1
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van Loggerenberg W, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Weile J, Hamilton R, Chawla A, Sheykhkarimli D, Gebbia M, Kishore N, Frésard L, Mustajoki S, Pischik E, Di Pierro E, Barbaro M, Floderus Y, Schmitt C, Gouya L, Colavin A, Nussbaum R, Friesema ECH, Kauppinen R, To-Figueras J, Aarsand AK, Desnick RJ, Garton M, Roth FP. Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1769-1786. [PMID: 37729906 PMCID: PMC10577081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) can cause acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an acute neurological disease. Although sequencing-based diagnosis can be definitive, ∼⅓ of clinical HMBS variants are missense variants, and most clinically reported HMBS missense variants are designated as "variants of uncertain significance" (VUSs). Using saturation mutagenesis, en masse selection, and sequencing, we applied a multiplexed validated assay to both the erythroid-specific and ubiquitous isoforms of HMBS, obtaining confident functional impact scores for >84% of all possible amino acid substitutions. The resulting variant effect maps generally agreed with biochemical expectations and provide further evidence that HMBS can function as a monomer. Additionally, the maps implicated specific residues as having roles in active site dynamics, which was further supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, these maps can help discriminate pathogenic from benign HMBS variants, proactively providing evidence even for yet-to-be-observed clinical missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren van Loggerenberg
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | | | - Jochen Weile
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Rayna Hamilton
- Advanced Academic Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dayag Sheykhkarimli
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Marinella Gebbia
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Sami Mustajoki
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elena Pischik
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unit of Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Floderus
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre français des porphyries, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 92701 Colombes, France; Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, UMR1149 INSERM, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Centre français des porphyries, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 92701 Colombes, France; Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, UMR1149 INSERM, 75018 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Edith C H Friesema
- Porphyria Expertcenter Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jordi To-Figueras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aasne K Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Garton
- Institute Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada.
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2
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Šadek V, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Sadjadi S, Karttunen M, Martín-Pendás A, Foroutan-Nejad C. Reply to: On the existence of collective interactions reinforcing the metal-ligand bond in organometallic compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3873. [PMID: 37400455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Šadek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czechia
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czechia
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - SeyedAbdolreza Sadjadi
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6K 3K7, Canada
| | - Angel Martín-Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Firouzi R, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Chávez-García C, Ashouri M, Karimi-Jafari MH, Karttunen M. Identification of Catechins' Binding Sites in Monomeric A β42 through Ensemble Docking and MD Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098161. [PMID: 37175868 PMCID: PMC10179585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) into toxic oligomers and fibrils is associated with Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Therefore, disrupting amyloid assembly by direct targeting of the Aβ monomeric form with small molecules or antibodies is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, given the dynamic nature of Aβ, standard computational tools cannot be easily applied for high-throughput structure-based virtual screening in drug discovery projects. In the current study, we propose a computational pipeline-in the framework of the ensemble docking strategy-to identify catechins' binding sites in monomeric Aβ42. It is shown that both hydrophobic aromatic interactions and hydrogen bonding are crucial for the binding of catechins to Aβ42. Additionally, it has been found that all the studied ligands, especially EGCG, can act as potent inhibitors against amyloid aggregation by blocking the central hydrophobic region of Aβ. Our findings are evaluated and confirmed with multi-microsecond MD simulations. Finally, it is suggested that our proposed pipeline, with low computational cost in comparison with MD simulations, is a suitable approach for the virtual screening of ligand libraries against Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohoullah Firouzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran 1496813151, Iran
| | | | - Cecilia Chávez-García
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mitra Ashouri
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6619, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Karimi-Jafari
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6619, Iran
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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4
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van Loggerenberg W, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Weile J, Hamilton R, Chawla A, Gebbia M, Kishore N, Frésard L, Mustajoki S, Pischik E, Di Pierro E, Barbaro M, Floderus Y, Schmitt C, Gouya L, Colavin A, Nussbaum R, Friesema ECH, Kauppinen R, To-Figueras J, Aarsand AK, Desnick RJ, Garton M, Roth FP. Systematically testing human HMBS missense variants to reveal mechanism and pathogenic variation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.06.527353. [PMID: 36798224 PMCID: PMC9934555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Defects in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) can cause Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), an acute neurological disease. Although sequencing-based diagnosis can be definitive, ~⅓ of clinical HMBS variants are missense variants, and most clinically-reported HMBS missense variants are designated as "variants of uncertain significance" (VUS). Using saturation mutagenesis, en masse selection, and sequencing, we applied a multiplexed validated assay to both the erythroid-specific and ubiquitous isoforms of HMBS, obtaining confident functional impact scores for >84% of all possible amino-acid substitutions. The resulting variant effect maps generally agreed with biochemical expectation. However, the maps showed variants at the dimerization interface to be unexpectedly well tolerated, and suggested residue roles in active site dynamics that were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Most importantly, these HMBS variant effect maps can help discriminate pathogenic from benign variants, proactively providing evidence even for yet-to-be-observed clinical missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren van Loggerenberg
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jochen Weile
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rayna Hamilton
- Advanced Academic Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aditya Chawla
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marinella Gebbia
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sami Mustajoki
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki
| | - Elena Pischik
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unit of Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Floderus
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes and Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes and Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Edith C. H. Friesema
- Porphyria Expertcenter Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- Research Program in Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki
| | - Jordi To-Figueras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aasne K Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert J. Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Garton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick P. Roth
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Abstract
A major advancement has recently occurred in the ability to predict protein secondary structure from sequence using artificial neural networks. This new accessibility to high-quality predicted structures provides a big opportunity for the protein design community. It is particularly welcome for membrane protein design, where the scarcity of solved structures has been a major limitation of the field for decades. Here, we review the work done to date on the membrane protein design and set out established and emerging tools that can be used to most effectively exploit this new access to structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Aanshi Gandhi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E2
| | - Michael Garton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E2
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6
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Soltani S, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Tetsassi Feugmo CG, Karttunen M. Free Energy and Stacking of Eumelanin Nanoaggregates. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1805-1818. [PMID: 35175060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin, a member of the melanin family, is a black-brown insoluble pigment. It possesses a broad range of properties such as antioxidation, free radical scavenging, photoprotection, and charge carrier transportation. Surprisingly, the exact molecular structure of eumelanin remains undefined. It is, however, generally considered to consist of two main building blocks, 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6- dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid (DHICA). We focus on DHI and report, for the first time, a computational investigation of the structural properties of DHI-eumelanin aggregates in aqueous solutions. First, multimicrosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at different concentrations were performed to investigate the aggregation and ordering of tetrameric DHI-eumelanin protomolecules. This was followed by umbrella sampling (US) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the physical mechanisms of stacking. Aggregation occurs through formation of nanoscale stacks and was observed in all systems. Further analyses showed that aggregation and coarsening of the domains is due to a decrease in hydrogen bonds between the eumelanins and water; while domains exist, there is no long-range order. The results show noncovalent stacks with the interlayer distance between eumelanin protomolecules being less than 3.5 Å. This is in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy data. Both free energy calculations and DFT revealed strong stacking interactions. The electrostatic potential map provides an explanation and a rationale for the slightly sheared relative orientations and, consequently, for the curved shapes of the nanoscale domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Conrard Giresse Tetsassi Feugmo
- National Research Council Canada, Energy Mining and Environment, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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7
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Ardalan A, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Oduwoye H, Uwumarenogie SO, Karttunen M, Smith MD, Jelokhani-Niaraki M. Biphasic Proton Transport Mechanism for Uncoupling Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9130-9144. [PMID: 34365794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that uncoupling proteins (UCPs) transport protons via interconversion between two conformational states: one in the "cytoplasmic state" and the other in the "matrix state". Matrix and cytoplasmic salt-bridge networks are key controllers of these states. This study proposes a mechanism for proton transport in tetrameric UCP2, with focus on the role of the matrix network. Eleven mutants were prepared to disrupt (K → Q or D → N mutations) or alter (K → D and D → K mutations) the salt-bridges in the matrix network. Proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli membrane, reconstituted in model lipid membranes, and their structures and functions were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence assays, as well as molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that the UCP2 matrix network contains five salt-bridges (rather than the previously reported three), and the matrix network can regulate the proton transport by holding the protein's transmembrane helices in close proximity, limiting the movement of the activator fatty acid(s). A biphasic two-state molecular model is proposed for proton transport in tetrameric (a dimer of stable dimers) UCP2, in which all the monomers are functional, and monomers in each dimer are in the same transport mode. Purine nucleotide (e.g., ATP) can occlude the internal pore of the monomeric units of UCP tetramers via interacting with positive residues at or in the proximity of the matrix network (K38, K141, K239, R88, R185, and R279) and prevent switching between cytoplasmic and matrix states, thus inhibiting the proton transport. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of proton transport and regulation in UCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Ardalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,The Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6K 3K7, Canada
| | - Habib Oduwoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Stephanie O Uwumarenogie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,The Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6K 3K7, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Masoud Jelokhani-Niaraki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
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8
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Ardalan A, Oduwoye H, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Karttunen M, Smith MD, Jelokhani-Niaraki M. A Biphasic Molecular Model for Proton Transport in Tetrameric Uncoupling Proteins. Biophys J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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9
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Ardalan A, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Uwumarenogie SO, Fish M, Mitchell J, Karttunen M, Smith MD, Jelokhani-Niaraki M. Functional Oligomeric Forms of Uncoupling Protein 2: Strong Evidence for Asymmetry in Protein and Lipid Bilayer Systems. J Phys Chem B 2020; 125:169-183. [PMID: 33373220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stoichiometry of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and their coexistence as functional monomeric and associated forms in lipid membranes remain intriguing open questions. In this study, tertiary and quaternary structures of UCP2 were analyzed experimentally and through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. UCP2 was overexpressed in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli, then purified and reconstituted in lipid vesicles. Structure and proton transport function of UCP2 were characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and fluorescence methods. Findings suggest a tetrameric functional form for UCP2. MD simulations conclude that tetrameric UCP2 is a dimer of dimers, is more stable than its monomeric and dimeric forms, is asymmetrical and induces asymmetry in the membrane's lipid structure, and a biphasic on-off switch between the dimeric units is its possible mode of transport. MD simulations also show that the water density inside the UCP2 monomer is asymmetric, with the cytoplasmic side having a higher water density and a wider radius. In contrast, the structurally comparable adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)/adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) carrier (AAC1) did not form tetramers, implying that tetramerization cannot be generalized to all mitochondrial carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Ardalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7.,Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6K 3K7
| | - Stephanie O Uwumarenogie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Michael Fish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5.,Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Joel Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7.,Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6K 3K7.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Masoud Jelokhani-Niaraki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
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10
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Karttunen M, Matta CF. Manipulation of Diatomic Molecules with Oriented External Electric Fields: Linear Correlations in Atomic Properties Lead to Nonlinear Molecular Responses. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4720-4731. [PMID: 32337997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) have been shown to have great potential in being able to provide unprecedented control of chemical reactions, catalysis, and selectivity with applications ranging from H2 storage to molecular machines. We report a theoretical study of the atomic origins of molecular changes because of OEEFs since understanding the characteristics of OEEF-induced couplings between atomic and molecular properties is an important step toward comprehensive understanding of the effects of strong external fields on the molecular structure, stability, and reactivity. We focus on the atomic and molecular (bond) properties of a set of homo- (H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2) and heterodiatomic (HF, HCl, CO, and NO) molecules under intense external electric fields in the context of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). It is shown that the atomic properties (atomic charges, energies, and localization indices) correlate linearly with the field strengths, but molecular properties (bond length, electron density at the bond critical point, and electron delocalization index) exhibit nonlinear responses to the imposed fields. In particular, the changes in the electron density distribution alter the shapes and locations of the zero-flux surfaces, atomic volumes, atomic electron population, and localization/delocalization indices. The topography and topology of the molecular electrostatic potential undergo dramatic changes. External fields also perturb the covalent-polar-ionic characteristic of the studied chemical bonds, hallmarking the impact of electric fields on the stability and reactivity of chemical compounds. The findings are well-rationalized within the framework of the QTAIM and form a coherent conceptual understanding of these effects in prototypical diatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Chérif F Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H,4J3, Canada
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Carbone P, Karttunen M. Insights into the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) Mechanism of Action on Bacterial Membrane and DNA: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4487-4497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Ardalan A, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Karttunen M, Smith MD, Jelokhani-Niaraki M. Proton Transport in Mitochondrial UCP2 is Regulated by a Matrix-Oriented Salt-Bridge Network. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Parisi LR, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Berhane IA, Galster SL, Carter KA, Lovell JF, Chemler SR, Karttunen M, Atilla-Gokcumen GE. Membrane Disruption by Very Long Chain Fatty Acids during Necroptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2286-2294. [PMID: 31490656 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, release of intracellular contents, and an associated inflammatory response. We previously found that saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which contain ≥20 carbons, accumulate during necroptosis. Here, we show that genetic knockdown of Fatty Acid (FA) Elongase 7 (ELOVL7) reduces accumulation of specific very long chain FAs during necroptosis, resulting in reduced necroptotic cell death and membrane permeabilization. Conversely, increasing the expression of ELOVL7 increases very long chain fatty acids and membrane permeabilization. In vitro, introduction of the VLCFA C24 FA disrupts bilayer integrity in liposomes to a greater extent than a conventional C16 FA. To investigate the microscopic origin of these observations, atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. MD simulations suggest that fatty acids cause clear differences in bilayers based on length and that it is the interdigitation of C24 FA between the individual leaflets that results in disorder in the region and, consequently, membrane disruption. We synthesized clickable VLCFA analogs and observed that many proteins were acylated by VLCFAs during necroptosis. Taken together, these results confirm the active role of VLCFAs during necroptosis and point to multiple potential mechanisms of membrane disruption including direct permeabilization via bilayer disruption and permeabilization by targeting of proteins to cellular membranes by fatty acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Parisi
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ilyas A. Berhane
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Samuel L. Galster
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Kevin A. Carter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sherry R. Chemler
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - G. Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Van Riesen AJ, Fadock KL, Deore PS, Desoky A, Manderville RA, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Wetmore SD. Manipulation of a DNA aptamer-protein binding site through arylation of internal guanine residues. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:3831-3840. [PMID: 29745412 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified aptamers have the opportunity to increase aptamer target binding affinity and provide structure-activity relationships to enhance our understanding of molecular target recognition by the aptamer fold. In the current study, 8-aryl-2'-deoxyguanosine nucleobases have been inserted into the G-tetrad and central TGT loop of the thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) to determine their impact on antiparallel G-quadruplex (GQ) folding and thrombin binding affinity. The aryl groups attached to the dG nucleobase vary greatly in aryl ring size and impact on GQ stability (∼20 °C change in GQ thermal melting (Tm) values) and thrombin binding affinity (17-fold variation in dissociation constant (Kd)). At G8 of the central TGT loop that is distal from the aptamer recognition site, the probes producing the most stable GQ structure exhibited the strongest thrombin binding affinity. However, within the G-tetrad, changes to the electron density of the dG component within the modified nucleobase can diminish thrombin binding affinity. Detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the modified TBA (mTBA) and mTBA-protein complexes demonstrate how the internal 8-aryl-dG modification can manipulate the interactions between the DNA nucleobases and the amino acid residues of thrombin. These results highlight the potential of internal fluorescent nuclobase analogs (FBAs) to broaden design options for aptasensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Van Riesen
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Wetmore SD. Structural Insight into the Discrimination between 8-Oxoguanine Glycosidic Conformers by DNA Repair Enzymes: A Molecular Dynamics Study of Human Oxoguanine Glycosylase 1 and Formamidopyrimidine-DNA Glycosylase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1144-1154. [PMID: 29320630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
hOgg1 and FPG are the primary DNA repair enzymes responsible for removing the major guanine (G) oxidative product, namely, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (OG), in humans and bacteria, respectively. While natural G adopts the anti conformation and forms a Watson-Crick pair with cytosine (C), OG can also adopt the syn conformation and form a Hoogsteen pair with adenine (A). hOgg1 removes OG paired with C but is inactive toward the OG:A pair. In contrast, FPG removes OG from OG:C pairs and also exhibits appreciable (although diminished) activity toward OG:A pairs. As a first step toward understanding this difference in activity, we have employed molecular dynamics simulations to examine how the anti and syn conformers of OG are accommodated in the hOgg1 and FPG active sites. When anti-OG is bound, hOgg1 active site residues are properly aligned to initiate catalytic base departure, while geometrical parameters required for the catalytic reaction are not conserved for syn-OG. On the other hand, the FPG catalytic residues are suitably aligned for both OG conformers, with anti-OG being more favorably bound. Thus, our data suggests that the differential ability of hOgg1 and FPG to accommodate the anti- and syn-OG glycosidic conformations is an important factor that contributes to the relative experimental excision rates. Nevertheless, the positions of the nucleophiles with respect to the lesion in the active sites suggest that the reactant complex is poised to initiate catalysis through a similar mechanism for both repair enzymes and supports a recently proposed mechanism in which sugar-ring opening precedes nucleoside deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge , 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge , 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Chaudhary P, Goettel JT, Mercier HPA, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Hazendonk P, Gerken M. Lewis Acid Behavior of SF4: Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Study of Adducts of SF4with Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives. Chemistry 2015; 21:6247-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Wetmore SD. Quantum mechanical study of the β- and δ-lyase reactions during the base excision repair process: application to FPG. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24696-706. [PMID: 26352486 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The β- and δ-elimination reactions catalyzed by FPG during the base excision repair of 8-oxoguanine are intrinsically different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Lethbridge
- 4401 University Drive West
- Lethbridge
- Canada
| | - Stacey D. Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Lethbridge
- 4401 University Drive West
- Lethbridge
- Canada
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Wetmore SD. Computational Investigation of Glycosylase and β-Lyase Activity Facilitated by Proline: Applications to FPG and Comparisons to hOgg1. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14566-77. [PMID: 25415645 DOI: 10.1021/jp507783d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D. Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Matta CF. Erratum: “The chemical bond in external electric fields: Energies, geometries, and vibrational Stark shifts of diatomic molecules” [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 144101 (2013)]. J Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4890345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Matta CF. The chemical bond in external electric fields: Energies, geometries, and vibrational Stark shifts of diatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:144101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4820487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bensasson RV, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Zoete V, Dauzonne D, Matta CF. Physicochemical properties of exogenous molecules correlated with their biological efficacy as protectors against carcinogenesis and inflammation. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2013.767669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Matta CF, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Bandrauk AD. Dipole Moment Surfaces of the CH4 + •X → CH3• + HX (X = F, Cl) Reactions from Atomic Dipole Moment Surfaces, and the Origins of the Sharp Extrema of the Dipole Moments near the Transition States. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7468-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chérif F. Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3M 2J6
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
B3H 3C3
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3M 2J6
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
B3H 3C3
| | - André D. Bandrauk
- Laboratoire de Chimie
Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K
2R
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Groves BR, Crawford SM, Lundrigan T, Matta CF, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Thompson A. Synthesis and characterisation of the unsubstituted dipyrrin and 4,4-dichloro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene: improved synthesis and functionalisation of the simplest BODIPY framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:816-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37480c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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