Analysis of Consanguinity as Risk Factor of Nonsyndromic Cleft Lips with or without Palate

OBJECTIVES

 The etiologies of nonsyndromic cleft lips with or without palate (NS CL/P) are multifactorial, which include consanguineous marriages. The incidence of NS CL/P is relatively high in Indonesia notably in one of Indonesia's tribes whose members frequently marry close cousins. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analysis consanguinity as risk factor of NS CL/P in Sasak tribe, East Lombok, Indonesia MATERIALS AND METHODS:  An observational analysis was made of a collected database of NS CL/P patients treated in social services in regency hospital of Dr. Soejono Selong, East Lombok, Indonesia. Demographic data such as age, gender, address (urban/rural), parent's education, presence or absence of consanguinity, type of clefts, and a three-generation pedigree were collected by interview and hospital medical record. Before analysis, patient information was anonymized and deidentified. From 2016 to 2018, each of 100 cleft and normal subjects with their Sasak parent were audited. The risk factors were analyzed statistically using odds ratio (OR) and chi-squared test.

RESULTS

 Consanguineous marriages identified 54 cases (54%), and 10 cases (10%) out of a total each 100 NS CL/P and controls, respectively. The majority of consanguinity (53.7%) was discovered in marriages between first cousins. NS CL/P cases were statistically linked (p = 0.00) with consanguineous marriages (OR: 10; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-3.1); in which the most prevalent case is unilateral cleft lips.

CONCLUSION

 Consanguineous marriage increases the risk of NS CL/P in Sasak tribe, East Lombok, Indonesia. The development of strategies to educate communities on the impacts of culture-consanguineous marriage is required. The genetic inheritance from their ancestor may be responsible for the increased incidence of NS CL/P.

Manfaat pemberian tepung daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap kadar IL-6 dan kolesterol LDL tikus Sprague Dawley dislipidemia

Dyslipidemia condition causes oxidative stress that triggers inflammation. Moringa leaves are rich in fiber and antioxidants that can prevent oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. This study aimed to see, measure, and analyze the effect of Moringa flour supplementation on IL-6 and LDL levels of dyslipidemic Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The type of study was true-experiment with randomized pre-post. Test with control. Group design. Intervention for 28 days in 4 groups of SD rats (n= 24); a consisting group of healthy rats (K-), dyslipidemic rats (K+), dyslipidemic rats respectively given 0.1g/100g BW moringa flour (P1), and 0.2 g/100g BW moringa flour (P2). ELISA and CHOD-PAP methods measured IL-6 and LDL levels. Statistical analysis used Paired t-test, One-way Anova, and Post Hoc Bonferroni. The results showed a significant decrease in IL-6 and LDL levels in the intervention group compared to the non-intervention group (p= 0,000). The reduction of IL-6 levels in the P2 group was greater than that in the P1 group but not significant. The decrease. in LDL levels in the P2 group was significantly higher than in the P1 group. It is attributed to the fiber and antioxidant content in Moringa. Fiber that can bind cholesterol and bile acids, antioxidants can regulate fat metabolism, capture free radicals and prevent oxidative stress. In conclusion, Moringa flour supplementation improved lipid profiles and inflammation compared to rats with only standard and high-fat diets

The effect of single clove Black garlic on the hemostasis status and lipid profile in male Sprague Dawley rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have alteration in hemostasis components. Thus, including excess expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), causing fibrinolysis disorders; the majority of these patients are hypercoagulable state prone to thrombosis. Some evidence suggests that garlic and garlic supplements have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, garlic stimulates fibrinolytic activity and normalizes plasma lipid imbalances. Black garlic is processed garlic that is produced through natural aging at a controlled temperature (70 °C) and high humidity (90%) for several days, without other additives. This study aimed to prove the effect of single clove black garlic (SCBG) (Allium sativum Linn) on PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles of NAFLD rats induced by a high-fat fructose diet (HFFD) containing 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid.The rats were then divided into healthy control group (K1+); NAFLD control group without treatment (K2+); 0.9 mg simvastatin treatment group (K1-); 45 mg metformin treatment group (K2-); SCBG 450 mg per 200g BW (X1); 900 mg per 200 g BW (X2); and 1350 mg per 200 g BW (X3). All treatments were administered for 4 weeks via oral gavage. As a result, significant differences in PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles between groups after the administration (p = 0.001) were noted and also by simvastatin and metformin, respectively. There was a correlation between PAI-1 and lipid profile of SCBG treatment. In conclusion, the administration of SCBG (1350 mg per 200 g BB per day) for 4 weeks had a significant effect on PAI-1 levels, and the lipid profiles in Sprague Dawley rats modeled NAFLD (p = 0.001). SCBG has provided benefits that can be useful in the management of NAFLD but it’s not equivalent to medicine.

The correlation of intake phytate and tannin on serum transferrin receptor and hemoglobin in stunted overweight adolescents

Stunted overweight teenagers are at risk of having iron deficiency. Iron deficiency is caused by various factors including the high food absorption inhibitors of iron such as phytate and tannins. Phytate and tannin contain polyphenol compounds which have a strong ability to bind iron so that it inhibits iron absorption in the intestine. This study aims to analyze the correlation between phytate, tannin intake and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and hemoglobin in stunted overweight adolescents. The research method was a cross-sectional study of 64 stunted overweight adolescents selected by consecutive sampling in four high schools/vocational high schools in Banyumanik District, Semarang City. Phytate and tannin intake data using SQ-FFQ method. The serum transferrin receptor examination uses the ELISA method and the hemoglobin level uses the Cyanomethemoglobin method. The results of the study, most of the respondents had high phytate and tannin intake of 96.9% and 89.1%. Respondents with low serum transferrin receptor were 7.8% and low hemoglobin levels were 7.8%. There was no  correlation between phytate intake with serum transferrin receptor or hemoglobin (p1 = 0.937 r1 = -0.010, p2 = 0.192 r2 = 0.165). Tannins were significantly correlated with serum transferrin receptor and hemoglobin (p1 = 0.005 r1 = 0.344, p2 = 0.002 r2 = -0.374). Based on multivariate analysis, tannin is a determinant of hemoglobin (R2 = 0.257). Conclusion is that tannin is positively correlated with serum transferrin receptor and hemoglobin in stunted overweight adolescents. Excessive tannin intake can cause deficiency in stunted overweight adolescents.

Inappropriate complementary feeding practice increases risk of stunting in children aged 12-24 months

Background<br />In 2013, the prevalence of stunting in Central Sulawesi province was 41%, which was higher than the national prevalence of 37.2%. Complementary feeding practice, infectious disease, history of exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight and birth length were assumed to contribute to the prevalence of stunting. The objective of the present study was to identify the risk factors for stunting among children aged 12 to 24 months.<br /><br />Methods<br />This study was conducted using a case control design. Subjects were children aged 12-24 months, consisting of 58 cases and 58 controls. Data were obtained with a body length infantometer. Data on complementary feeding practices, history of exclusive breastfeeding, and history of infectious diseases were obtained using questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Data on birth weight and birth length were obtained from the buku KIA (maternal and child health record). Data were analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression tests. <br /><br />Results<br />There was no difference in sex, BMI, and parental education between cases and controls (p&gt;0.05). After controlling for history of exclusive breastfeeding and birth weight, the risk factors for stunting were inappropriate complementary feeding practice in terms of quantity and quality (OR=8.26; 95% CI: 2.69-25.44), history of diarrhea (OR=4.73; 95% CI: 1.08-20.69), birth length (OR=5.11; 95% CI: 1.69-15.46) and respiratory tract infection (OR=5.30; 95% CI: 1.03-27.23). Inappropriate complementary feeding practice was the most dominant factor for stunting.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Inappropriate complementary feeding practice increased the risk of stunting in 12-24 months old children by 8.26. This study confirms the need to scale up interventions during the first 2 years of life, including appropriate infant feeding practices.

Inappropriate complementary feeding practice increases risk of stunting in children aged 12-24 months

Background<br />In 2013, the prevalence of stunting in Central Sulawesi province was 41%, which was higher than the national prevalence of 37.2%. Complementary feeding practice, infectious disease, history of exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight and birth length were assumed to contribute to the prevalence of stunting. The objective of the present study was to identify the risk factors for stunting among children aged 12 to 24 months.<br /><br />Methods<br />This study was conducted using a case control design. Subjects were children aged 12-24 months, consisting of 58 cases and 58 controls. Data were obtained with a body length infantometer. Data on complementary feeding practices, history of exclusive breastfeeding, and history of infectious diseases were obtained using questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were measured by semi quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Data on birth weight and birth length were obtained from the buku KIA (maternal and child health record). Data were analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression tests. <br /><br />Results<br />There was no difference in sex, BMI, and parental education between cases and controls (p&gt;0.05). After controlling for history of exclusive breastfeeding and birth weight, the risk factors for stunting were inappropriate complementary feeding practice in terms of quantity and quality (OR=8.26; 95% CI: 2.69-25.44), history of diarrhea (OR=4.73; 95% CI: 1.08-20.69), birth length (OR=5.11; 95% CI: 1.69-15.46) and respiratory tract infection (OR=5.30; 95% CI: 1.03-27.23). Inappropriate complementary feeding practice was the most dominant factor for stunting.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Inappropriate complementary feeding practice increased the risk of stunting in 12-24 months old children by 8.26. This study confirms the need to scale up interventions during the first 2 years of life, including appropriate infant feeding practices.