Longitudinal Assessment of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Primary Breast Cancer Following Neoadjuvant Radiation Therapy

PURPOSE

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have prognostic significance in several cancers, including breast cancer. Despite interest in combining radiation therapy with immunotherapy, little is known about the effect of radiation therapy itself on the tumor-immune microenvironment, including TILs. Here, we interrogated longitudinal dynamics of TILs and systemic lymphocytes in patient samples taken before, during, and after neoadjuvant radiation therapy (NART) from PRADA and Neo-RT breast clinical trials.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We manually scored stromal TILs (sTILs) from longitudinal tumor samples using standardized guidelines as well as deep learning-based scores at cell-level (cTIL) and cell- and tissue-level combination analyses (SuperTIL). In parallel, we interrogated absolute lymphocyte counts from routine blood tests at corresponding time points during treatment. Exploratory analyses studied the relationship between TILs and pathologic complete response (pCR) and long-term outcomes.

RESULTS

Patients receiving NART experienced a significant and uniform decrease in sTILs that did not recover at the time of surgery (P < .0001). This lymphodepletive effect was also mirrored in peripheral blood. Our SuperTIL deep learning score showed good concordance with manual sTILs and importantly performed comparably to manual scores in predicting pCR from diagnostic biopsies. The analysis suggested an association between baseline sTILs and pCR, as well as sTILs at surgery and relapse, in patients receiving NART.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides novel insights into TIL dynamics in the context of NART in breast cancer and demonstrates the potential for artificial intelligence to assist routine pathology. We have identified trends that warrant further interrogation and have a bearing on future radioimmunotherapy trials.

When the World Throws You a Curve Ball: Lessons Learned in Breast Cancer Management

In the care of patients with operable breast cancer, there has been a shift toward increasing use of neoadjuvant therapy. There are benefits to neoadjuvant therapy, such as monitoring for response, as well as an increased rate of breast conservation and reduction of potential morbidity associated with breast surgery, including axillary management. Among patients with highly proliferative tumors, such as HER2-positive or triple-negative breast cancer, those with residual disease are at higher risk of recurrence, which informs the recommended systemic therapy in the adjuvant setting. For instance, in patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and HER2-targeted therapy, there is a role for adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine for those with residual disease at the time of surgery. The same holds true regarding the role of adjuvant capecitabine in patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. With the added complexities of treating patients in the era of the COVID-19 outbreak, additional considerations are critical, including initiation of surgery within an appropriate time from completion of neoadjuvant therapy. National consensus guidelines on time to surgery must be developed to improve measurement and comparison across systems. In addition, there is emerging radiation treatment management research addressing a number of factors, including hypofractionation, role of proton beam therapy, safe omission of radiotherapy, and preoperative radiotherapy with or without drug combination. In this article, the multidisciplinary approach of treating patients with operable breast cancer is highlighted, with updates and future considerations described.

An unusual cause of a fall: an unusual presentation of lung carcinoma

An 80-year-old gentleman presented with a fall and subtle symptoms suggestive of a cerebellar lesion, on a background of hemiparesis due to a previous cerebral vascular accident. On admission it was thought that changes on a chest radiograph were consistent with a community-acquired pneumonia. A CT of the head showed a space-occupying lesion in the right cerebellum with surrounding oedema. A previous MRI of the brain performed 8 months earlier for investigation of dementia showed evidence of this lesion although it was significantly smaller and without midline shift; however, this had not been discussed on the MRI report. A subsequent CT of the thorax confirmed a thick-walled cavitating mass in the left upper lobe, with biopsy of this lesion and bronchial washings showing metaplastic and atypical cells suggestive of adenocarcinoma. This report highlights both the importance of accurate imaging reporting, even of incidental findings, and the insidious nature of lung malignancy and its broad clinical presentation.

Cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation in the primary prevention of ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

A number of clinical trials have shown the value of anticoagulating patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation to prevent ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation with particular reference to the very elderly (aged >75 years) who have a higher incidence of bleeding events while undergoing anticoagulation.

METHODS

We calculated the incremental costs per life-year gained for 4 base cases using efficacy data from the Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation, the meta-analysis of the 5 nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation trials, cost data from a district general hospital, and review of the literature.

RESULTS

The cost per life-year gained free from stroke over 10 years ranged from -pound sterling 400.45 (ie, a resource saving achieved for each life-year gained free from stroke) to pound sterling 13,221.29. The results were most sensitive to alteration in the frequency of anticoagulation monitoring.

CONCLUSIONS

For medical and economic reasons, anticoagulation treatment in the prevention of ischemic stroke is justified. Although older patients are more at risk of adverse events, anticoagulation is more cost-effective in this group.

The Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET). Rationale, methodology and comparison with previous trials

The Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) is a multicentre, open, randomised, controlled trial. The aim of this trial is to investigate the effect of active treatment on stroke incidence in hypertensive patients over the age of 80 years. Secondary end-points include total cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Entry criteria include a sustained sitting systolic blood pressure of 160 to 219mm Hg plus a sustained sitting diastolic pressure of 95 to 109mm Hg. Also required is a standing systolic blood pressure of at least 140mm Hg. Patients must give their informed consent, and be free of congestive heart failure requiring treatment, gout, renal failure or a recent cerebral haemorrhage. Patients are to be randomised to 3 groups-(i) no treatment; (ii) treatment with a diuretic [bendroflumethiazide (bendrofluazide)]; or (iii) treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (lisinopril). Starting dosage for bendroflumethiazide and lisinopril is 2.5 mg/day. In order to achieve goal sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (< 150/80 mm Hg), a doubling of the dosage is allowed. Furthermore, slow release diltiazem (120 mg/day increasing to 240 mg/day if required) may be added to the medication of the actively treated groups. These drugs have been chosen as inexpensive and appropriate representatives of their therapeutic classes. 700 patients in each group (a total of 2100) will be sufficient to detect a 40% difference in cerebrovascular events between no treatment and active treatment (alpha = 0.01, 1-beta = 0.90). These numbers will also detect a difference in total mortality of 25% and in cardiovascular mortality of 35%. The pilot phase of the trial has been started with support from the British Heart Foundation. Centres which are interested in taking part should contact C.J. Bulpitt or any of the other authors.