Lateralization of the hippocampus: A review of molecular, functional, and physiological properties in health and disease

The hippocampus is a part of the brain's medial temporal lobe that is located under the cortex. It belongs to the limbic system and helps to collect and transfer information from short-term to long-term memory, as well as spatial orientation in each mammalian brain hemisphere. After more than two centuries of research in brain asymmetry, the hippocampus has attracted much attention in the study of brain lateralization. The hippocampus is very important in cognitive disorders, related to seizures and dementia, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the motivation to study the hippocampus has increased significantly due to the asymmetry in the activity of the left and right hippocampi in healthy people, and its disruption during some neurological diseases. After a general review of the hippocampal structure and its importance in related diseases, the asymmetry in the brain with a focus on the hippocampus during the growth and maturation of healthy people, as well as the differences created in patients at the molecular, functional, and physiological levels are discussed. Most previous work indicates that the hippocampus is lateralized in healthy people. Also, lateralization at different levels remarkably changes in patients, and it appears that the most complex cognitive disorder is caused by a new dominant asymmetric system.

Multivariate spectrofluorimetric detection of lipase isolated from Serratia marcescens in chromatographic fractions

Lipases are ubiquitous enzymes and widespread in nature. They have been widely purified as one of the most important enzymes in molecular biosciences and biotechnology. In this paper, the extracellular lipase was separated from Serratia marcescens. The separated enzyme was purified partially by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. Presence of the lipase in chromatography fractions was assayed by the hydrolysis of paranitrophenyl palmitate (pNPP) as substrate. The excitation and emission (EEM) fluorescence spectra of purified lipase in chromatographic fractions were investigated. The study demonstrates an application of fluorescence spectroscopy, combined with multivariate regression methods, to the analysis of fluorescent lipase component. N-way partial least squares (N-PLS) was utilized to show the importance of region selection in calibration modeling of the data. Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization was applied to improve the performance of radial basis function network based regression model. RBF-ANN was used to calibrate and predict lipase activity. The analytical performance of RBF-ANN method was characterized by Q^2parameter. The value of Q^2 was 0.919. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of protein containing fractions and in order to explore the three way fluorescence data array from separated fractions, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied. The fluorescence signal was resolved into excitation and emission profiles of the pure fluorescent compounds.

Photoelectrochemical biosensors: Prospects of graphite carbon nitride-based sensors in prostate-specific antigen diagnosis

Prostate cancer (PC) is very common in old age and causes many deaths. Early diagnosis and monitoring of the progress of the disease and the effectiveness of PC treatment are critical. On the other hand, choosing a specific biomarker for PCs is essential. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a specific biomarker secreted in the prostate epithelial cells, which increases in cancer cells. Between all employed sensing mechanism, electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials have created many hopes. Meanwhile, graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is interested in developing photoelectrochemical sensors due to its large surface area, stability, easy modification, and good photoelectronic properties. In this review, electrochemical sensors based on nanocomposites containing g-C3N4 have been investigated in PSA detection. After providing an overview of the characteristics of g-C3N4 and cancer biomarkers, it reviews the strategies and mechanisms involved in identifying PSA. Different approaches to photoelectrochemistry, impedimetric immunosensors, photocatalysis, and luminescence have been used in diagnostic mechanisms. Then, challenges and prospects for electrochemical sensors based on nanocomposites containing g-C3N4 in PSA detection have been analyzed. The recent review generally opens an efficient view in PSA diagnosis and the application of g-C3N4-based electrochemical sensors in personalized medicine diagnosis and treatment.

Advances in electrochemical sensors for naproxen detection: Mechanisms, performance factors, and emerging challenges

Naproxen (NAP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drug, has fewer side effects than similar drugs due to its aryl acetic acid structure. For this reason, it is widely prescribed to manage fever, short-term and long-term pain, and musculoskeletal disorders. However, its use has complications such as changes in kidney function, severe gastrointestinal lesions, and increased bleeding after surgery. In addition, the toxicity of NAP or its metabolites affects the organisms in the ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the pharmaceutical quality of produced NAP and measure its amount in living organisms and the environment. Spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical methods have been used to determine NAP. Electrochemical methods have attracted more attention due to their low cost, easy sample preparation, availability, sensitivity, and acceptable results. In addition, using nanomaterials for NAP oxidation results in high surface-to-volume, high available active sites, low cost, and long-term usability with high sensitivity. In this review, electrochemical-based methods for NAP analysis and sensing have been reviewed. Also, the influential factors in NAP identification and evaluation, and their oxidation mechanism have been discussed.