Advancements in multiferroic, dielectric, and impedance properties of copper-yttrium co-doped cobalt ferrite for hydroelectric cell applications

This paper explores yttrium and copper co-doped cobalt ferrite [Co1-xCuxFe1.85Y0.15O4] synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion route (0.0 ⩽x⩽ 0.08). Investigating the impact of co-dopants on CoFe2O4, the study reveals altered cation distribution affecting the structure, multiferroic, and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction studies show nanocrystalline co-doped cobalt ferrites with lattice expansion and smaller grains due to Cu-Y co-doping. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms inverse spinel family classification with tetrahedral lattice shrinkage. Field emission scanning electron microscopy indicates a grain size of approximately 0.12μm. Ferroelectric analysis reveals a peak saturation polarization of 23.42μC cm-2for 8% copper doping, attributed to increased Fe3+ions at tetrahedral sites. Saturation magnetization peaks at 54.4706 emu g-1for 2% Cu2+ion substitution [Co0.98Cu0.02Fe1.85Y0.15O4] and decreases to 37.09 emu g-1for 4% Cu substitution due to irregular iron atom distribution at tetrahedral sites. Dielectric studies uncover Maxwell-Wagner polarization and high resistance in grain and grain boundaries using impedance spectroscopy. Fabricated hydroelectric cells exhibit improved ionic diffusion, suggesting their use in potential hydroelectric cell applications.

Analytical validation of HER2DX genomic test for early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer

BACKGROUND

HER2DX, a multianalyte genomic test, has been clinically validated to predict breast cancer recurrence risk (relapse risk score), the probability of achieving pathological complete response post-neoadjuvant therapy (pCR likelihood score), and individual ERBB2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in patients with early-stage human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. This study delves into the comprehensive analysis of HER2DX's analytical performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Precision and reproducibility of HER2DX risk, pCR, and ERBB2 mRNA scores were assessed within and between laboratories using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues and purified RNA. Robustness was appraised by analyzing the impact of tumor cell content and protocol variations including different instruments, reagent lots, and different RNA extraction kits. Variability was evaluated across intratumor biopsies and genomic platforms [RNA sequencing (RNAseq) versus nCounter], and according to protocol variations.

RESULTS

Precision analysis of 10 FFPE tumor samples yielded a maximal standard error of 0.94 across HER2DX scores (1-99 scale). High reproducibility of HER2DX scores across 29 FFPE tumors and 20 RNAs between laboratories was evident (correlation coefficients >0.98). The probability of identifying score differences >5 units was ≤5.2%. No significant variability emerged based on platform instruments, reagent lots, RNA extraction kits, or TagSet thaw/freeze cycles. Moreover, HER2DX displayed robustness at low tumor cell content (10%). Intratumor variability across 212 biopsies (106 tumors) was <4.0%. Concordance between HER2DX scores from 30 RNAs on RNAseq and nCounter platforms exceeded 90.0% (Cohen's κ coefficients >0.80).

CONCLUSIONS

The HER2DX assay is highly reproducible and robust for the quantification of recurrence risk, pCR likelihood, and ERBB2 mRNA expression in early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer.

Assessment of the prevalence of types of head and neck cancer in a tertiary cancer center at Madurai, Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional study

AIM

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of types of head and neck cancer in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of types of head and neck cancer in Madurai, Tamil Nadu using a questionnaire.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for two months among 300 head and neck cancer patients at a tertiary cancer center in Madurai. A convenience sampling technique was used. The data were collected using a pretested, self-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software.

RESULTS

Of 300 head and neck cancer patients, the mean age of the patients was about 51.04 ± 16.49 years. The majority of the patients were male (80%), employed (85%), and literate (65%). Among the head and neck cancer patients, 65% were tobacco users and 42.4% were alcohol consumers. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of head and neck cancer, and 79.7% were diagnosed at an advanced stage of said cancer, such as stages III and IV.

CONCLUSION

Lack of knowledge and awareness is a major cause of increasing prevalence of head and neck cancer in our country. It is most important to increase the knowledge and awareness of early symptom recognition and its seriousness among the general population.

Unveiling the impact of Ni2+/Y3+ co-substitution on the structural, dielectric, and impedance properties of multiferroic spinel ferrite for hydroelectric cell application

Substitution with rare earth (RE3+) and transition (X = Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, etc.) metals can distort the spinel ferrite structure and create defects, which can be exploited in multifarious applications. In this study, yttrium and nickel co-substituted cobalt ferrites [Co1-xNixFe1.85Y0.15O4], (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) were synthesized by a modified sol-gel reaction route. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the single phase and highly crystalline nature of the prepared samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) spectroscopy confirmed the morphology of the prepared samples sintered at 800 °C and showed the grain sizes of the particles decreased with the addition of nickel ions. The simultaneous co-existence of saturation magnetization and ferroelectricity at room temperature confirmed the multiferroic nature of the co-substituted cobalt ferrites. The dielectric and impedance studies confirmed the Maxwell-Wagner polarization phenomenon and the enhanced values with Y-Ni co-substitution. The maximum saturation ferroelectric polarization was attained around 6.142 μC cm-2 for yttrium-substituted cobalt ferrite and then decreased with the increase in the substitution % of nickel. The maximum value of saturation magnetization (Ms = 99.50 emu g-1) was obtained with the highest substitution % of nickel of x = 0.15 in yttrium-substituted cobalt ferrite (YCFO) nanoferrites, which was also confirmed from the vibrating sample magnitude (VSM) studies at room temperature. The improvements in the structural, morphological, electrical, and multiferroic properties in the co-substituted cobalt ferrites were found to correlated to the substitution of the bigger cationic Y3+ ions compared to the Fe3+ ions, while the small substitution of Ni2+ ions lead to changes in the lattice parameters, porosity, and conduction behavior. These significant enhancements in co-substituted cobalt ferrites can be exploited for hydroelectric cell applications.

An unusual case of eosinophilia, myalgia and skin contractures: Shulman's disease revisited

Shulman's disease (eosinophilic fasciitis) is a very rare autoimmune disorder with an unknown etiopathogenesis. During the initial period of disease, it usually causes limb and trunk edema followed by collagenous thickening of the subcutaneous fascia. Eosinophilia is a predominant laboratory finding during the initial phase of the disease and less prominent in the later phases. Patients may also present with arthritis, myositis, peripheral neuropathy, and rarely pleuropericarditis. Here, we are reporting a case of eosinophilic fasciitis presenting with vague constitutional symptoms, fever, and peripheral blood eosinophilia followed by rapidly evolving skin tightening with joint contractures and muscle stiffness, which misled the treating team toward Scleroderma and its overlap syndromes. The diagnosis was finally clinched by a full-thickness skin biopsy along with underlying fascia and muscle tissue from an effected area, with a gratifying treatment response to standard immune suppression.

TB disease patterns by HIV and diabetes status

BACKGROUND: TB is commonly categorised as pulmonary (PTB) or extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Knowledge of TB disease patterns (PTB and/or EPTB) and determining risk factors remains limited.METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in Indian patients with presumed TB. Clinical and imaging data were used to develop refined case definitions for PTB, concurrent PTB and EPTB (PTB + EPTB) and EPTB without PTB (EPTB). These groups were analysed by HIV (HIV+/-) and diabetes mellitus (DM+/-) status.RESULTS: Of 172 HIV-/DM- patients with TB, 48% had PTB, 23% PTB + EPTB and 29% had EPTB, totalling 52% with any EPTB (PTB + EPTB or EPTB). In HIV+/DM- patients with TB (n = 35), 6% had PTB, 40% had PTB + EPTB and 54% had EPTB, accounting for 94% with EPTB. In HIV-/DM+ patients with TB (n = 61), 61% had PTB, 28% had PTB + EPTB and 11% had EPTB, representing 39% with EPTB.CONCLUSION: Refined case definitions revealed high proportions of EPTB even without HIV or DM. HIV further altered the TB disease pattern towards EPTB and DM towards PTB. Therefore, the dichotomy between PTB or EPTB does not represent the actual spectrum of TB disease. EPTB should receive higher priority in research and clinical practice.

A Effect of Radial Clearance, Corner Radius and Micro Lateralization on Contact Stress of Metallic and Ceramic Hip Prosthesis

Edge loading leads to high contact stress at the rim of the contact. This is due to less radial clearance and excessive lateral head displacement which potentially causes implant failure. The ceramic implants have a high possibility of fracture compared with metallic implants because of above-said reasons. The present study focuses on the investigation of contact stress for the combined effect of radial clearance (0.05-0.75 mm) and micro-lateralisation conditions (1-2.5 mm) for Metal-on-Metal (M-o-M) and Ceramic-on-Ceramic (C-o-C) pairs. The contact stresses are analysed for round corners of the acetabulum cup geometry for the above-said combinations with four different arc radii (1- 4mm). Finite element modeling (FEM) of femur head with half of the acetabulum cup is considered for the current study. Contact stress values obtained for 2 mm and 4 mm round corner geometry are quite low when compared with 1 and 3 mm round corners even for larger radial clearances and high lateral head displacements. The study also showed von Mises stress value obtained for M-o-M pair is quite low for 4 mm round corner for larger radial clearance and high lateral head displacements. Similarly, in C-o-C pair the compressive stress values are minimum for 4 mm round corner. Since the stress values were minimum for 4 mm round corner geometry, it clearly indicates that even edge loading occurs and the round corner geometry would be very helpful in reducing the stress for both M-o-M and C-o-C pairs.

Novel benchmark values for redo liver transplantation – does the outcome justify the effort?

Objective

In the era of organ shortage, redo liver transplantation (reLT) is frequently discussed in terms of expected poor outcome, high cost and therefore wasteful resources. However, there is a lack of benchmark data to reliably assess outcomes after reLT. The aim of this study was to define the ideal reLT case, and to establish clinically relevant benchmark values for best achievable outcome in reLT.

Methods

We collected data on reLT between January 2010 and December 2018 from 22 high volume transplant centers on three continents. Benchmark cases were defined as recipients with model of end-stage liver disease score &lt;=25, absence of portal vein thrombosis, no mechanical ventilation before surgery, receiving a graft from a donor after brain death. In addition, early reLT including those for primary non-function (PNF) were excluded. Clinically relevant endpoints covering intra- and postoperative course were selected and complications were graded by severity using the Clavien-Dindo classification and the comprehensive complication index (CCI). The benchmark cutoff for each outcome was derived from the 75th percentile of the median values of all benchmark centers, indicating the “best achievable” result. To assess the utility of the newly established benchmark values, we analyzed patients who received reLT for PNF (non-benchmark patients).

Results

Out of 1110 reLT 413 (37.2%) qualified as benchmark cases. Benchmark values included: Length of intensive care unit and hospital stay: &lt;=6 and &lt;=24 days, respectively; Clavien-Dindo grade &gt;=3a complications and the CCI at 1 year: &lt;=76% and &lt;=72.2, respectively; in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates: &lt;=14.0% and &lt;=14.3%, respectively. The cutoffs for transplant-specific complications such as biliary complications at 1 year, outflow problems at 1 year and hepatic artery thrombosis at discharge were &lt;=27.3%, &lt;=2.5% and &lt;=4.8%, respectively. Patients receiving a reLT for PNF showed mean outcome values all outside the reLT benchmark values. In-hospital mortality rate was 34.4% and the mean CCI at discharge 68.8.

Conclusion

ReLT remains associated with high morbidity and mortality. The availability of benchmark values for outcome parameters of reLT may serve for comparison in any future analyses of individuals, patient groups, or centers, but also in the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies and principles.

Impact of digital boards on hand and neck muscle activity during online teaching process

Academicians across the globe due to Covid 19 shifted to online teaching as a mainstream method by replacing the chalk and talk method. The main objective of this study is to find the impact of different sizes of digital boards used for online teaching on muscle activity and muscle fatigue, and then results are compared with conventional writing. Initially, a questionnaire survey is conducted among 100 college professors about the issue they faced while using online teaching methods. Experimental analysis are then conducted using electromyography sensor (sEMG) among ten college professors and their muscle activity on the dominant hand and neck while writing on two commercially available digital boards namely Type 1 (small writing area) and Type 2 (large writing area). Four muscles namely Flexor carpi radialis, Extensor carpi radialis, Biceps brachii, and Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) are chosen for the study. The results are then compared with muscle activity while writing on conventional A4 sheets. Normalized root mean square (RMS) is used to assess the muscle activity and the trend line of MPF value is utilized to assess the muscle fatigue. The results show that SCM muscle has more muscle activation compared to other selected muscles followed by flexor carpi radialis. Subjective analysis is carried out using the Borg scale, which has reported that Type 2 digital board having larger working area was preferred by the participants as it reduces muscle fatigue.

A comparison on efficiency and aerosol generation between “modified and conventional technique of bracket bonding”

Introduction:

The novel COVID-19 which spread's primarily through oral and nasal passage poses a major threat of spread during dental treatments. It is important for dental practitioners to use minimal aerosol techniques. The aim of this study is to compare the time taken, efficiency and aerosol generated between modified and conventional technique (CT) of bracket bonding.

Methods:

This study includes 40 patients who required complete orthodontic treatment. In all 40 patients, one of the arches was bonded with modified technique (MT) and the opposing with CT. The time taken to prepare tooth in both the techniques were accessed. The efficiency of bond was seen over a period of 6 months. The amount of aerosol particulate matter generated during CT and MT was observed using a laser air quality monitor

Conclusion:

There is no significant difference in the bond failure and time taken between both the techniques. The aerosol generated in MT was minimal or almost negligible when compared to the use of CT.

Deep Learning-Based Real-Time AI Virtual Mouse System Using Computer Vision to Avoid COVID-19 Spread

The mouse is one of the wonderful inventions of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. Currently, wireless mouse or a Bluetooth mouse still uses devices and is not free of devices completely since it uses a battery for power and a dongle to connect it to the PC. In the proposed AI virtual mouse system, this limitation can be overcome by employing webcam or a built-in camera for capturing of hand gestures and hand tip detection using computer vision. The algorithm used in the system makes use of the machine learning algorithm. Based on the hand gestures, the computer can be controlled virtually and can perform left click, right click, scrolling functions, and computer cursor function without the use of the physical mouse. The algorithm is based on deep learning for detecting the hands. Hence, the proposed system will avoid COVID-19 spread by eliminating the human intervention and dependency of devices to control the computer.

Assessment of the perceived stress and burden of family caregivers of the head-and-neck cancer patients at a tertiary care cancer center: A cross-sectional study

Introduction

Cancer is a major life-threatening disease and has an impact on both patients and their family members. Caring for cancer patients may lead to several levels of stress which may affect their own health as well as their quality of life.

Aim

To assess the perceived stress and burden of family caregivers of head and neck cancer patients (HNC) attending cancer care centre at a tertiary care centre, Tamil Nadu.

Objectives

To assess the perceived stress and the burden among caregivers of patients with head and neck cancer using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) respectively.

Materials and Method

A Cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of three months among the caregivers of head and neck cancer patients at a cancer care centre, Madurai. A total of 200 caregivers were selected by Convenience sampling method. Data was collected using a pretested, self-structured, closed-ended questionnaire by face to face interview method.

Results

The study population consisted of Caregivers aged 21-60 years, mostly females (80%), spouses (54%), employed (57%) and uneducated (66%). Most of the caregivers were from lower socioeconomic status (66%) and those who are providing care for 1 to 6 months were more in number. In this study, 82% of caregivers reported high caregiver burden (CSI ≥7) and 67% of caregivers reported high stress (PSS ≥ 26 - 40).

Conclusion

Caregivers are experiencing significant burden, particularly with respect to their physical and psychological well-being, economic circumstances, social and personal relationships.

Evaluation of LDPE Degradation Under Controlled Composting

The compost burial test was performed to determine the degradation of commercially available low-density polyethylene in natural compost for a period of six months. Biodegradability of polyethylene films in compost was monitored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and weight reduction analysis. After six months of compost exposure, a major change over the surface of LDPE was observed. SEM images clearly showed the exfoliation and cracks on the film leading to degradation. The other analysis also showed a change in the thermal properties and crystallinity of the LDPE films. The composting method could prove to be the reliable and ecological method of degrading plastic waste without hindering the natural ecosystem.

A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Triplet-Mining Metric Learning Schema for Measuring Patient Similarity Addressing Personalized Healthcare

Prediction of the development risk of some diseases is an important area of Health Care Research. When exploring the personalized care of the patients, precise identification and classification of similarity in patients from their past report is an important process. Electronically stored health information EHRs that has been sampled unevenly as well as which has variable appointment durations, is considered to be unsuitable for measuring the similarity among patients directly, as there is no proper representation that are fitting. In addition, a technique is required that is efficient to evaluate similarities in patient. We propose two new similarities learning environments using deep learning that learn simultaneously the representations of the patients as well as measurement of similarity in pairs. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to understand EHRs that contains crucial information which are local thereby providing scholastic illumination in the triplet loss otherwise entropy loss. When the training is completed, distances are calculated as well as similarities scores. Using this similarity information, disease predictions along with patient grouping is performed. Experimentally the results gives an idea that CNN can represent the EHR sequences in a better way and the schema offered are more efficient than the modern metric distance learning.

Quantum Microwave Radiometry with a Superconducting Qubit

The interaction of photons and coherent quantum systems can be employed to detect electromagnetic radiation with remarkable sensitivity. We introduce a quantum radiometer based on the photon-induced dephasing process of a superconducting qubit for sensing microwave radiation at the subunit photon level. Using this radiometer, we demonstrate the radiative cooling of a 1 K microwave resonator and measure its mode temperature with an uncertainty ∼0.01  K. We thus develop a precise tool for studying the thermodynamics of quantum microwave circuits, which provides new solutions for calibrating hybrid quantum systems and detecting candidate particles for dark matter.

Does application of complexity theory simplify concepts of psychiatry: Analogies and insights

Scientific curiosity has not been able to explain the cause of psychiatric illness based on primarily biological or social paradigm. Available literatures were explored to understand causality of psychiatric illness from perspective of physics. Theory of complexity and other relevant theories were extrapolated to address these questions. Mental illness appeared to be a complex interplay of reductionism and emergentism, genetic and epigenetics, stress and the vulnerability or the core and the periphery. Mental illness displayed complex interaction between biological trait and environmental state.

Acute Coronary Syndrome From Green Snake Envenomation

BACKGROUND

Snake bite is a grossly underreported public health issue in subtropical, tropical suburban, and rural areas of Africa and South Asia. In literature, ophitoxemia (snake bite envenomation) as a cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is limited to very few case reports. Viper envenomation is the most common cause of ACS among snake bites. We report the first case of unstable angina caused by Colubridae snake bite (Ahaetullanasuta, commonly called green snakes) in a young man without comorbidities.

CASE REPORT

A young healthy man had a green snake bite that was camouflaged in the green fodder. He was managed elsewhere with anti-snake serum. He developed acute chest pain and breathlessness on day 3 of his treatment. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed biphasic T wave inversions suggestive of type A Wellens pattern in the anterior chest leads (V1-V4). He was treated for ACS medically outside and was referred to our institute for further management on the following day. ECG and cardiac enzymes were normal. The echocardiogram showed no regional wall motion abnormality. Computed tomography coronary angiography showed normal epicardial coronaries. He was discharged in stable condition and asymptomatic at 2 months follow-up. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: ACS after a snake bite is not limited to venomous snakes. The diagnosis should be considered promptly even with a nonvenomous snake bite, especially in those with typical symptoms and ECG changes. The time interval between snake bite and development of ACS can be long and warrants prolonged medical supervision.

A Series of Ferulic Acid Amides Reveals Unexpected Peroxiredoxin 1 Inhibitory Activity with in vivo Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects

Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiological feature in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ferulic acid is known for attenuating the insulin resistance and reducing the blood glucose in T2DM rats. In this work, we designed and synthesized a library of new ferulic acid amides (FAA), which could be considered as ring opening derivatives of the antidiabetic PPARγ agonists Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). However, since these compounds displayed weak PPAR transactivation capacity, we employed a proteomics approach to unravel their molecular target(s) and identified the peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) as a direct binding target of FAAs. Interestingly, PRDX1, a protein with antioxidant and chaperone activity, has been implied in the development of T2DM by inducing hepatic insulin resistance. SPR, mass spectrometry-based studies, docking experiments and in vitro inhibition assay confirmed that compounds VIe and VIf bound PRDX1 and induced a dose-dependent inhibition. Furthermore, VIe and VIf significantly improved hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats as confirmed by histopathological examinations. These results provide guidance for developing the current FAAs as new potential antidiabetic agents.

Abstract C066: Epigenetics and inflammatory environment may contribute to racial disparities in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates dropped by half in the past three decades, but CRC continues to demonstrate racial disparities in incidence and survival. It is believed that unfavorable socioeconomic conditions may lead to an inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, epigenetic events play a major role in regulating inflammatory genes that have been linked to CRC health disparities. The objective of the study was to identify gene(s) that are dysregulated in CRC using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and, furthermore, to characterize those genetic event(s) that are associated with CRC health disparities. The Engrailed-2 (En2) gene encodes for a homeobox-containing transcription factor regulating embryonic brain development. The data indicate that Nanog, IL-8, and EN2 were upregulated in colorectal cancer. EN2 was highly expressed in CRC stem cells and cell lines but its expression was very low or absent in normal cells. EN2 gene was highly expressed in CRC tissues derived from African American patients compared to those from Caucasian Americans. The expression of EN2 significantly increased with patients' age. There was no difference in EN2 expression between males and females of CRC patients. Higher expression of EN2 was correlated with poor survival of CRC patients with greater IL-8 expression. EN2 may act as a novel prognostic biomarker for CRC. Our data indicate that CRC disparities may be associated with epigenetic factors regulating the inflammatory environment.

Citation Format: Y.M. Ma, S.K. Roy, R.K. Srivastava, S. Shankar. Epigenetics and inflammatory environment may contribute to racial disparities in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr C066.

Finite element submodeling technique to analyze the contact pressure and wear of hard bearing couples in hip prosthesis

Finite element (FE) simulation plays a major role in computing stress and predicting the failure of biomedical components. Normally in past, researchers focused on developing a global computational model from the scanned data of patients to analyze the stresses and deformations. To compute the wear of the hip prosthesis, mostly the global model (GM) is used to predict the expected life for million cycles using nodal updating technique which leads to high computational effort and time. The proposed work utilizes a submodeling finite element technique to analyze the contact pressure and wear of biomaterials for three different combinations in hip prosthesis including metal, ceramic and polycrystalline diamond materials. Initially the global model boundary and loading conditions are transferred to the submodel. The mesh is refined further using finer mesh and then the results are computed which consumes lesser time. The contact stress as well as the linear wear of biomaterials is found to be quite high for the local model (LM) when compared with the global model. However, no changes in volumetric wear of these biomaterials are observed when compared with previous experimental results. The computational time as well as accuracy in estimating the contact stress and the wear of bearings is improved effectively. Among local model with different element sizes, 0.75 mm element size of local model showed improved results in estimating the contact stress and linear wear of bearing.

Prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders among occupational bus drivers of Karnataka, South India

BACKGROUND

Work-related health problems result in an economic loss of 4-6% in GDP (Gross domestic Product) of the most countries. In the industrialized countries, 1/3rd of the health-related absence to duty are due to musculoskeletal disorders. Professional driving is one such occupation which looks like sedentary occupation, but involves many risk factors that contribute to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) due to its nature of working and work environment. This research describes the various risk factors associated with WMSDs and their effects on drivers health.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of WMSD and its associated risk factors among the bus drivers of Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), Karnataka.

METHODS

Subjects considered in this study are 301 full-time bus drivers from the central division KSRTC which consists of 6 depots in Bengaluru. Information regarding reported WMSD symptoms during immediate past 7 days to 12 months, the intervention of WMSD in their day-to-day life and the overall comfort of the body are determined through Standardized Nordic Questionnaire and also by direct observation. The survey questionnaire is conducted by face to face interview.

FINDINGS

From the statistical analysis, it is found that around 55.8% of the study population has experienced WMSD. The prevalence of WMSD is most common in the age group of 29-39 years (53.5%) followed by the age group of >40 years.

CONCLUSION

In this study, some of the work-related and lifestyle/health-related factors show significant association with WMSD in bus drivers of Karnataka. Musculoskeletal disorders can be prevented by designing the driver's workspace ergonomically so that the design suits to all sorts of drivers and the drivers should also be trained on basics of vehicle ergonomics (posture, seat adjustments, in-vehicle controls adjustments).

INTERPRETATION

KSRTC should educate drivers on the basics of vehicle ergonomics, harmful use of tobacco/alcohol, unhealthy food habits and also to involve in physical exercise at least 75-150 mins weekly. If not, the trend of drivers suffering from WMSD belonging to mid-age will increase exponentially.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

Statistical result and direct observation insist on undertaking further studies on ergonomic interventions at driver's cabin, lifestyle/occupational health factors which mitigate WMSD in different parts of the body during driving.

Treatment of Alzheimer's diseases using donepezil nanoemulsion: an intranasal approach

Alzheimer disease (AD) is very common among the older people. There are few medications available as oral and suspension dosage forms for the management of AD. Due to the rising cases of AD and the associated risks of the existing line of treatment, oil in water (o/w) nanoemulsion (NE) loaded with donepezil was prepared to explore intranasal route of administration. The NE was prepared using labrasol (10%), cetyl pyridinium chloride (1% in 80% water), and glycerol (10%), with a drug concentration of 1 mg/ml. The developed NE was characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. In vitro release studies were conducted to observe the release of drug. Further in vivo studies of developed NE were done on Sprague Dawley rats using technetium pertechnetate (^99mTc) labeled formulations to investigate the nose to brain drug delivery pathway. The nanoemulsion showed particle size of 65.36 nm with a PDI of 0.084 and zeta potential of -10.7 mV. In vitro release studies showed maximum release of 99.22% in 4 h in phosphate-buffered saline, 98% in 2 h in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and 96% in 2 h in simulated nasal fluid. The cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the NE showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and % radical scavenging activity (%RSA). The images of giemsa staining also confirmed that the developed formulation has no impact on the morphology of cells. Scintigrams showed maximum uptake of NE in the brain. The findings suggested that the developed NE loaded with donepezil hydrochloride could serve as a new approach for the treatment of Alzheimer via nose to brain drug delivery. Graphical abstract.

Radiosensitivity increase in FCV-F9 virus using combined treatments with natural antimicrobials and γ-irradiation

AIMS

The objective was to evaluate the possible synergistic effect of cranberry juice (CJ) and commercial citrus extract (BS) against FCV-F9 viral titre in vitro in combination with γ-irradiation and to determinate the D₁₀ values and radiosensitivity increase.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Virus samples were treated with a formulation containing a mixture of BS or CJ. Results showed a D₁₀ of 0·05, 0·42% and 1·34 kGy for the virus treated with the BS, the CJ and the irradiation alone respectively. Concentrations needed to reduce 6 log TCID₅₀  ml^-1 of viral titre were BS-0·3%, CJ-2·52% and 8·04 kGy. Irradiation combined with BS-0·01% and CJ-0·1% against FCV-F9 virus showed D₁₀ values of 0·74 and 0·72 kGy, respectively, resulting in a viral radiosensitization of 1·28 and 1·50 for respective treatments.

CONCLUSION

The higher viral radiosensitization observed after combining γ-irradiation with BS-0·01% and CJ-0·1% indicates that CJ and BS could be used as antiviral agents alone or in combination with γ-irradiation to prevent NoV outbreaks.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Cranberry juice and BS could be used in hurdle approaches in combined treatment with γ-irradiation to assure food safety without a detrimental effect on nutritional value and maintain low processing cost.

Proposal for Heralded Generation and Detection of Entangled Microwave-Optical-Photon Pairs

Quantum state transfer between microwave and optical frequencies is essential for connecting superconducting quantum circuits to optical systems and extending microwave quantum networks over long distances. However, establishing such a quantum interface is extremely challenging because the standard direct quantum transduction requires both high coupling efficiency and small added noise. We propose an entanglement-based scheme-generating microwave-optical entanglement and using it to transfer quantum states via quantum teleportation-which can bypass the stringent requirements in direct quantum transduction and is robust against loss errors. In addition, we propose and analyze a counterintuitive design-suppress the added noise by placing the device at a higher temperature environment-which can improve both the device quality factor and power handling capability. We systematically analyze the generation and verification of entangled microwave-optical-photon pairs. The parameter for entanglement verification favors the regime of cooperativity mismatch and can tolerate certain thermal noises. Our scheme is feasible given the latest advances on electro-optomechanics, and can be generalized to various physical systems.

Rare Earth Element (REE) Nd3+ Doped CeO₂ Nanoparticles Using Aloe vera Leaf Extract: Structural, Optical and Antimicrobial Activity

Pure and Nd-doped cerium oxides (CeO₂, Ce_0.075Nd_0.025O and Ce_0.050Nd_0.050O) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Aloe vera leaf extract. X-ray powder diffraction studies were confirmed that synthesized pure and Nd³⁺ doped CeO₂ NPs and were exhibited cubic structure. FE-SEM image exhibited pure and Nd³⁺ doped CeO₂ NPs have spherical structure and Nd doped CeO2 NPs small pores were formed in the surface. EDAX spectral analysis used to identify the elemental compositions. FT-IR spectra shows various functional groups and were identified for pure and Nd³⁺ doped CeO₂ NPs. UV-Vis spectra, absorption edges were observed at 314 nm, 324 nm and 357 nm for pure and Nd doped CeO2 NPs respectively. PL spectral analysis, small shift observed for emission of the CeO2 NPs values as compared to that of the Nd doped CeO2 NPs emission values. The antimicrobial studies were performed against a set of Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia and Shigella dysenteriae) bacterial and fungal candida albicans strain.

Gated Conditional Displacement Readout of Superconducting Qubits

We have realized a new interaction between superconducting qubits and a readout cavity that results in the displacement of a coherent state in the cavity, conditioned on the state of the qubit. This conditional state, when it reaches the cavity-following, phase-sensitive amplifier, matches its measured observable, namely, the in phase quadrature. In a setup where several qubits are coupled to the same readout resonator, we show it is possible to measure the state of a target qubit with minimal dephasing of the other qubits. Our results suggest novel directions for faster readout of superconducting qubits and implementations of bosonic quantum error-correcting codes.

Sex determination using maxillary arch width of pediatric population of Namakkal district, India: A forensic study

Aim and Objectives:

The aim of the study is to compute a new formula for sex determination using maxillary arch width of a pediatric population of Namakkal district.

Materials and Methods:

The sample consisted of 146 females and 218 males of South Indian origin aged between 4 and 6 years. Alginate impressions of the upper and lower dental arch were made, and casts were poured immediately. A digital vernier caliper was used to obtain measurements. Arch width at canine, first molar and second molar for both maxilla and mandible were considered for measurement. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 20.0 software.

Results:

The Student's t-test was used to find out the significance between male and female among the different predictor variables at P < 0.05. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in maxillary intercanine width and maxillary first and second intermolar width with conical discriminant function coefficient of 0.732, −0.177 and −0.244, respectively.

Conclusion:

The formula derived from the present study could be of great value in sex determination of pediatric populations of Namakkal district.

Hot Nonequilibrium Quasiparticles in Transmon Qubits

Nonequilibrium quasiparticle excitations degrade the performance of a variety of superconducting circuits. Understanding the energy distribution of these quasiparticles will yield insight into their generation mechanisms, the limitations they impose on superconducting devices, and how to efficiently mitigate quasiparticle-induced qubit decoherence. To probe this energy distribution, we systematically correlate qubit relaxation and excitation with charge-parity switches in an offset-charge-sensitive transmon qubit, and find that quasiparticle-induced excitation events are the dominant mechanism behind the residual excited-state population in our samples. By itself, the observed quasiparticle distribution would limit T_{1} to ≈200  μs, which indicates that quasiparticle loss in our devices is on equal footing with all other loss mechanisms. Furthermore, the measured rate of quasiparticle-induced excitation events is greater than that of relaxation events, which signifies that the quasiparticles are more energetic than would be predicted from a thermal distribution describing their apparent density.

Mechanical loading characteristics of total hip prosthetics subjected to dynamic loading cycles

The selection of best material pair in the hip prosthetics design for improved performance and life relies on the estimation of hip joint contact stresses and contact pressure distribution during various dynamic loading cycles: Climbing Upstairs, Climbing downstairs and Knee bending. The maximum Von Mises stress, contact pressure and deformation are considered factors in selecting the material pair in this current study. This is done by analysis of a three-dimensional finite element model of the acetabular component during the different dynamics cycles using ANSYS®. The different material combination of bearing couples considered for this analysis are metal in contact with plastic, metal on metal, metal on ceramic, ceramic on plastic, ceramic on metal and ceramic on ceramic. The numerical results were validated by comparing them with the FEA results of Hai-Bo Jiang et al. for the existing material combinations and a high correlation of 92% was observed. We found that the Alumina femoral head paired with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) cup reduces the maximum Von Mises stress and maximum contact pressure developed at the interface amongst other material pairs.

Safety evaluation of fructooligosaccharide (FOSSENCETM): Acute, 14-day, and subchronic oral toxicity study in Wistar rats

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) has been used in infant formula and conventional foods as prebiotics. Short chain FOS (FOSSENCETM) is produced by a patented process of biotransformation of sucrose by the action of enzyme from live microbial cells, hence toxicology studies were initiated to assess its safety. The objective of the present study was to determine safety of FOSSENCETM in acute, 14-day, and subchronic (90-day) toxicity studies. In acute and 14-day studies, administration of the FOSSENCETM to Wistar rats did not cause any mortality or clinical signs and changes in body weights, feed consumption, and gross pathology at the doses of 2000, 5000, and 9000 mg/kg body weight. In the subchronic (90-day) toxicity study, FOSSENCETM was administered by oral gavage to Wistar rats at the doses of 0, 2000, 5000, and 9000 mg/kg/day for 90 days. No treatment-related clinical signs or mortalities were observed. Similarly, no treatment-related toxicologically or biologically significant changes in body weight, feed consumption, ophthalmological findings, neurological effects, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and gross pathological findings were noticed. However, statistically significant increase in weight of cecum (without correlative microscopic change) was noted at all the test item-treated groups in males and females and was considered to be a trophic effect and not a toxic effect in rats.

Point prevalence & risk factor assessment for hospital-acquired infections in a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India

Background & objectives:

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a major challenge to patient safety and have serious public health implications by changing the quality of life of patients and sometimes causing disability or even death. The true burden of HAI remains unknown, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to estimate point prevalence of HAI and study the associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India.

Methods:

A series of four cross-sectional point prevalence surveys were carried out between March and August 2014. Data of each patient admitted were collected using a structured data entry form. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were used to identify and diagnose patients with HAI.

Results:

Overall prevalence of HAI was 3.76 per cent. Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (25%), medical ICU (20%), burns ward (20%) and paediatric ward (12.17%) were identified to have significant association with HAI. Prolonged hospital stay [odds ratio (OR=2.81), mechanical ventilation (OR=18.57), use of urinary catheter (OR=7.89) and exposure to central air-conditioning (OR=8.59) had higher odds of acquiring HAI (P<0.05).

Interpretation & conclusions:

HAI prevalence showed a progressive reduction over successive rounds of survey. Conscious effort needs to be taken by all concerned to reduce the duration of hospital stay. Use of medical devices should be minimized and used judiciously. Healthcare infection control should be a priority of every healthcare provider. Such surveys should be done in different healthcare settings to plan a response to reducing HAI.

Deterministic Remote Entanglement of Superconducting Circuits through Microwave Two-Photon Transitions

Large-scale quantum information processing networks will most probably require the entanglement of distant systems that do not interact directly. This can be done by performing entangling gates between standing information carriers, used as memories or local computational resources, and flying ones, acting as quantum buses. We report the deterministic entanglement of two remote transmon qubits by Raman stimulated emission and absorption of a traveling photon wave packet. We achieve a Bell state fidelity of 73%, well explained by losses in the transmission line and decoherence of each qubit.

Novel Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Spinel Nix Co1-x Al₂O₄ (x = 0.0 to 1.0) Nano-Catalysts for the Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

Ni-doped cobalt aluminate NixCo1-xAl2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) spinel nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple microwave combustion method using urea as the fuel and as well as reducing agent. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was confirmed the formation of single phase, cubic spinel cobalt-nickel aluminate structure without any other impurities. Average crystallite sizes of the samples were found to be in the range of 18.93 nm to 21.47 nm by Scherrer's formula. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis was confirmed the corresponding functional groups of the M-O, Al-O and M-Al-O (M = Co and Ni) bonds of spinel NixCo1-xAl2O4 structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images was confirmed the particle like nanostructured morphology. Energy band gap (Eg) value was calculated using UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and the Eg values increased with increasing Ni2+ dopant from x = 0.2 (3.58 eV) to x = 1.0 (4.15 eV). Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements exposed that undoped and Ni-doped CoAl2O4 samples have superparamagnetic behavior and the magnetization (Ms) values were increased with increasing Ni2+ ions. Spinel NixCo1-xAl2O4 samples has been used for the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol into benzaldehyde and was found that the sample Ni0.6Co0.4Al2O4 showed higher conversion 94.37% with 100% selectivity than other samples, which may be due to the smaller particle size and higher surface area.