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Doren S, Schwab SM, Bigner K, Calvelage J, Preston K, Laughlin A, Drury C, Tincher B, Carl D, Awosika OO, Boyne P. Evaluating the Neural Underpinnings of Motivation for Walking Exercise. Phys Ther 2024; 104:pzad159. [PMID: 37980613 PMCID: PMC10939334 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motivation is critically important for rehabilitation, exercise, and motor performance, but its neural basis is poorly understood. Recent correlational research suggests that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) may be involved in motivation for walking activity and/or descending motor output. This study experimentally evaluated brain activity changes in periods of additional motivation during walking exercise and tested how these brain activity changes relate to self-reported exercise motivation and walking speed. METHODS Adults without disability (N = 26; 65% women; 25 [standard deviation = 5] years old) performed a vigorous exercise experiment involving 20 trials of maximal speed overground walking. Half of the trials were randomized to include "extra-motivation" stimuli (lap timer, tracked best lap time, and verbal encouragement). Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy measured oxygenated hemoglobin responses from frontal lobe regions, including the dmPFC, primary sensorimotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior prefrontal, supplementary motor, and dorsal premotor cortices. RESULTS Compared with standard trials, participants walked faster during extra-motivation trials (2.43 vs 2.67 m/s; P < .0001) and had higher oxygenated hemoglobin responses in all tested brain regions, including dmPFC (+842 vs +1694 μM; P < .0001). Greater dmPFC activity was correlated with more self-determined motivation for exercise between individuals (r = 0.55; P = .004) and faster walking speed between trials (r = 0.18; P = .0002). dmPFC was the only tested brain region that showed both of these associations. CONCLUSION Simple motivational stimuli during walking exercise seem to upregulate widespread brain regions. Results suggest that dmPFC may be a key brain region linking affective signaling to motor output. IMPACT These findings provide a potential biologic basis for the benefits of motivational stimuli, elicited with clinically feasible methods during walking exercise. Future clinical studies could build on this information to develop prognostic biomarkers and test novel brain stimulation targets for enhancing exercise motivation (eg, dmPFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah M Schwab
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bigner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jenna Calvelage
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katie Preston
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Abigail Laughlin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Colin Drury
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brady Tincher
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Oluwole O Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Schwab SM, Cooper D, Carver NS, Doren S, Boyne P. Motivation-related influences on fNIRS signals during walking exercise: a permutation entropy approach. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2617-2625. [PMID: 37733031 PMCID: PMC10676732 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Cortical activity is typically indexed by analyzing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals in terms of the mean (e.g., mean oxygenated hemoglobin; HbO). Entropy approaches have been proposed as useful complementary methods for analyzing fNIRS signals. Entropy methods consider the regularity of a time series, and in doing so, may provide additional insights into the underlying dynamics of brain activity. Recent research using fNIRS found that non-disabled adults exhibit widespread increases in cortical activity and walk faster when under "extra motivation" conditions (e.g., verbal encouragement, lap timer) compared to trials without such motivators ("standard motivation"). This ancillary analysis of that study aimed to assess the extent to which fNIRS permutation entropy (PE) was affected by motivational conditions and explained variance in self-reported motivation. No regional PE differences were found between different motivational conditions. However, a greater difference in PE between motivational conditions (higher in standard, lower in extra motivation) in the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) was associated with greater self-determined motivation. PE was also higher (less regular) in the primary sensorimotor cortex lower limb area compared to all other cortical areas analyzed, except the dorsal premotor cortex, regardless of motivational condition. This study provides early evidence to suggest that while different motivational environments during walking activity influence the magnitude of fNIRS signals, they may not influence the regularity of cortical signals. However, the magnitude of PE difference between motivational conditions was related to self-determined motivation in the aPFC, and this is an area warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schwab
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, & Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Dalton Cooper
- Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole S Carver
- Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, & Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, & Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Boyne P, Billinger SA, Reisman DS, Awosika OO, Buckley S, Burson J, Carl D, DeLange M, Doren S, Earnest M, Gerson M, Henry M, Horning A, Khoury JC, Kissela BM, Laughlin A, McCartney K, McQuaid T, Miller A, Moores A, Palmer JA, Sucharew H, Thompson ED, Wagner E, Ward J, Wasik EP, Whitaker AA, Wright H, Dunning K. Optimal Intensity and Duration of Walking Rehabilitation in Patients With Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:342-351. [PMID: 36822187 PMCID: PMC9951105 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Importance For walking rehabilitation after stroke, training intensity and duration are critical dosing parameters that lack optimization. Objective To assess the optimal training intensity (vigorous vs moderate) and minimum training duration (4, 8, or 12 weeks) needed to maximize immediate improvement in walking capacity in patients with chronic stroke. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter randomized clinical trial using an intent-to-treat analysis was conducted from January 2019 to April 2022 at rehabilitation and exercise research laboratories. Survivors of a single stroke who were aged 40 to 80 years and had persistent walking limitations 6 months or more after the stroke were enrolled. Interventions Participants were randomized 1:1 to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity aerobic training (MAT), each involving 45 minutes of walking practice 3 times per week for 12 weeks. The HIIT protocol used repeated 30-second bursts of walking at maximum safe speed, alternated with 30- to 60-second rest periods, targeting a mean aerobic intensity above 60% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). The MAT protocol used continuous walking with speed adjusted to maintain an initial target of 40% of the HRR, progressing up to 60% of the HRR as tolerated. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was 6-minute walk test distance. Outcomes were assessed by blinded raters after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of training. Results Of 55 participants (mean [SD] age, 63 [10] years; 36 male [65.5%]), 27 were randomized to HIIT and 28 to MAT. The mean (SD) time since stroke was 2.5 (1.3) years, and mean (SD) 6-minute walk test distance at baseline was 239 (132) m. Participants attended 1675 of 1980 planned treatment visits (84.6%) and 197 of 220 planned testing visits (89.5%). No serious adverse events related to study procedures occurred. Groups had similar 6-minute walk test distance changes after 4 weeks (HIIT, 27 m [95% CI, 6-48 m]; MAT, 12 m [95% CI, -9 to 33 m]; mean difference, 15 m [95% CI, -13 to 42 m]; P = .28), but HIIT elicited greater gains after 8 weeks (58 m [95% CI, 39-76 m] vs 29 m [95% CI, 9-48 m]; mean difference, 29 m [95% CI, 5-54 m]; P = .02) and 12 weeks (71 m [95% CI, 49-94 m] vs 27 m [95% CI, 3-50 m]; mean difference, 44 m [95% CI, 14-74 m]; P = .005) of training; HIIT also showed greater improvements than MAT on some secondary measures of gait speed and fatigue. Conclusions and Relevance These findings show proof of concept that vigorous training intensity is a critical dosing parameter for walking rehabilitation. In patients with chronic stroke, vigorous walking exercise produced significant and meaningful gains in walking capacity with only 4 weeks of training, but at least 12 weeks were needed to maximize immediate gains. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03760016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sandra A. Billinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
- Department of Cell Biology and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Research Disease Center, Fairway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Darcy S. Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Oluwole O. Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sofia Buckley
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jamiah Burson
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew DeLange
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melinda Earnest
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Myron Gerson
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Madison Henry
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Sciences, and Athletic Training, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Alli Horning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jane C. Khoury
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brett M. Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Abigail Laughlin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kiersten McCartney
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Thomas McQuaid
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Allison Miller
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Alexandra Moores
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Jacqueline A. Palmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Heidi Sucharew
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth D. Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Erin Wagner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jaimie Ward
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Emily Patton Wasik
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alicen A. Whitaker
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Sciences, and Athletic Training, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Henry Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Boyne P, Doren S, Scholl V, Staggs E, Whitesel D, Carl D, Shatz R, Sawyer R, Awosika OO, Reisman DS, Billinger SA, Kissela B, Vannest J, Dunning K. Preliminary Outcomes of Combined Treadmill and Overground High-Intensity Interval Training in Ambulatory Chronic Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:812875. [PMID: 35185766 PMCID: PMC8854218 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.812875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Locomotor high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a promising intervention for stroke rehabilitation. However, overground translation of treadmill speed gains has been somewhat limited, some important outcomes have not been tested and baseline response predictors are poorly understood. This pilot study aimed to guide future research by assessing preliminary outcomes of combined overground and treadmill HIIT. Materials and Methods Ten participants >6 months post-stroke were assessed before and after a 4-week no-intervention control phase and a 4-week treatment phase involving 12 sessions of overground and treadmill HIIT. Results Overground and treadmill gait function both improved during the treatment phase relative to the control phase, with overground speed changes averaging 61% of treadmill speed changes (95% CI: 33–89%). Moderate or larger effect sizes were observed for measures of gait performance, balance, fitness, cognition, fatigue, perceived change and brain volume. Participants with baseline comfortable gait speed <0.4 m/s had less absolute improvement in walking capacity but similar proportional and perceived changes. Conclusions These findings reinforce the potential of locomotor HIIT research for stroke rehabilitation and provide guidance for more definitive studies. Based on the current results, future locomotor HIIT studies should consider including: (1) both overground and treadmill training; (2) measures of cognition, fatigue and brain volume, to complement typical motor and fitness assessment; and (3) baseline gait speed as a covariate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierce Boyne
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Victoria Scholl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Emily Staggs
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Dustyn Whitesel
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rhonna Shatz
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Russell Sawyer
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Oluwole O. Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Darcy S. Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sandra A. Billinger
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Brett Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Miller A, Reisman DS, Billinger SA, Dunning K, Doren S, Ward J, Wright H, Wagner E, Carl D, Gerson M, Awosika O, Khoury J, Kissela B, Boyne P. Moderate-intensity exercise versus high-intensity interval training to recover walking post-stroke: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:457. [PMID: 34271979 PMCID: PMC8284012 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke results in neurologic impairments and aerobic deconditioning that contribute to limited walking capacity which is a major barrier post-stroke. Current exercise recommendations and stroke rehabilitation guidelines recommend moderate-intensity aerobic training post-stroke. Locomotor high-intensity interval training is a promising new strategy that has shown significantly greater improvements in aerobic fitness and motor performance than moderate-intensity aerobic training in other populations. However, the relative benefits and risks of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity aerobic training remain poorly understood following stroke. In this study, we hypothesize that locomotor high-intensity interval training will result in greater improvements in walking capacity than moderate-intensity aerobic training. Methods Using a single-blind, 3-site randomized controlled trial, 50 chronic (> 6 months) stroke survivors are randomly assigned to complete 36 locomotor training sessions of either high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity aerobic training. Main eligibility criteria are age 40–80 years, single stroke for which the participant received treatment (experienced 6 months to 5 years prior to consent), walking speed ≤ 1.0 m/s, able to walk at least 3 min on the treadmill at ≥ 0.13 m/s (0.3 mph), stable cardiovascular condition (American Heart Association class B), and the ability to walk 10 m overground without continuous physical assistance. The primary outcome (walking capacity) and secondary outcomes (self-selected and fast gait speed, aerobic fitness, and fatigue) are assessed prior to initiating training and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of training. Discussion This study will provide fundamental new knowledge to inform the selection of intensity and duration dosing parameters for gait recovery and optimization of aerobic training interventions in chronic stroke. Data needed to justify and design a subsequent definitive trial will also be obtained. Thus, the results of this study will inform future stroke rehabilitation guidelines on how to optimally improve walking capacity following stroke. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT03760016. Registered on November 30, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Miller
- Department of Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Department of Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Sandra A Billinger
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jaimie Ward
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Henry Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Erin Wagner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Myron Gerson
- Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Oluwole Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jane Khoury
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Boyne P, Doren S, Scholl V, Staggs E, Whitesel D, Maloney T, Awosika O, Kissela B, Dunning K, Vannest J. Functional magnetic resonance brain imaging of imagined walking to study locomotor function after stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:167-177. [PMID: 33291023 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imagined walking has yielded insights into normal locomotor control and could improve understanding of neurologic gait dysfunction. This study evaluated brain activation during imagined walking in chronic stroke. METHODS Ten persons with stroke and 10 matched controls completed a walking test battery and a magnetic resonance imaging session including imagined walking and knee extension tasks. Brain activations were compared between tasks and groups. Associations between activations and composite gait score were also calculated, while controlling for lesion load. RESULTS Stroke and worse gait score were each associated with lesser overall brain activation during knee extension but greater overall activation during imagined walking. During imagined walking, the stroke group significantly activated the primary motor cortex lower limb region and cerebellar locomotor region. Better walking function was associated with less activation of these regions and greater activation of medial superior frontal gyrus area 9. CONCLUSIONS Compared with knee extension, imagined walking was less sensitive to stroke-related deficits in brain activation but better at revealing compensatory changes, some of which could be maladaptive. SIGNIFICANCE The identified associations for imagined walking suggest potential neural mechanisms of locomotor adaptation after stroke, which could be useful for future intervention development and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Victoria Scholl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily Staggs
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dustyn Whitesel
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Maloney
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Oluwole Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Boyne P, Scholl V, Doren S, Carl D, Billinger SA, Reisman DS, Gerson M, Kissela B, Vannest J, Dunning K. Locomotor training intensity after stroke: Effects of interval type and mode. Top Stroke Rehabil 2020; 27:483-493. [PMID: 32063178 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2020.1728953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a promising strategy for improving gait and fitness after stroke, but optimal parameters remain unknown. We tested the effects of short vs long interval type and over-ground vs treadmill mode on training intensity. Methods: Using a repeated measures design, 10 participants with chronic hemiparesis performed 12 HIIT sessions over 4 weeks, alternating between short and long-interval HIIT sessions. Both protocols included 10 minutes of over-ground HIIT, 20 minutes of treadmill HIIT and another 10 minutes over-ground. Short-interval HIIT involved 30 second bursts at maximum safe speed and 30-60 second rest periods. Long-interval HIIT involved 4-minute bursts at ~90% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) and 3-minute recovery periods at ~70% HRpeak. Results: Compared with long-interval HIIT, short-interval HIIT had significantly faster mean overground speeds (0.75 vs 0.67 m/s) and treadmill speeds (0.90 vs 0.51 m/s), with similar mean treadmill HR (82.9 vs 81.8%HRpeak) and session perceived exertion (16.3 vs 16.3), but lower overground HR (78.4 vs 81.1%HRpeak) and session step counts (1481 vs 1672). For short-interval HIIT, training speeds and HR were significantly higher on the treadmill vs. overground. For long-interval HIIT, the treadmill elicited HR similar to overground training at significantly slower speeds. Conclusions: Both short and long-interval HIIT elicit high intensities but emphasize different dosing parameters. From these preliminary findings and previous studies, we hypothesize that overground and treadmill short-interval HIIT could be optimal for improving gait speed and overground long-interval HIIT could be optimal for improving gait endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Victoria Scholl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Carl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sandra A Billinger
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE, USA
| | - Myron Gerson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Carl DL, Scholl V, Doren S, Staggs E, Whitesel D, Dunning K, Sultan H, Boyne P. Feasibility Of Overground High-intensity Interval Training (hit) In Persons With Chronic Stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000560704.03957.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Doren S, Landsberger N, Dwyer N, Gold L, Blanchette-Mackie J, Dean J. Incorporation of mouse zona pellucida proteins into the envelope of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Dev Genes Evol 1999; 209:330-9. [PMID: 10370114 DOI: 10.1007/s004270050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrate eggs have extracellular matrices, referred to as the zona pellucida in Mus musculus and the vitelline envelope in Xenopus laevis. The mouse zona, composed of three sulfated glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3), is critical for fertilization and early development, and mice lacking a zona pellucida produce no live offspring. The primary structures of mouse ZP1 (623 amino acids), ZP2 (713 amino acids) and ZP3 (424 amino acids) have been deduced from full-length cDNAs, but posttranslational modifications result in mature zona proteins with molecular masses of 200-180 kDa, 140-120 kDa, and 83 kDa, respectively. The vitelline envelope forms a similar structure around Xenopus eggs and contains three glycoproteins that are structurally related (39-48% amino acid similarity) to the three mouse zona proteins. To investigate whether the structural semblances are sufficient to allow incorporation of the mouse zona proteins into the Xenopus vitelline envelope, capped synthetic mRNAs encoding ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 proteins were injected into the cytoplasm of stage VI Xenopus oocytes. After 20 h of incubation the oocytes were harvested, and posttranslationally modified zona proteins were detected with monoclonal antibodies specific to mouse ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. The oocytes were imaged with confocal microscopy to detect individual zona proteins in the extracellular matrix of the oocytes, and this localization was confirmed biochemically. Thus the mouse zona proteins appear to have been sufficiently conserved through 350 million years of evolution to be incorporated into the extracellular envelope surrounding Xenopus eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Doren
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center DR MSC 2715, Bethesda, MD 20892-2715, USA.
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Sugita Y, Zhao B, Shankar P, Dunbar CE, Doren S, Young HA, Schwartz JP. CNS interleukin-3 (IL-3) expression and neurological syndrome in antisense-IL-3 transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999; 58:480-8. [PMID: 10331436 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199905000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is an important mediator of physiological and pathophysiological processes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It stimulates the proliferation and activation of microglia and can enhance differentiation of cholinergic and sensory neurons. To examine the role of IL-3 in the CNS, we utilized transgenic mice expressing a murine antisense IL-3 (AS-IL-3) RNA under the control of the T cell B19 promoter so that expression is limited to hematopoietic cells. The AS-IL-3 transgenic mice develop either a progressive neurologic dysfunction, which includes ataxia, bradykinesia, and paralysis, or a lymphoproliferative syndrome. Histopathology demonstrated accumulations of reactive astrocytes in the cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord, accompanied by activated microglia. Partial loss of cerebellar nuclei neurons as well as neurons in the cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord motor neurons is seen. Despite depletion of IL-3 peripherally, expression of IL-3 mRNA and protein is turned on in the CNS of the transgenic mice. Astrocytes cultured from the AS-IL-3 mice contain IL-3 mRNA and may thus be responsible for the activation of the microglia. This model should provide important insights into the role of cytokines in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugita
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Emmons RV, Doren S, Zujewski J, Cottler-Fox M, Carter CS, Hines K, O'Shaughnessy JA, Leitman SF, Greenblatt JJ, Cowan K, Dunbar CE. Retroviral gene transduction of adult peripheral blood or marrow-derived CD34+ cells for six hours without growth factors or on autologous stroma does not improve marking efficiency assessed in vivo. Blood 1997; 89:4040-6. [PMID: 9166843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous work in patients undergoing autologous transplant for multiple myeloma (MM) or breast cancer (BC) has shown that retroviral transduction of adult CD34+ cells for 72 hours in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and stem cell factor (SCF) resulted in .01% to 1% long-term marking of peripheral blood and marrow cells (Blood 85:3948, 1995). In this study we compare these previous studies to transduction with no added growth factors, previously shown to result in higher levels of marking in children (Lancet 342:1134, 1993) or transduction in the presence of an autologous stromal layer. Peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells were collected via apheresis after high-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Bone marrow (BM) was also harvested in all patients. One third of both BM and PB collections were enriched for CD34+ cells and transduced with one of two marking vectors containing the neomycin-resistance gene to distinguish cells originating from BM and PB posttransplantation. Cells from 3 MM and 2 BC patients were transduced without growth factors for 6 hours and cells from 2 MM and 2 BC patients were transduced in the presence of autologous marrow stroma. Immediately posttransduction, the percentage of Neo-resistant PB and BM progenitors (colony-forming units) were: 0% to 19% in the 6-hour no growth factor group and 0% to 36% in the autologous stroma group. After conditioning therapy, both transduced and untransduced PB and BM fractions were infused into the patients. Semi-quantitative nested DNA polymerase chain reaction was performed on total, mononuclear, and granulocyte fractions of PB and BM at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months. Poor marking has been observed in both groups, with no consistently positive patients. These results compare unfavorably with our prior experience using growth factors during transduction. Further optimization of transduction conditions and vectors needs to be developed to improve transduction efficiency of adult human repopulating hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Emmons
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Dunbar CE, Seidel NE, Doren S, Sellers S, Cline AP, Metzger ME, Agricola BA, Donahue RE, Bodine DM. Improved retroviral gene transfer into murine and Rhesus peripheral blood or bone marrow repopulating cells primed in vivo with stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11871-6. [PMID: 8876230 PMCID: PMC38151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we showed that 5 days of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) mobilized murine repopulating cells to the peripheral blood (PB) and that these cells could be efficiently transduced with retroviral vectors. We also found that, 7-14 days after cytokine treatment, the repopulating ability of murine bone marrow (BM) increased 10-fold. In this study we examined the efficiency of gene transfer into cytokine-primed murine BM cells and extended our observations to a nonhuman primate autologous transplantation model. G-CSF/SCF-primed murine BM cells collected 7-14 days after cytokine treatment were equivalent to post-5-fluorouracil BM or G-CSF/SCF-mobilized PB cells as targets for retroviral gene transfer. In nonhuman primates, CD34-enriched PB cells collected after 5 days of G-CSF/SCF treatment and CD34-enriched BM cells collected 14 days later were superior targets for retroviral gene transfer. When a clinically approved supernatant infection protocol with low-titer vector preparations was used, monkeys had up to 5% of circulating cells containing the vector for up to a year after transplantation. This relatively high level of gene transfer was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Engraftment after transplantation using primed BM cells was more rapid than that using steady-state bone marrow, and the fraction of BM cells saving the most primitive CD34+/CD38- or CD34+/CD38dim phenotype increased 3-fold. We conclude that cytokine priming with G-CSF/SCF may allow collection of increased numbers of primitive cells from both the PB and BM that have improved susceptibility to retroviral transduction, with many potential applications in hematopoietic stem cell-directed gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Bone Marrow
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Kanamycin Kinase
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases/analysis
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Retroviridae
- Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology
- Stem Cells
- Transfection/methods
- Transplantation, Autologous
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Dunbar CE, Fox M, O’Shaughnessy J, Doren S, Emmons RVB, Soma T, Yu JM, Carter C, Sellers S, Hines K, Cowan K, Young NS, Nienhuis AW. Gene Transfer to Hematopoietic Progenitor and Stem Cells: Progress and Problems. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-68320-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Sekhar M, Kotani H, Doren S, Agarwal R, McGarrity G, Dunbar CE. Retroviral transduction of CD34-enriched hematopoietic progenitor cells under serum-free conditions. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:33-8. [PMID: 8825866 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.1-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of defined or serum-free culture conditions during retroviral transduction of hematopoietic cells would be desirable for standardization and safety reasons, as well as potentially allowing greater expansion of progenitor cells. Retroviral vector supernatants were concentrated and purified via tangential flow filtration polyethylene glycol (PEG)-precipitation, and ultracentrifugation, allowing serum-free transductions at standard multiplicities of infection (moi). Protein content of transductions using these concentrated vectors was 5-6 logs lower than in standard transductions. Transduction efficiencies of these concentrated vector preparations added back to serum-free or serum-containing media were equivalent to standard retroviral supernatant transductions of CD34-enriched progenitors. Absolute progenitor (CFU-C) numbers at the end of transduction were higher in serum-free + concentrated virus transductions, as opposed to transductions in standard vector supernatants containing fetal calf serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sekhar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Dunbar CE, Cottler-Fox M, O'Shaughnessy JA, Doren S, Carter C, Berenson R, Brown S, Moen RC, Greenblatt J, Stewart FM. Retrovirally marked CD34-enriched peripheral blood and bone marrow cells contribute to long-term engraftment after autologous transplantation. Blood 1995; 85:3048-57. [PMID: 7538814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here on a preliminary human autologous transplantation study of retroviral gene transfer to bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB)-derived CD34-enriched cells. Eleven patients with multiple myeloma or breast cancer had cyclophosphamide and filgrastim-mobilized PB cells CD34-enriched and transduced with a retroviral marking vector containing the neomycin resistance gene, and CD34-enriched BM cells transduced with a second marking vector also containing a neomycin resistance gene. After high-dose conditioning therapy, both transduced cell populations were reinfused and patients were followed over time for the presence of the marker gene and any adverse effects related to the gene-transfer procedure. All 10 evaluable patients had the marker gene detected at the time of engraftment, and 3 of 9 patients had persistence of the marker gene for greater than 18 months posttransplantation. The marker gene was detected in multiple lineages, including granulocytes, T cells, and B cells. The source of the marking was both the transduced PB graft and the BM graft, with a suggestion of better long-term marking originating from the PB graft. The steady-state levels of marking were low, with only 1:1000 to 1:10,000 cells positive. There was no toxicity noted, and patients did not develop detectable replication-competent helper virus at any time posttransplantation. These results suggest that mobilized PB cells may be preferable to BM for gene therapy applications and that progeny of mobilized peripheral blood cells can contribute long-term to engraftment of multiple lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1652, USA
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Agarwal R, Doren S, Hicks B, Dunbar CE. Long-term culture of chronic myelogenous leukemia marrow cells on stem cell factor-deficient stroma favors benign progenitors. Blood 1995; 85:1306-12. [PMID: 7532038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term culture of marrow from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has been reported to favor the outgrowth of bcr/abl- progenitor cells in some patients. We examined the effect of the presence of soluble or transmembrane forms of stem cell factor (SCF) in long-term cultures of CML marrow. CD34-enriched cells from CML patients in advanced chronic phase or accelerated phase were plated on immortalized fetal liver stromal cells from homozygous SCF-deficient SI/SI mice (SI/SI4) with or without the addition of soluble human SCF, SI/SI4 cells expressing high levels of the transmembrane form of human SCF (SI/SIh220), or primary human allogeneic stroma. Cells were removed from cultures and plated weekly in colony assays. The clonagenic cell output from cultures completely lacking SCF was lower over the first 2 to 3 weeks, but by 5 weeks was similar to the clonagenic cell output from the other culture conditions. Analysis of bcr/abl transcripts from individual colonies showed a lower percentage of malignant progenitors present in long-term cultures completely deficient in SCF than under the other culture conditions, particularly compared with primary human stroma-containing long-term cultures. SCF may specifically favor malignant versus benign progenitor cells present in the marrow of CML patients, and an abnormal proliferative response to SCF in very primitive cells may be an underlying defect in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agarwal
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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17
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Dunbar CE, Bodine DM, Sorrentino B, Donahue R, McDonagh K, Cottler-Fox M, O'Shaughnessy J, Cowan K, Carter C, Doren S. Gene transfer into hematopoietic cells. Implications for cancer therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 716:216-24; discussion 224-7. [PMID: 7517651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Dunbar
- Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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Cassel A, Cottler-Fox M, Doren S, Dunbar CE. Retroviral-mediated gene transfer into CD34-enriched human peripheral blood stem cells. Exp Hematol 1993; 21:585-91. [PMID: 7681785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral-mediated gene transfer has been shown to be a feasible method for the introduction of new genes into bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. We have investigated the application of this technology to primitive CD34-enriched human peripheral blood cells as a potential alternative stem cell source. Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) CD34-enriched cells from normal volunteers and patients with multiple myeloma were exposed to retroviral vectors containing the neomycin-resistance gene and gene transfer efficiency into colony-forming unit colonies (CFU-C) and CD34+ cells was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Peripheral blood was a target equally efficient to BM, and PB cells mobilized with chemotherapy and growth factors were also shown to take up retroviral vectors readily. Conditions favoring gene transfer were investigated, and exposure of cells to interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and stem cell factor (SCF) during a 72-hour transduction was found to be most effective. The use of PB stem cells as targets for gene transfer could allow repeated collections and transductions, with obvious advantages over a single BM collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cassel
- Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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