its solid association with chitinase producing endosymbionts in the gut. Lepidophagy is further supported by the osteological observations. The perfect segregation of the functions such as food capture, ingestion and processing amongst the different types of teeth located in the oral cavity and pharyngeal region thus could be taken as evolutionary adaptations in scale eaters to support lepidophagy. Specialized arrangement of the esophageal and stomach epithelial folds could be altogether taken as an adaptation with the end goal to frame the scale stacks and accordingly facilitate the handling and processing of chitin-rich bolus. The esophageal mucosa is simple squamous epithelium instead of stratified epithelium with numerous goblet cells to withstand the mechanical harm by hard-food stuff like scales. The cardiac and fundic regions exhibited large number tubular gastric glands with simple columnar epithelium. Surface cells of all three stomach regions stained positive for PAS staining. The intestine is without pyloric caeca and is divided into anterior and posterior region. Histologically it is characterized by simple columnar epithelium with brush border and numerous goblet cells throughout its length. Presence of large number microvilli on anterior and posterior intestine was noticeable. Intestinal goblet cells reacted positively to PAS, AB (pH 1) and AB (pH 2.5). Secretions of goblet cells are important for lubricating and protecting the epithelium. The results of present investigation improve the understanding of the digestive physiology of scale eaters in general and P. khavalchor in particular. Overall, our data indicates that though P. khavalchor predominantly feeds on scale, the digestive physiology is adapted to support dual feeding habit (lepidophagy and carnivory).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin M Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, Maharashtra, India; Post Graduate Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune, 411 005, Maharashtra, India; Department of Zoology, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai, 400 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Chandani R Verma
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay S Kharat
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Pise
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradeep Kumkar
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, Maharashtra, India
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Tapkir SD, Kharat SS, Kumkar P, Gosavi SM. Impact, recovery and carryover effect of Roundup® on predator recognition in common spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis. Ecotoxicology 2019; 28:189-200. [PMID: 30632094 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-02011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the negative impact of a variety of environmental contaminants on aquatic animals is essential to curb biodiversity loss and stop degradation of ecological functions. Excessive and unrestricted use of pesticides is the most serious threat to aquatic animals including amphibians and fishes. Among the known pesticides, glyphosate based formulations have been shown to have lethal effects on many aquatic organisms. However, negative effects of pesticides on crucial ecological interactions such as prey-predator interactions are relatively unknown from tropics. In many aquatic organisms, recognition of predators is based on odor signatures; and therefore any anthropogenic alteration in water chemistry has the potential to impair recognition and learning of predators. Through a series of behavioral experiments we evaluated the effect of glyphosate based herbicide (Roundup®) on the antipredator behavior of common spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis to understand the effects of pesticide-exposure on recognition of conspecific alarm cues, and associative learning to avoid predation. We exposed common spiny loach (for 3 h or 15 days) to sub-lethal concentration (0.5 mg a.e./L) of Roundup® and subsequently with conspecific alarm cues, signaling the proximity of a predator. Unexposed prey fish showed a significant reduction in activity level in response to conspecific alarm cues. Whereas such alarm response was not observed in prey fish that were exposed to Roundup® either for 3 h or 15 days. Such lack of response could be associated with alteration of olfactory function in prey individuals. However, this inability to detect the conspecific alarm cues was found to be transient and exposed fish recovered within 2 days. In subsequent experiments, we showed that Roundup® deactivates the conspecific alarm cues thus making them unavailable for prey to evoke the response. Furthermore, Roundup® mediated degradation of conspecific alarm cues and diminished the associative learning necessary for detection of the invasive/unknown/novel predators. Overall, due to the worldwide occurrence of glyphosate in water bodies, glyphosate mediated behavioral suppression exposes the prey animals to a considerable risk of predation, both by native and non-native predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip D Tapkir
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 400 007, India
| | - Sanjay S Kharat
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Pradeep Kumkar
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Sachin M Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India.
- Department of Zoology, Post Graduate Research Centre, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 005, India.
- Department of Zoology, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, 246-A, Jahangir Boman Behram Marg, Nagpada, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 008, India.
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Gosavi SM, Kharat SS, Kumkar P, Navarange SS. Interplay between behavior, morphology and physiology supports lepidophagy in the catfish Pachypterus khavalchor (Siluriformes: Horabagridae). ZOOLOGY 2018; 126:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tapkir SD, Kharat SS, Kumkar P, Gosavi SM. Effects of the invasive Tilapia on the Common Spiny Loach (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae: Lepidocephalichthys thermalis) - implications for conservation. J Threat Taxa 2017. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.2220.9.9.10642-10648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of invasive species leading to decline of freshwater fauna is a major concern for conservation biologists. In this study we examined the effect of introduced Tilapia on the survival of the loach Lepidocephalichthys thermalis via predation experiments with Tilapia and a native predator, the Snakehead fish Channa gachua. Examining the chemoecology of prey-predator interactions, we found that L. thermalis failed to detect water-borne cues from Tilapia but did recognize cues from C. gachua, indicating innate predator recognition. We also observed that L. thermalis can learn to associate kairomones with Tilapia when conditioned with kairomones and injured conspecific cues. Trained L. thermalis showed higher survival during Tilapia predation trials. Thus under experimental conditions the vulnerability of L. thermalis to Tilapia predation due to failure to detect chemical cues can be reduced via associative training. It remains to be determined how useful this behavioral plasticity can be in wild L. thermalis populations exposed to introduced Tilapia.
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Abstract
The freshwater fish fauna of Hiranyakeshi River, a tributary of the Krishna River System, originating in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, was studied for a period of three years from 2013–2016. We reported 57 species belonging to seven orders, 17 families and 42 genera. Cypriniformes was the most species rich order followed by Siluriformes, while Cyprinidae was the most predominant family. At least 21 freshwater fish species found in Hiranyakeshi River are endemic to river systems originating from the Western Ghats, while nine species are endemic to the Krishna River system. The true diversity of freshwater fishes in this region, however, is still obscure because of lack of detailed taxonomic studies in this region. Of the total species, at least 11 are in the threatened and near threatened categories of the IUCN Red List and Hiranyakeshi River holds a good population of most of these species. The fish fauna in this region, however, is threatened by several stressors including invasive fishing practices, water impediment due to upcoming dams, invasive introduced species and water pollution due to agricultural runoffs and industrial effluents.
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Kharat SS, Dahanukar N. Population dynamics of the Hill Stream Loach Acanthocobitis mooreh (Sykes, 1839) (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) from northern Western Ghats of India. J Threat Taxa 2013. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.o3301.4562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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