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Colin Berry S. Developments in forensic pathology and science - A memory. Med Sci Law 2022; 62:295. [PMID: 35979615 DOI: 10.1177/00258024221121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sir Colin Berry
- Emeritus Professor of Pathology Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer B, Boobis A, Bolt HM, Borgert C, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Galli CL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler JG, Heslop-Harrison P, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Mally A, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Testai E, Tsatsakis A, Vermeulen NP. The EU chemicals strategy for sustainability: in support of the BfR position. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3133-3136. [PMID: 34363510 PMCID: PMC8380226 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The EU chemicals strategy for sustainability (CSS) asserts that both human health and the environment are presently threatened and that further regulation is necessary. In a recent Guest Editorial, members of the German competent authority for risk assessment, the BfR, raised concerns about the scientific justification for this strategy. The complexity and interdependence of the networks of regulation of chemical substances have ensured that public health and wellbeing in the EU have continuously improved. A continuous process of improvement in consumer protection is clearly desirable but any initiative directed towards this objective must be based on scientific knowledge. It must not confound risk with other factors in determining policy. This conclusion is fully supported in the present Commentary including the request to improve both, data collection and the time-consuming and bureaucratic procedures that delay the publication of regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - Bas Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Herrmann M Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira I Virgili', Reus, Spain
| | - Corrado L Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Environment and Health Department, Instituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In 2014, it was estimated that more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight with over 600 million classifiable as obese. Approximately two-thirds of U.S. adults over 20 years of age are currently overweight with about 35% classified as obese, a figure thought likely to reach 42% by 2030 in those over 18 years of age. Adipose cells from stored body fat secrete estrogen and a very large number (> 500) of biologically active substances termed adipokines, in addition to inducing, by other cell-driven effects, pathological alterations in insulin pathways. The U.S. National Cancer Institute reports that exposure to the hormone disrupting and proinflammatory effects of excess adipose tissue are associated with an increased risk for 11 different cancers. Obesity is also associated with a number of serious non-neoplastic conditions including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes; menstrual cycle irregularities and lowered fertility (men and women); and abnormal bone morphology in a subset of female patients. In men hypogonadism, low testosterone levels, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and lowered sperm counts have been reported. In developed countries, the endogenous adverse health burden associated with obesity is only matched, quantitatively and qualitatively, by the exogenous toxicity of cigarette smoking. The investigation of possible hormonal and/or proinflammatory effects of chemicals should include an assessment of the profound endocrine alterations associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University
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Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer B, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Tsatsakis A, Vermeulen NP. Corrigendum to "Critique of the "Comment" etitled "Pyrethroid exposure: not so harmless after all" by Demeneix et al. (2020) published in the lancet diabetes endocrinology". Toxicol Lett 2021; 346:57. [PMID: 33902962 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | | | - Bas Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira i Virgili', Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, Berry SC, Brash DE, Bus J, Calabrese E, Clemens RA, Fowle JRJ, Greim H, MacGregor JT, Maronpot R, Pressman P, Zeiger E, Hayes AW. Bruce Nathan Ames - Paradigm shifts inside the cancer research revolution. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2020; 787:108363. [PMID: 34083041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Bruce Ames turned 92 on December 16, 2020. He considers his most recent work linking adequate consumption of 30 known vitamins and minerals with successful aging to be his most important contribution. With the passage of time, it is not uncommon for the accomplishments of a well-known scientist to undergo a parsimonious reductionism in the public mind - Pasteur's vaccine, Mendel's peas, Pavlov's dogs, Ames' test. Those of us in the research generation subsequent to Dr. Ames' are undoubtedly affected by our own unconscious tendencies toward accepting the outstanding achievements of the past as commonplace. In doing so, seminal advances made by earlier investigators are often inadvertently subsumed into common knowledge. But having followed Ames' work since the mid-1970s, we are cognizant that the eponymous Ames Test is but a single chapter in a long and rich narrative. That narrative begins with Ames' classic studies on the histidine operon of Salmonella, for which he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. A summary of the historical progression of the understanding of chemical carcinogenesis to which Ames and his colleagues contributed is provided. Any summary of a topic as expansive and complex as the ongoing unraveling of the mechanisms underlying chemical carcinogenesis will only touch upon some of the major conceptual advances to which Ames and his colleagues contributed. We hope that scientists of all ages familiar with Ames only through the eponymous Ames Test will further investigate the historical progression of the conceptualization of cancer caused by chemical exposure. As the field of chemical carcinogenesis gradually moves away from primary reliance on animal testing to alternative protocols under the rubric of New Approach Methodologies (NAM) an understanding of where we have been might help to guide where we should go.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douglas E Brash
- Yale University School of Medicine, Senior Research Scientist, Clinical Professor of Therapeutic Radiology, Professor of Genetics and Dermatology, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Edward Calabrese
- University of Massachusetts, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Professor of Toxicology, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- University of Southern California, Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Director, Regulatory Science Program, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Professor Emeritus of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health Tampa, FL, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:259-264. [PMID: 32360654 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Autrup
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira i Virgili', Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich, Hohenbachernstrasse 15-17, D-85350, Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 78:103396. [PMID: 32391796 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Autrup
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira i Virgili', Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Hengstler J, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Chem Biol Interact 2020; 326:109099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? J Toxicol Environ Health A 2020; 83:485-494. [PMID: 32552445 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1756592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine-disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower than S-EDCs. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea, and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Autrup
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University , Queens, USA
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (Ifado), TU Dortmund , Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira I Virgili' , Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich D-85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (Ifado), TU Dortmund , Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Williams GM, Aardema M, Acquavella J, Berry SC, Brusick D, Burns MM, de Camargo JLV, Garabrant D, Greim HA, Kier LD, Kirkland DJ, Marsh G, Solomon KR, Sorahan T, Roberts A, Weed DL. A review of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate by four independent expert panels and comparison to the IARC assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:3-20. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1214677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - John Acquavella
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sir Colin Berry
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Garabrant
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, EpidStat Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Helmut A. Greim
- Department of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Gary Marsh
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Occupational Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Tom Sorahan
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas L. Weed
- DLW Consulting Services, LLC, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Dietrich DR, Dekant W, Greim H, Heslop-Harrison P, Berry SC, Boobis A, Hengstler J, Sharpe R. Allowing pseudoscience into EU risk assessment processes is eroding public trust in science experts and in science as a whole: The bigger picture. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 257:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Berry SC. Public health impact of food: quantity, quality, supplements and appetites. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dellarco VL, McGregor D, Berry SC, Cohen SM, Boobis AR. Thiazopyr and Thyroid Disruption: Case Study Within the Context of the 2006 IPCS Human Relevance Framework for Analysis of a Cancer Mode of Action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 36:793-801. [PMID: 17118729 DOI: 10.1080/10408440600975242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiazopyr increases the incidence of male rat thyroid follicular-cell tumors; however, it is not carcinogenic in mice. Thiazopyr is not genotoxic. Thiazopyr exerts its carcinogenic effect on the rat thyroid gland secondary to enhanced metabolism of thyroxin leading to hormone imbalance. The relevance of these rat tumors to human health was assessed by using the 2006 IPCS Human Relevance Framework. The postulated rodent tumor mode of action was tested against the Bradford Hill criteria and was found to satisfy the conditions of dose and temporal concordance, biological plausibility, coherence, strength, consistency, and specificity that fits with a well-established mode of action for thyroid follicular-cell tumors. Although the postulated mode of action could theoretically operate in humans, marked quantitative differences in the inherent susceptibility for neoplasia to thyroid hormone imbalance in rats allows for the conclusion that thiazopyr does not pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Dellarco
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
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Abstract
It is easy to assume that the straightforward explanation of a rational standpoint, based on sound scientific information, will inform public debate in areas of hazard evaluation. However, although toxicology generally provides the basic data that give reassurance, it is also used as a methodology for hazard identification. Once a hazard has been identified, pressure groups will present data that suit their case and ignore those that do not. Any pretence at analysis is abandoned, as shown by the recent MMR (measles--mumps--rubella) vaccine debate in the UK. Toxicologists should not suppose that comparative evaluations of risk, based on data, will result in a rational choice about environmental interventions -- data are few and opinions are a matter of faith. Thus, we might have to be protagonists in a propaganda war for science if irrational misuse of resources is to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Berry
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK E1 1BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Berry
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK
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Abstract
Epanolol (200 mg once daily) was compared with nifedipine (20 mg twice daily) in a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, crossover study in which 571 patients with stable angina pectoris were entered. Efficacy was assessed by anginal attack rate and short-acting nitrate consumption. Symptoms and treatment preference of the patients were assessed by questionnaires. Assessments were made at baseline and after each 4-week treatment period. Both treatments were equally efficacious as demonstrated by weekly anginal attack rates and nitrate usage. Of those patients who expressed a preference for treatment, 61% expressed a preference for epanolol compared with 39% for nifedipine. Significantly fewer patients reported experiencing flushing, pedal oedema or feeling generally unwell (p less than 0.01) during the epanolol treatment period. Patients withdrew from nifedipine treatment more often than from epanolol because of adverse effects. Hence, epanolol was found to be as efficacious as nifedipine in patients with stable angina pectoris, but exhibited a superior tolerability profile and was preferred by more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Blake
- ICI Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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Abstract
Boronic acid derivatives of good peptide substrates of the serine proteases cause slow-binding inhibition, manifested as biphasic binding (Kettner and Shenvi: J. Biol Chem. 259:15106-15114, 1984). These inhibitors are thought to act as reaction-intermediate analogs. Three peptide boronic acids--Ac-Pro-boro-Val-OH, DNS-Ala-Pro-boro-Val-OH, and Ac-Ala-Ala-Pro-boro-Val-OH--were chosen for far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) studies in order to determine whether the second phase involves a conformational change of pancreatic elastase. The dipeptide is a simple competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.27 microM) and the latter are slow-binding inhibitors (Ki = 16.4 and 0.25 nM, respectively). Spectral deconvolution and correction for the formation of antiparallel beta-sheet by the peptide inhibitor itself indicate that there is no significant change in the secondary structure of the enzyme in either the initial or final inhibitor complex. A kinetic experiment confirmed that the slow-binding step was not associated with a CD spectral change, and that therefore a protein conformational change was not responsible for the slow binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064
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Church J, Lodge D, Berry SC. Differential effects of dextrorphan and levorphanol on the excitation of rat spinal neurons by amino acids. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 111:185-90. [PMID: 2990951 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the stereoisomers dextrorphan and levorphanol on the excitation of spinal neurons by electrophoretically administered excitatory amino acids were studied in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised rats. Both isomers reduced responses to N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMA), dextrorphan being both more selective and more potent than levorphanol in this respect. This observation supports the proposal that the NMA-blocking activity of a variety of drugs with psychotomimetic properties is subserved by actions at phencyclidine (PCP)/sigma opiate receptors.
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Abstract
Using the technique of microelectrophoresis on cat and rat spinal neurones, the bridged benz(f)isoquinoline, LY154045, like ketamine and dextrorphan, was found to be a selective antagonist of N-methylaspartate, an amino acid used for characterizing excitatory amino acid synaptic receptors. The unbridged analogue, LY154005, was inactive as an amino acid antagonist. This result correlates well with the ability of LY154045, but not LY154005, to displace phencyclidine from CNS tissue and to mimic phencyclidine in behavioural tests. The potential role of N-methylaspartate antagonism in the aetiology of some of the behavioural effects of LY154045, phencyclidine and related drugs is considered.
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Abstract
Using the technique of microelectrophoresis in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats and rats, the effects of benzomorphans, with known actions at sigma- and kappa- opioid receptors, were tested on responses of spinal neurones to amino acids and acetylcholine. The racemic mixture and both enantiomers of the sigma opiate receptor agonist, N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10, 047), and the dissociative anaesthetic, ketamine, reduced or abolished excitation evoked by N-methyl-aspartate (NMA) with only small and variable effects on responses to quisqualate or kainate. (+)-SKF 10, 047 was 1.2 +/- 0.7 times more potent than the (-)-enantiomer in antagonizing NMA. On Renshaw cells, (+)-SKF 10, 047 enhanced responses to acetylcholine whereas the (-) enantiomer produced only a small reduction. The kappa- opiate receptor agonist, ethylketocyclazocine, had no selective effects on responses to amino acids or to acetylcholine. We conclude that actions at sigma- but not kappa-, opiate receptors are responsible for the NMA antagonism observed with benzomorphans.
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Abstract
The effects of the dissociative anaesthetic, etoxadrol, and the stereoisomers of dioxadrol, dexoxadrol and levoxadrol, were examined on the excitation of spinal neurones by electrophoretically administered amino acids in pentobarbitone- or urethane-anaesthetized rats, or pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats. Both etoxadrol and the (+)isomer of dioxadrol, dexoxadrol, administered locally or systemically, exhibited a selective antagonism of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate relative to quisqualate and kainate. This selective antagonism was not observed with the (-)isomer of dioxadrol, levoxadrol. Since such a stereoselective antagonism of the excitation of spinal neurones by N-methyl-D,L-aspartate is also displayed by the dissociative anaesthetics phencyclidine and ketamine, it is suggested that a reduced efficiency at excitatory synapses utilising N-methyl-D,L-aspartate receptors contributes to that part of the pharmacological spectrum common to both arylcyclohexylamines and dioxolanes.
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Berry SC, Burton NR, Anis NA, Lodge D. Stereoselective effects of two phencyclidine derivatives on N-methylaspartate excitation of spinal neurones in the cat and rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1983; 96:261-7. [PMID: 6373309 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats and rats effects of stereoisomers of two methylated congeners of phencyclidine, GK4 and GK5, and (+)- and (-)-PCMP, were examined on the excitation of spinal neurones by electrophoretically administered excitatory amino acids and acetylcholine. GK5 and (+)-PCMP were more potent and selective antagonists of N-methylaspartate (NMA) than were GK4 and (-)-PCMP. None of these phencyclidine derivatives showed stereoselectivity in their effects on excitation of neurones by kainate, quisqualate and acetylcholine. The differences in potency between each pair of isomers as NMA antagonists correlates well with the differences reported in results from phencyclidine binding assays and behavioural tests.
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Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D. The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br J Pharmacol 1983; 79:565-75. [PMID: 6317114 PMCID: PMC2044888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb11031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 998] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of two dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, with the responses of spinal neurones to the electrophoretic administration of amino acids and acetylcholine was studied in decerebrate or pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats and rats. Both ketamine and phencyclidine selectively blocked excitation by N-methyl-aspartate (NMA) with little effect on excitation by quisqualate and kainate. Ketamine reduced responses to L-aspartate somewhat more than those of L-glutamate; the sensitivity of responses to these two putative transmitters was between that to NMA on one hand and that to quisqualate or kainate on the other. On Renshaw cells, ketamine and phencyclidine reduced responses to acetylcholine less than those to NMA but more than those to quisqualate or kainate. Dorsal root-evoked synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells was reduced to a greater extent than that following ventral root excitation. Intravenous ketamine, 2.5-20 mg/kg, and phencyclidine, 0.2-0.5 mg/kg, also selectively blocked excitation of neurones by NMA. Ketamine showed no consistent or selective effect on inhibition of spinal neurones by electrophoretically administered glycine or gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA). The results suggest that reduction of synaptic excitation mediated via NMA receptors contributes to the anaesthetic/analgesic properties of these two dissociative anaesthetics.
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Mezei LM, Berry SC, Robb WP. Salicylate interference with measurement of acetaminophen - a reply. Clin Chem 1983; 29:987-8. [PMID: 6839475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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