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White CW, Platt S, Kilpatrick LE, Dale N, Abhayawardana RS, Dekkers S, Kindon ND, Kellam B, Stocks MJ, Pfleger KDG, Hill SJ. CXCL17 is an allosteric inhibitor of CXCR4 through a mechanism of action involving glycosaminoglycans. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eabl3758. [PMID: 38502733 PMCID: PMC7615768 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
CXCL17 is a chemokine principally expressed by mucosal tissues, where it facilitates chemotaxis of monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages and has antimicrobial properties. CXCL17 is also implicated in the pathology of inflammatory disorders and progression of several cancers, and its expression is increased during viral infections of the lung. However, the exact role of CXCL17 in health and disease requires further investigation, and there is a need for confirmed molecular targets mediating CXCL17 functional responses. Using a range of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assays, here we demonstrated that CXCL17 inhibited CXCR4-mediated signaling and ligand binding. Moreover, CXCL17 interacted with neuropillin-1, a VEGFR2 coreceptor. In addition, we found that CXCL17 only inhibited CXCR4 ligand binding in intact cells and demonstrated that this effect was mimicked by known glycosaminoglycan binders, surfen and protamine sulfate. Disruption of putative GAG binding domains in CXCL17 prevented CXCR4 binding. This indicated that CXCL17 inhibited CXCR4 by a mechanism of action that potentially required the presence of a glycosaminoglycan-containing accessory protein. Together, our results revealed that CXCL17 is an endogenous inhibitor of CXCR4 and represents the next step in our understanding of the function of CXCL17 and regulation of CXCR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W. White
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Platt
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Dale
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Rekhati S. Abhayawardana
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Sebastian Dekkers
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
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2
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Dekkers S, Comez D, Karsai N, Arimont-Segura M, Canals M, Caspar B, de Graaf C, Kilpatrick LE, Leurs R, Kellam B, Hill SJ, Briddon SJ, Stocks MJ. Small Molecule Fluorescent Ligands for the Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3). ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:143-148. [PMID: 38229752 PMCID: PMC10788940 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is a receptor that induces cancer progression and metastasis in multiple cell types. Therefore, new chemical tools are required to study the role of ACKR3 in cancer and other diseases. In this study, fluorescent probes, based on a series of small molecule ACKR3 agonists, were synthesized. Three fluorescent probes, which showed specific binding to ACKR3 through a luminescence-based NanoBRET binding assay (pKd ranging from 6.8 to 7.8) are disclosed. Due to their high affinity at the ACKR3, we have shown their application in both competition binding experiments and confocal microscopy studies showing the cellular distribution of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dekkers
- Biodiscovery
Institute, School of Pharmacy, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - Dehan Comez
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Noemi Karsai
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Marta Arimont-Segura
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Birgit Caspar
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Biodiscovery
Institute, School of Pharmacy, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Biodiscovery
Institute, School of Pharmacy, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Centre
of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University
of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Division
of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- Biodiscovery
Institute, School of Pharmacy, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
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3
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Dekkers S, Caspar B, Goulding J, Kindon ND, Kilpatrick LE, Stoddart LA, Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Hill SJ, Stocks MJ. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Ligands for the CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5208-5222. [PMID: 36944083 PMCID: PMC10108349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, or CXCR4, is a chemokine receptor found to promote cancer progression and metastasis of various cancer cell types. To investigate the pharmacology of this receptor, and to further elucidate its role in cancer, novel chemical tools are a necessity. In the present study, using classic medicinal chemistry approaches, small-molecule-based fluorescent probes were designed and synthesized based on previously reported small-molecule antagonists. Here, we report the development of three distinct chemical classes of fluorescent probes that show specific binding to the CXCR4 receptor in a novel fluorescence-based NanoBRET binding assay (pKD ranging 6.6-7.1). Due to their retained affinity at CXCR4, we furthermore report their use in competition binding experiments and confocal microscopy to investigate the pharmacology and cellular distribution of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dekkers
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Birgit Caspar
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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4
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Adlere I, Caspar B, Arimont M, Dekkers S, Visser K, Stuijt J, de Graaf C, Stocks M, Kellam B, Briddon S, Wijtmans M, de Esch I, Hill S, Leurs R. Modulators of CXCR4 and CXCR7/ACKR3 Function. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:737-752. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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5
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Dekkers S, Vermeulen J, van der Horst G, Verhagen R, Römer I, Russ M, Cassee F, de Jong W, Vandebriel R. Implications of redox activity of CeO 2 nanoparticles for immunological responses in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Jeurissen S, Seyhan F, Kandhai M, Dekkers S, Booij C, Bos P, van der Fels-Klerx H. An indicator based 'traffic light' model to pro-actively assess the occurrence of mycotoxins in tree nuts. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an indicator based 'traffic light' model as a tool to pro-actively assess the occurrence of mycotoxins in tree nuts. The model is built using a holistic approach and, consequently, uses indicators from inside and outside the tree nut production chain as the basic elements. Temperature and relative humidity (pre-harvest), harvest and drying, storage and transport conditions, crop variety and crop damage were selected as indicators. For these indicators, measurable sub-indicators (model parameters) and risk categories were defined. With these insights, a 'traffic light' model was proposed that indicates the possible risk of occurrence of mycotoxins with colour signals; 'red' indicates high risk, 'yellow' medium risk, and 'green' low risk. The current model is specified for aflatoxins in hazelnuts but can easily be adapted for other mycotoxins and/or tree nuts. Governmental organisations and the commercial sector may use such a model to anticipate on the potential presence of mycotoxins by proactive risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jeurissen
- RIVM – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - F. Seyhan
- Food Institute, Tübitak Marmara Research Center, P.O. Box 21, 41470 Gebze Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - M. Kandhai
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S. Dekkers
- RIVM – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - C. Booij
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P. Bos
- RIVM – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H. van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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7
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Freidig AP, Dekkers S, Verwei M, Zvinavashe E, Bessems JGM, van de Sandt JJM. Development of a QSAR for worst case estimates of acute toxicity of chemically reactive compounds. Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:214-22. [PMID: 17462838 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Future EU legislations enforce a fast hazard and risk assessment of thousands of existing chemicals. If conducted by means of present data requirements, this assessment will use a huge number of test animals and will be neither cost nor time effective. The purpose of the current research was to develop methods to increase the acceptability of in vitro data for classification and labelling regarding acute toxicity. For this purpose, a large existing database containing in vitro and in vivo data was analysed. For more than 300 compounds in the database, relations between in vitro cytotoxicity and rat or mouse intravenous and oral in vivo LD50 values were re-evaluated and the possibilities for definition of mechanism based chemical subclasses were investigated. A high in vitro-in vivo correlation was found for chemicals classified as irritants. This can be explained by a shared unspecific cytotoxicity of these compounds which will act as the predominant mode of action for both endpoints, irritation and acute toxicity. For this subclass, which covered almost 40% of all compounds in the database, the LD50 values after intravenous dosing could be predicted with high accuracy. A somewhat lower accuracy was found for the prediction of oral LD50 values based on in vitro cytotoxicity data. Based on this successful correlation, a classification and labelling scheme was developed, that includes a hazard based definition of the applicability domain (irritants) and a prediction of the labelling of compounds for their acute iv and oral toxicity. The scheme was tested by an external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Freidig
- Business Unit Biosciences, TNO Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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8
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Dekkers S, de Heer C, Rennen MA. Critical effect sizes in toxicological risk assessment: a comprehensive and critical evaluation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 10:33-52. [PMID: 11382555 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(01)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A key issue in toxicological risk assessment is determining the effect level below which there is no reason for concern. In the Benchmark approach, this breaking point between adverse and non-adverse is called the critical effect size (CES). This study aimed to investigate the possibilities to determine CESs for toxicological effect parameters commonly used in human risk assessment and includes a literature review and an opinion analysis among European toxicologists. The results indicate that the current knowledge is insufficient to define CESs for all individual parameters. Furthermore, the use of a single universal CES seems no option. It is concluded that it is not yet possible to reach international consensus on CESs for most toxicological parameters. However, every parameter for which consensus on the CES is reached is a step forward, because this can facilitate discussions on the adversity and relevance of certain changes in that parameter, irrespective of the method applied in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dekkers
- Department of Toxicological Risk Assessment, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, P.O. Box 360, NL-3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
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