Mechanistic Study of Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Ynoates and Aldehydes

In this work, (1,5-hexadiene)Ni(SIPr) (SIPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene) is used in place of Ni(COD)₂/SIPr·HBF₄/KO^tBu (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) as a more robust catalyst for regioselective reductive coupling of ynoates and aldehydes with triethylsilane. The catalytic reaction of ethyl 3-(trimethylsilyl)propiolate and methyl 4-formylbenzoate shows first-order dependence on aldehyde and catalyst concentrations, inverse first-order dependence on [ynoate], and no dependence on [silane]. The kinetics data, coupled with deuterium-labeling experiments, support a mechanism involving dissociation of the ynoate from a catalytically dormant nickelacyclopentadiene intermediate prior to turnover-limiting formation of a catalytically active nickeladihydrofuran.

Alterations of lead speciation by sulfate from addition of flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) in two contaminated soils

This is the first study to evaluate the potential application of FGDG as an in situ Pb stabilizer in contaminated soils with two different compositions and to explain the underlying mechanisms. A smelter Pb contaminated soil (SM-soil), rich in ferrihydrite bound Pb (FH-Pb), cerussite and litharge with a total Pb content of 65,123mg/kg and an organic matter rich orchard soil (BO-soil), rich in FH-Pb and humic acid bound Pb with a total Pb content of 1532mg/kg were amended with 5% FGDG (w/w). We subjected the two soils to three leaching tests; toxicity characteristic leaching protocol (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching protocol (SPLP), kinetic batch leaching test (KBLT) and in-vitro bioaccessibility assay (IVBA) in order to evaluate the FGDG amendment on Pb stabilization. Solid residues of original and FGDG amended soil were analyzed using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to identify changes in Pb speciation after each leaching test. The leachate Pb concentrations of FGDG amended soil were lower compared to those of in non-amended soil. The linear combination fitting analysis of XAS confirmed the formation of anglesite and leadhillite in FGDG amended soil. FGDG reduced the Pb desorption from ferrihydrite (FH), by forming FH-Pb-SO4 ternary complexes. FGDG decreased the Pb adsorption onto humic acid (HA) possibly due to the release of divalent cations such as Ca and Mg, which can compete with Pb to get adsorbed onto HA. The FGDG can successfully be used to remediate Pb contaminated soil. The efficiency of the treatment highly depends on the soil composition.