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Chia SY, Macharia J, Diiro GM, Kassie M, Ekesi S, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Tanga CM. Smallholder farmers' knowledge and willingness to pay for insect-based feeds in Kenya. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230552. [PMID: 32210461 PMCID: PMC7094868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are increasingly being considered as sustainable alternatives to fish and soybean meals in animal feed because of their high nutritional quality and environmental benefits. However, successful introduction of a new product to the market depends on the target user’s acceptance. Thus, evaluating the potential demand of insect-based feeds would provide relevant information for policy development. The present study assessed farmers’ knowledge on edible insects as feed, their acceptance of integrating insect meals in animal feeds and willingness to pay (WTP) for insect-based feed (IBF) using a contingent valuation method. A household survey was conducted among 957 randomly selected farmers including: 409 poultry, 241 fish and 307 pig farmers in four counties in Kenya. Results of the study reveal that over 70 and 80% of poultry and fish farmers, respectively, are aware that insects can be used as a feed ingredient. In addition, over 60 and 75% of poultry and fish farmers, respectively, consider insects as a good component of feed. Poultry, pig and fish farmers interviewed accepted and showed willingness to pay for IBF. Regression analysis indicated that age, gender, education, marital status, distance to feed trader, awareness of insects as feed, attitude towards insects, acceptance of insect species, availability of agricultural inputs, use of commercial feeds, availability of training and market information had a significant influence on the WTP for IBF. Therefore, increased extension services to educate famers on the nutritional benefits of insect meals in animal feeds and existing market opportunities are expected to improve farmers’ attitude towards utilization and consequently enhance WTP for IBF, which in return would significantly reduce the existing pressure on conventional fishmeal feed resources. Our findings provide the first insights into the market opportunities of including insect meals in the animal feed value chain in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaphan Y. Chia
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Macharia
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gracious M. Diiro
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menale Kassie
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, Alaru AO, Mwangi DM, Githinji M, Subramanian S, Fiaboe KKM, Ekesi S, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Effect of Dietary Replacement of Fishmeal by Insect Meal on Growth Performance, Blood Profiles and Economics of Growing Pigs in Kenya. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100705. [PMID: 31546995 PMCID: PMC6826664 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pig keeping is an important source of income but the high cost of fishmeal (FM), which is the main protein source in animal feeds, has hindered the sector from realizing its full potential. As an alternative, we investigated the suitability of a meal derived from black soldier fly larvae (BSFLM) as a protein source. Pigs were fed different diet types: Control (no BSFLM: 0% (T0)), 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) replacement of FM by BSFLM. Average daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the replacement of FM by BSFLM. Red or white blood cell parameters did not differ among diets, except for neutrophil counts, which were higher at T75 and T100 compared to T0. At T25, T75 and T100, pigs had lower platelet counts compared to pigs fed T0 and T50. Dietary BSFLM inclusion did not influence blood cholesterol levels. The cost–benefit ratio and return on investment were similar across diets. Our study shows that BSFLM is a suitable and cost-effective alternative to FM in pig feeds. Abstract Pig production is one of the fastest growing livestock sectors. Development of this sector is hampered by rapidly increasing costs of fishmeal (FM), which is a common protein source in animal feeds. Here, we explored the potential of substituting FM with black soldier fly larval meal (BSFLM) on growth and blood parameters of pigs as well as economic aspects. At weaning, 40 hybrid pigs, i.e., crossbreeds of purebred Large White and Landrace were randomly assigned to five iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic dietary treatments: Control (0% BSFLM and 100% FM (T0)), and FM replaced at 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) with BSFLM. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the whole trial. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters, the cost–benefit ratio (CBR) and return on investment (RoI) were evaluated. No significant effect of diet type was observed on feed intake and daily weight gain. Red or white blood cell indices did not differ among diets. Pigs fed T25, T75 and T100, had lower platelet counts compared to T0 and T50. Dietary inclusion of BSFLM did not affect blood total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. CBR and RoI were similar for the various diets. In conclusion, BSFLM is a suitable and cost-effective alternative to fishmeal in feed for growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaphan Y Chia
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Isaac M Osuga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
| | - Alphonce O Alaru
- Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Naivasha 20117, Kenya.
| | - David M Mwangi
- Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI). Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Kakamega 50100, Kenya.
| | - Macdonald Githinji
- Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Naivasha 20117, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), BP 2008 (Messa), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Salifu D, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KK, Niassy S, van Loon JJ, Dicke M, Ekesi S. Effects of waste stream combinations from brewing industry on performance of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5885. [PMID: 30519507 PMCID: PMC6272031 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been a rapidly growing demand for readily accessible substrates for mass production of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens Linnaeus. Beer production results in various by-products that typically end up in uncontrolled dumpsites constituting pollution problems, which merits urgent attention. The present study investigated whether the 12 formulated diets composed of brewers' spent grains (BSGs), brewers' yeast and cane molasses can serve as substrate for H. illucens production. METHODS Four different BSGs were selected and formulated into 12 diets, aiming at varying protein and net energy levels. The diets were offered to newly hatched (∼1 h old) H. illucens larvae and the influence on developmental duration, survival, wet weight, pre-oviposition time, fecundity, and longevity were compared. RESULTS Developmental duration of the larvae (16-21 days) and pre-pupae (8-11 days) differed significantly across the different diets. The developmental duration of the pupae (8.7-9.1 days) was not affected by diet. The larval (86-99.2%), pre-pupal (71-95%), and pupal (65-91%) survival rates varied significantly between flies reared on the different diets. The pre-oviposition time was similar for flies provided with water (7-11 days) and 10% sugar solution (8-14 days) or across the different diets. The mean fecundity per female ranged from 324-787 eggs and did not differ between females provided with water or sugar solution. However, the number of eggs laid per female varied significantly across the different diets when provided with water. The longevity of starved H. illucens adults was significantly lower (5 days) compared to those provided with water (11-14 days) or sugar solution (14-15 days). DISCUSSION The implications of these findings as part of a quality control procedure for commercial production of high-quality H. illucens larvae as an alternative protein ingredient in livestock and aquaculture feed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaphan Y. Chia
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac M. Osuga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira A. Mohamed
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K.M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Wang LK, Chia SY, Allen JC, Yeo KK, Chua SC. P6354Enhanced bedside PCI risk score predicting major adverse cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L K Wang
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Y Chia
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J C Allen
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K K Yeo
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S C Chua
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Go YY, Chia SY, Ewe SH, Sahlen SA, Sim D, Jaufeerally FR, Ding ZP, Lim TK. P2816Left atrial volume is an independent predictor of outcome in a large asian cohort with acute heart failure. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Go
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Y Chia
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S H Ewe
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S A Sahlen
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - D Sim
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Z P Ding
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T K Lim
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Cardiology, Singapore, Singapore
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Yang S, Chia SY, Chuah KL, Eng P. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis treated with rigid bronchoscopy and stenting. Surg Endosc 2003; 17:658-9. [PMID: 12574930 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-002-4260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2002] [Accepted: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) is an uncommon disease that can cause airway obstruction. We present a case of TBA in a 20-year-old man that was treated successfully with rigid bronchoscopy and stenting. The patient presented with progressive dyspnea despite having had a tracheostomy fashioned at another institution. Airway obstruction secondary to TBA was found distal to the tracheostomy. The amyloid protein subtype was AA, which is uncommon and is seldom of clinical significance in the respiratory tract. The patient underwent rigid bronchoscopy to remove the amyloid protein causing the airway obstruction. A Dumon silicone stent was then inserted to alleviate the obstruction. Thereafter, he recovered well and was discharged without a tracheostomy. This report shows that in patients with TBA causing airway obstruction, excellent results can be obtained with rigid bronchoscopy and stenting of the obstructing lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
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