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Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Toledano MB, Sastre J. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Lytic Programmed Cell Death in Acute Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:708-727. [PMID: 37450339 PMCID: PMC10619893 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Redox signaling through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) has a key role in several mechanisms of regulated cell death (RCD), necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis, thereby decisively contributing to inflammatory disorders. The role of mtROS in apoptosis has been extensively addressed, but their involvement in necrotic-like RCD has just started being elucidated, providing novel insights into the pathophysiology of acute inflammation. Recent Advances: p53 together with mtROS drive necroptosis in acute inflammation through downregulation of sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin 3. Mitochondrial hydroorotate dehydrogenase is a key redox system in the regulation of ferroptosis. In addition, a noncanonical pathway, which generates mtROS through the Ragulator-Rag complex and acts via mTORC1 to promote gasdermin D oligomerization, triggers pyroptosis. Critical Issues: mtROS trigger positive feedback loops leading to lytic RCD in conjunction with the necrosome, the inflammasome, glutathione depletion, and glutathione peroxidase 4 deficiency. Future Directions: The precise mechanism of membrane rupture in ferroptosis and the contribution of mtROS to ferroptosis in inflammatory disorders are still unclear, which will need further research. Mitochondrial antioxidants may provide promising therapeutic approaches toward acute inflammatory disorders. However, establishing doses and windows of action will be required to optimize their therapeutic potential, and to avoid potential adverse side effects linked to the blockade of beneficial mtROS adaptive signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 708-727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
p53 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that can regulate multiple cell death programs through different signaling pathways. In this review, we assess the role of p53 in the regulation of necroptosis, a programmed form of lytic cell death highly involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. In particular, we focus on the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) as essential contributors to modulate necroptosis execution through p53. The enhanced generation of mtROS during necroptosis is critical for the correct interaction between receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and 3 (RIPK3), two key components of the functional necrosome. p53 controls the occurrence of necroptosis by modulating the levels of mitochondrial H2O2 via peroxiredoxin 3 and sulfiredoxin. Furthermore, in response to increased levels of H2O2, p53 upregulates the long non-coding RNA necrosis-related factor, favoring the translation of RIPK1 and RIPK3. In parallel, a fraction of cytosolic p53 migrates into mitochondria, a process notably involved in necroptosis execution via its interaction with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In conclusion, p53 is located at the intersection between mtROS and the necroptosis machinery, making it a key protein to orchestrate redox signaling during necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100, Valencia, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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González R, Rodríguez-Hernández MA, Negrete M, Ranguelova K, Rossin A, Choya-Foces C, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, Miranda-Vizuete A, Martínez-Ruiz A, Rius-Pérez S, Sastre J, Bárcena JA, Hueber AO, Padilla CA, Muntané J. Corrigendum to "Downregulation of Thioredoxin-1-dependent CD95 S-nitrosation by Sorafenib reduces liver cancer" [Redox Biol. 34 (2020) 101528]. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102813. [PMID: 37479553 PMCID: PMC10461198 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R González
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen Del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Network Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen Del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Network Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Negrete
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen Del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - A Rossin
- Université Côte D'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - C Choya-Foces
- Research Unit, Hospital University "Santa Cristina", Health Research Institute "La Princesa" (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Network Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - P de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen Del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - A Miranda-Vizuete
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen Del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Ruiz
- Research Unit, Hospital University "Santa Cristina", Health Research Institute "La Princesa" (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Network Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J A Bárcena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - A-O Hueber
- Université Côte D'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - C A Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - J Muntané
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital University "Virgen Del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Network Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.
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Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Toledano MB, Sastre J. p53 drives necroptosis via downregulation of sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin 3. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102423. [PMID: 36029648 PMCID: PMC9428851 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to necroptosis. We have investigated the contribution of p53, sulfiredoxin, and mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 to necroptosis in acute pancreatitis. Late during the course of pancreatitis, p53 was localized in mitochondria of pancreatic cells undergoing necroptosis. In mice lacking p53, necroptosis was absent, and levels of PGC-1α, peroxiredoxin 3 and sulfiredoxin were upregulated. During the early stage of pancreatitis, prior to necroptosis, sulfiredoxin was upregulated and localized into mitochondria. In mice lacking sulfiredoxin with pancreatitis, peroxiredoxin 3 was hyperoxidized, p53 localized in mitochondria, and necroptosis occurred faster; which was prevented by Mito-TEMPO. In obese mice, necroptosis occurred in pancreas and adipose tissue. The lack of p53 up-regulated sulfiredoxin and abrogated necroptosis in pancreas and adipose tissue from obese mice. We describe here a positive feedback between mitochondrial H2O2 and p53 that downregulates sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin 3 leading to necroptosis in inflammation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Michel B Toledano
- Oxidative Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain.
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Pérez S, Rius-Pérez S. Macrophage Polarization and Reprogramming in Acute Inflammation: A Redox Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071394. [PMID: 35883885 PMCID: PMC9311967 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the progression of inflammatory disorders. Here, we review how redox signals regulate macrophage polarization and reprogramming during acute inflammation. In M1, macrophages augment NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), synaptotagmin-binding cytoplasmic RNA interacting protein (SYNCRIP), and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 increase oxygen and nitrogen reactive species, which triggers inflammatory response, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity. In M2, macrophages down-regulate NOX2, iNOS, SYNCRIP, and/or up-regulate arginase and superoxide dismutase type 1, counteract oxidative and nitrosative stress, and favor anti-inflammatory and tissue repair responses. M1 and M2 macrophages exhibit different metabolic profiles, which are tightly regulated by redox mechanisms. Oxidative and nitrosative stress sustain the M1 phenotype by activating glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis, but by inhibiting tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic profile is reversed in M2 macrophages because of changes in the redox state. Therefore, new therapies based on redox mechanisms have emerged to treat acute inflammation with positive results, which highlights the relevance of redox signaling as a master regulator of macrophage reprogramming.
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Fernández-Rodríguez S, Cano-Cebrián MJ, Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Guerri C, Granero L, Zornoza T, Polache A. Different brain oxidative and neuroinflammation status in rats during prolonged abstinence depending on their ethanol relapse-like drinking behavior: Effects of ethanol reintroduction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109284. [PMID: 35033958 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with excessive oxidative damage and neuroinflammatory processes and these events have been associated to early alcohol withdrawal. In the present research we wonder if brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation remains altered during prolonged withdrawal situations and whether these alterations can be correlated with relapse behavior in alcohol consumption. The effects of alcohol reintroduction were also evaluated METHODS: We have used a model based on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) within a cohort of wild-type male Wistar rats. Two subpopulations were identified according to the alcohol relapse-like drinking behavior displayed (ADE and NO-ADE subpopulations). Oxidized and reduced glutathione content was determined within the hippocampus and the amygdala using a mass spectrometry method. The levels of mRNA of seven different inflammatory mediators in the prefrontal cortex of rats were quantified. All the analyses were performed in two different conditions: after 21-day alcohol deprivation (prolonged abstinence) and after 24 h of ethanol reintroduction in both subpopulations. RESULTS ADE and NO-ADE rats showed different endophenotypes. ADE rats always displayed a significant lower alcohol intake rate and ethanol preference than NO-ADE rats. The results also demonstrated the existence of altered brain redox and neuroinflammation status after prolonged abstinence exclusively in ADE rats. Moreover, when ethanol was reintroduced in the ADE subpopulation, altered oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers were restored. CONCLUSIONS Present findings provide new mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of relapse behavior and suggest the development of new pharmacological approaches to treat alcohol-induced relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Rodríguez
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - M J Cano-Cebrián
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S Rius-Pérez
- Departament de Fisiologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S Pérez
- Departament de Fisiologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - C Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Carrer d'Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - L Granero
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - T Zornoza
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - A Polache
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Aliena-Valero A, Rius-Pérez S, Baixauli-Martín J, Torregrosa G, Chamorro Á, Pérez S, Salom JB. Uric Acid Neuroprotection Associated to IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Pathway Activation in Rat Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:408-423. [PMID: 32959172 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the promising neuroprotective effects of uric acid (UA) in acute ischemic stroke, the seemingly pleiotropic underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Recent evidence points to transcription factors as UA targets. To gain insight into the UA mechanism of action, we investigated its effects on pertinent biomarkers for the most relevant features of ischemic stroke pathophysiology: (1) oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme mRNAs and MDA), (2) neuroinflammation (cytokine and Socs3 mRNAs, STAT3, NF-κB p65, and reactive microglia), (3) brain swelling (Vegfa, Mmp9, and Timp1 mRNAs), and (4) apoptotic cell death (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and TUNEL-positive cells). Adult male Wistar rats underwent intraluminal filament transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and received UA (16 mg/kg) or vehicle (Locke's buffer) i.v. at 20 min reperfusion. The outcome measures were neurofunctional deficit, infarct, and edema. UA treatment reduced cortical infarct and brain edema, as well as neurofunctional impairment. In brain cortex, increased UA: (1) reduced tMCAO-induced increases in Vegfa and Mmp9/Timp1 ratio expressions; (2) induced Sod2 and Cat expressions and reduced MDA levels; (3) induced Il6 expression, upregulated STAT3 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, induced Socs3 expression, and inhibited microglia activation; and (4) ameliorated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and induced a reduction in caspase-3 cleavage as well as in TUNEL-positive cell counts. In conclusion, the mechanism for morphological and functional neuroprotection by UA in ischemic stroke is multifaceted, since it is associated to activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, attenuation of edematogenic VEGF-A/MMP-9 signaling, and modulation of relevant mediators of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universitat de València, Torre A, Lab 5.05, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Júlia Baixauli-Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universitat de València, Torre A, Lab 5.05, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Chamorro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universitat de València, Torre A, Lab 5.05, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
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Rius-Pérez S, Torres-Cuevas I, Monsalve M, Miranda FJ, Pérez S. Impairment of PGC-1 Alpha Up-Regulation Enhances Nitrosative Stress in the Liver during Acute Pancreatitis in Obese Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090887. [PMID: 32961723 PMCID: PMC7554866 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreatic tissue that often leads to distant organ dysfunction. Although liver injury is uncommon in acute pancreatitis, obesity is a risk factor for the development of hepatic complications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of PGC-1α in inflammatory response regulation in the liver and its contribution to the detrimental effect of obesity on the liver during acute pancreatitis. For this purpose, we induced acute pancreatitis by cerulein in not only wild-type (WT) and PGC-1α knockout (KO) mice, but also in lean and obese mice. PGC-1α levels were up-regulated in the mice livers with pancreatitis. The increased PGC-1α levels were bound to p65 to restrain its transcriptional activity toward Nos2. Lack of PGC-1α favored the assembly of the p65/phospho-STAT3 complex, which promoted Nos2 expression during acute pancreatitis. The increased transcript Nos2 levels and the pro-oxidant liver status caused by the down-regulated expression of the PGC-1α-dependent antioxidant genes enhanced nitrosative stress and decreased energy charge in the livers of the PGC-1α KO mice with pancreatitis. It is noteworthy that the PGC-1α levels lowered in the obese mice livers, which increased the Nos2 mRNA expression and protein nitration levels and decreased energy charge during pancreatitis. In conclusion, obesity impairs PGC-1α up-regulation in the liver to cause nitrosative stress during acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.R.-P.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Isabel Torres-Cuevas
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.R.-P.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.R.-P.); (F.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-54-3253
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Abstract
Significance: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a master regulator of the inflammatory response and represents a key regulatory node in the complex inflammatory signaling network. In addition, selective NF-κB transcriptional activity on specific target genes occurs through the control of redox-sensitive NF-κB interactions. Recent Advances: The selective NF-κB response is mediated by redox-modulated NF-κB complexes with ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), Pirin (PIR). cAMP response element-binding (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)/p300, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), activator protein-1 (AP-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1), and SP-1. NF-κB is cooperatively coactivated with AP-1, STAT3, EGR-1, and SP-1 during the inflammatory process, whereas NF-κB complexes with CBP/p300 and PGC-1α regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. PGC-1α may act as selective repressor of phospho-p65 toward interleukin-6 (IL-6) in acute inflammation. p65 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) compete for binding to coactivator CBP/p300 playing opposite roles in the regulation of inflammatory genes. S-nitrosylation or tyrosine nitration favors the recruitment of specific NF-κB subunits to κB sites. Critical Issues: NF-κB is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that forms specific signaling complexes to regulate selectively the expression of target genes in acute inflammation. Protein-protein interactions with coregulatory proteins, other transcription factors, and chromatin-remodeling proteins provide transcriptional specificity to NF-κB. Furthermore, different NF-κB subunits may form distinct redox-sensitive homo- and heterodimers with distinct affinities for κB sites. Future Directions: Further research is required to elucidate the whole NF-κB interactome to fully characterize the complex NF-κB signaling network in redox signaling, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Martí-Andrés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Torres-Cuevas I, Martí-Andrés P, Taléns-Visconti R, Paradela A, Guerrero L, Franco L, López-Rodas G, Torres L, Corrales F, Sastre J. Blockade of the trans-sulfuration pathway in acute pancreatitis due to nitration of cystathionine β-synthase. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101324. [PMID: 31539805 PMCID: PMC6811996 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreatic gland that may lead to dysregulation of the trans-sulfuration pathway. The aims of this work were firstly to study the methionine cycle as well as the trans-sulfuration pathway using metabolomic and proteomic approaches identifying the causes of this dysregulation in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis; and secondly to reveal the effects of S-adenosylmethionine administration on these pathways. Acute pancreatitis was induced by cerulein in mice, and a group of animals received S-adenosylmethionine treatment. Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis rapidly caused marked depletion of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, 5′-methylthioadenosine, cystathionine, cysteine, and glutathione levels in pancreas, but S-adenosylhomocysteine and homocysteine remained unchanged. Protein steady-state levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine-hydrolase and cystathionine gamma-lyase diminished but methylthioadenosine phosphorylase levels increased in pancreas with acute pancreatitis. Although cystathionine β-synthase protein levels did not change with acute pancreatitis, Nos2 mRNA and protein levels were markedly up-regulated and caused tyrosine nitration of cystathionine β-synthase in pancreas. S-adenosylmethionine administration enhanced Nos2 mRNA expression and cystathionine β-synthase nitration and triggered homocysteine accumulation in acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, S-adenosylmethionine administration promoted enrichment of the euchromatin marker H3K4me3 in the promoters of Tnf-α, Il-6, and Nos2 and enhanced the mRNA up-regulation of these genes. Accordingly, S-adenosylmethionine administration increased inflammatory infiltrate and edema in pancreas with acute pancreatitis. In conclusion, tyrosine-nitration of cystathionine β-synthase blockades the trans-sulfuration pathway in acute pancreatitis promoting homocysteine accumulation upon S-adenosylmethionine treatment. Acute pancreatitis induces nitration of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). CBS nitration blockades the trans-sulfuration pathway in acute pancreatitis. SAM treatment enhances CBS nitration leading to homocysteine accumulation in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Martí-Andrés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Guerrero
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Rius-Pérez S, Tormos AM, Pérez S, Finamor I, Rada P, Valverde ÁM, Nebreda AR, Sastre J, Taléns-Visconti R. p38α deficiency restrains liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy triggering oxidative stress and liver injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3775. [PMID: 30846722 PMCID: PMC6405944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p38α MAPK negatively regulates the G1/S and G2/M cell cycle transitions. However, liver-specific p38α deficiency impairs cytokinesis and reduces hepatocyte proliferation during cirrhosis and aging in mice. In this work, we have studied how p38α down-regulation affects hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, focusing on mitotic progression, cytokinesis and oxidative stress. We found that p38α deficiency triggered up-regulation of cyclins A1, B1, B2, and D1 under basal conditions and after hepatectomy. Moreover, p38α-deficient hepatocytes showed enhanced binucleation and increased levels of phospho-histone H3 but impaired phosphorylation of MNK1 after hepatectomy. The recovery of liver mass was transiently delayed in mice with p38α-deficient hepatocytes vs wild type mice. We also found that p38α deficiency caused glutathione oxidation in the liver, increased plasma aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and decreased plasma protein levels after hepatectomy. Interestingly, p38α silencing in isolated hepatocytes markedly decreased phospho-MNK1 levels, and silencing of either p38α or Mnk1 enhanced binucleation of hepatocytes in culture. In conclusion, p38α deficiency impairs mitotic progression in hepatocytes and restrains the recovery of liver mass after partial hepatectomy. Our results also indicate that p38α regulates cytokinesis by activating MNK1 and redox modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Ana M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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Pérez S, Rius-Pérez S, Tormos AM, Finamor I, Nebreda ÁR, Taléns-Visconti R, Sastre J. Age-dependent regulation of antioxidant genes by p38α MAPK in the liver. Redox Biol 2018; 16:276-284. [PMID: 29567616 PMCID: PMC5952885 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p38α is a redox sensitive MAPK activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental, genotoxic and endoplasmic reticulum stresses. The aim of this work was to assess whether p38α controls the antioxidant defense in the liver, and if so, to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved and the age-related changes. For this purpose, we used liver-specific p38α-deficient mice at two different ages: young-mice (4 months-old) and old-mice (24 months-old). The liver of young p38α knock-out mice exhibited a decrease in GSH levels and an increase in GSSG/GSH ratio and malondialdehyde levels. However, old mice deficient in p38α had higher hepatic GSH levels and lower GSSG/GSH ratio than young p38α knock-out mice. Liver-specific p38α deficiency triggered a dramatic down-regulation of the mRNAs of the key antioxidant enzymes glutamate cysteine ligase, superoxide dismutase 1, superoxide dismutase 2, and catalase in young mice, which seems mediated by the lack of p65 recruitment to their promoters. Nrf-2 nuclear levels did not change significantly in the liver of young mice upon p38α deficiency, but nuclear levels of phospho-p65 and PGC-1α decreased in these mice. p38α-dependent activation of NF-κB seems to occur through classical IκB Kinase and via ribosomal S6 kinase1 and AKT in young mice. However, unexpectedly the long-term deficiency in p38α triggers a compensatory up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes via NF-κB activation and recruitment of p65 to their promoters. In conclusion, p38α MAPK maintains the expression of antioxidant genes in liver of young animals via NF-κΒ under basal conditions, whereas its long-term deficiency triggers compensatory up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes through NF-κΒ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Spain
| | - Ana M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Spain
| | - Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Spain
| | - Ángel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Spain.
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Rius-Pérez S, Tormos A, Pérez S, Taléns-Visconti R. Patología vascular: ¿causa o efecto en la enfermedad de Alzheimer? Neurologia 2018; 33:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Pérez S, Taléns-Visconti R, Rius-Pérez S, Finamor I, Sastre J. Redox signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:75-103. [PMID: 28062361 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling regulates physiological self-renewal, proliferation, migration and differentiation in gastrointestinal epithelium by modulating Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways mainly through NADPH oxidases (NOXs). In the intestine, intracellular and extracellular thiol redox status modulates the proliferative potential of epithelial cells. Furthermore, commensal bacteria contribute to intestine epithelial homeostasis through NOX1- and dual oxidase 2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). The loss of redox homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis and development of a wide diversity of gastrointestinal disorders, such as Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, ischemic intestinal injury, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. The overproduction of superoxide anion together with inactivation of superoxide dismutase are involved in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and its transformation to adenocarcinoma. In Helicobacter pylori-induced peptic ulcer, oxidative stress derived from the leukocyte infiltrate and NOX1 aggravates mucosal damage, especially in HspB+ strains that downregulate Nrf2. In celiac disease, oxidative stress mediates most of the cytotoxic effects induced by gluten peptides and increases transglutaminase levels, whereas nitrosative stress contributes to the impairment of tight junctions. Progression of inflammatory bowel disease relies on the balance between pro-inflammatory redox-sensitive pathways, such as NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB, and the adaptive up-regulation of Mn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 2. In colorectal cancer, redox signaling exhibits two Janus faces: On the one hand, NOX1 up-regulation and derived hydrogen peroxide enhance Wnt/β-catenin and Notch proliferating pathways; on the other hand, ROS may disrupt tumor progression through different pro-apoptotic mechanisms. In conclusion, redox signaling plays a critical role in the physiology and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Tormos AM, Rius-Pérez S, Jorques M, Rada P, Ramirez L, Valverde ÁM, Nebreda ÁR, Sastre J, Taléns-Visconti R. p38α regulates actin cytoskeleton and cytokinesis in hepatocytes during development and aging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171738. [PMID: 28166285 PMCID: PMC5293263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte poliploidization is an age-dependent process, being cytokinesis failure the main mechanism of polyploid hepatocyte formation. Our aim was to study the role of p38α MAPK in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and cytokinesis in hepatocytes during development and aging. Methods Wild type and p38α liver-specific knock out mice at different ages (after weaning, adults and old) were used. Results We show that p38α MAPK deficiency induces actin disassembly upon aging and also cytokinesis failure leading to enhanced binucleation. Although the steady state levels of cyclin D1 in wild type and p38α knock out old livers remained unaffected, cyclin B1- a marker for G2/M transition- was significantly overexpressed in p38α knock out mice. Our findings suggest that hepatocytes do enter into S phase but they do not complete cell division upon p38α deficiency leading to cytokinesis failure and binucleation. Moreover, old liver-specific p38α MAPK knock out mice exhibited reduced F-actin polymerization and a dramatic loss of actin cytoskeleton. This was associated with abnormal hyperactivation of RhoA and Cdc42 GTPases. Long-term p38α deficiency drives to inactivation of HSP27, which seems to account for the impairment in actin cytoskeleton as Hsp27-silencing decreased the number and length of actin filaments in isolated hepatocytes. Conclusions p38α MAPK is essential for actin dynamics with age in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Tormos
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ramirez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel R. Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Finamor I, Pérez S, Bressan CA, Brenner CE, Rius-Pérez S, Brittes PC, Cheiran G, Rocha MI, da Veiga M, Sastre J, Pavanato MA. Chronic aspartame intake causes changes in the trans-sulphuration pathway, glutathione depletion and liver damage in mice. Redox Biol 2017; 11:701-707. [PMID: 28187322 PMCID: PMC5300302 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
No-caloric sweeteners, such as aspartame, are widely used in various food and beverages to prevent the increasing rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus, acting as tools in helping control caloric intake. Aspartame is metabolized to phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol. Our aim was to study the effect of chronic administration of aspartame on glutathione redox status and on the trans-sulphuration pathway in mouse liver. Mice were divided into three groups: control; treated daily with aspartame for 90 days; and treated with aspartame plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Chronic administration of aspartame increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase activities and caused liver injury as well as marked decreased hepatic levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), and most metabolites of the trans-sulphuration pathway, such as cysteine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Aspartame also triggered a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) and cystathionine γ-lyase, and in protein levels of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A and 2A. N-acetylcysteine prevented the aspartame-induced liver injury and the increase in plasma ALT activity as well as the decrease in GSH, γ-GC, cysteine, SAM and SAH levels and GCLc protein levels. In conclusion, chronic administration of aspartame caused marked hepatic GSH depletion, which should be ascribed to GCLc down-regulation and decreased cysteine levels. Aspartame triggered blockade of the trans-sulphuration pathway at two steps, cystathionine γ-lyase and methionine adenosyltransferases. NAC restored glutathione levels as well as the impairment of the trans-sulphuration pathway. Aspartame down-regulates glutamate cysteine ligase and decreased cysteine levels. Aspartame blockades the trans-sulphuration pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Caroline A Bressan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Brenner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia C Brittes
- University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria,, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Cheiran
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria I Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo da Veiga
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria A Pavanato
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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