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Pikatza-Menoio O, Elicegui A, Bengoetxea X, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, López de Munain A, Gerenu G, Gil-Bea FJ, Alonso-Martín S. The Skeletal Muscle Emerges as a New Disease Target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:671. [PMID: 34357138 PMCID: PMC8307751 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) and severe muscle atrophy without effective treatment. Most research on ALS has been focused on the study of MNs and supporting cells of the central nervous system. Strikingly, the recent observations of pathological changes in muscle occurring before disease onset and independent from MN degeneration have bolstered the interest for the study of muscle tissue as a potential target for delivery of therapies for ALS. Skeletal muscle has just been described as a tissue with an important secretory function that is toxic to MNs in the context of ALS. Moreover, a fine-tuning balance between biosynthetic and atrophic pathways is necessary to induce myogenesis for muscle tissue repair. Compromising this response due to primary metabolic abnormalities in the muscle could trigger defective muscle regeneration and neuromuscular junction restoration, with deleterious consequences for MNs and thereby hastening the development of ALS. However, it remains puzzling how backward signaling from the muscle could impinge on MN death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the current state-of-the-art of the role of the skeletal muscle in ALS, highlighting its contribution to the neurodegeneration in ALS through backward-signaling processes as a newly uncovered mechanism for a peripheral etiopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Pikatza-Menoio
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Elicegui
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Bengoetxea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
| | - Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gorka Gerenu
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martín
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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García-Prat L, Perdiguero E, Alonso-Martín S, Dell'Orso S, Ravichandran S, Brooks SR, Juan AH, Campanario S, Jiang K, Hong X, Ortet L, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Flández M, Moiseeva V, Rebollo E, Jardí M, Sun HW, Musarò A, Sandri M, Del Sol A, Sartorelli V, Muñoz-Cánoves P. FoxO maintains a genuine muscle stem-cell quiescent state until geriatric age. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1307-1318. [PMID: 33106654 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration declines with ageing but little is known about whether this arises from changes in stem-cell heterogeneity. Here, in homeostatic skeletal muscle, we identify two quiescent stem-cell states distinguished by relative CD34 expression: CD34High, with stemness properties (genuine state), and CD34Low, committed to myogenic differentiation (primed state). The genuine-quiescent state is unexpectedly preserved into later life, succumbing only in extreme old age due to the acquisition of primed-state traits. Niche-derived IGF1-dependent Akt activation debilitates the genuine stem-cell state by imposing primed-state features via FoxO inhibition. Interventions to neutralize Akt and promote FoxO activity drive a primed-to-genuine state conversion, whereas FoxO inactivation deteriorates the genuine state at a young age, causing regenerative failure of muscle, as occurs in geriatric mice. These findings reveal transcriptional determinants of stem-cell heterogeneity that resist ageing more than previously anticipated and are only lost in extreme old age, with implications for the repair of geriatric muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Prat
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martín
- Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Stefania Dell'Orso
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srikanth Ravichandran
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aster H Juan
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Campanario
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kan Jiang
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaotong Hong
- Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ortet
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Ruiz-Bonilla
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Flández
- Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Oncología Clínico Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Moiseeva
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Rebollo
- Molecular Imaging Platform, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Jardí
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, NIAMS, NIH Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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Naldaiz-Gastesi N, Goicoechea M, Alonso-Martín S, Aiastui A, López-Mayorga M, García-Belda P, Lacalle J, San José C, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Trouilh L, Anton-Leberre V, Herrero D, Matheu A, Bernad A, García-Verdugo JM, Carvajal JJ, Relaix F, Lopez de Munain A, García-Parra P, Izeta A. Identification and Characterization of the Dermal Panniculus Carnosus Muscle Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:411-424. [PMID: 27594590 PMCID: PMC5032673 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dermal Panniculus carnosus (PC) muscle is important for wound contraction in lower mammals and represents an interesting model of muscle regeneration due to its high cell turnover. The resident satellite cells (the bona fide muscle stem cells) remain poorly characterized. Here we analyzed PC satellite cells with regard to developmental origin and purported function. Lineage tracing shows that they originate in Myf5+, Pax3/Pax7+ cell populations. Skin and muscle wounding increased PC myofiber turnover, with the satellite cell progeny being involved in muscle regeneration but with no detectable contribution to the wound-bed myofibroblasts. Since hematopoietic stem cells fuse to PC myofibers in the absence of injury, we also studied the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the PC satellite cell compartment, demonstrating that cells of donor origin are capable of repopulating the PC muscle stem cell niche after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation but may not fully acquire the relevant myogenic commitment. PC satellite cells originate from Myf5+, Pax3/Pax7+ cell lineages Skin and muscle wounding increase PC myofiber turnover Donor bone marrow cells repopulate the PC satellite niche after BMT Dermis-derived myogenesis originates from the PC satellite cell population
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Affiliation(s)
- Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - María Goicoechea
- Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martín
- INSERM U955-E10, Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médicine, IMRB U955-E10, Creteil 94000, France
| | - Ana Aiastui
- Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Macarena López-Mayorga
- Molecular Embryology Team, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Paula García-Belda
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Jaione Lacalle
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV-EHU, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Carlos San José
- Animal Facility and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Lidwine Trouilh
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Anton-Leberre
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Diego Herrero
- Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain; Cellular Oncology Group, Oncology Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Jaime J Carvajal
- Molecular Embryology Team, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- INSERM U955-E10, Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médicine, IMRB U955-E10, Creteil 94000, France
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Department of Neurosciences, UPV-EHU, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Parra
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tecnun-University of Navarra, San Sebastián 20009, Spain.
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García-Parra P, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, Goicoechea M, Alonso-Martín S, Aiastui A, López-Mayorga M, García-Belda P, Lacalle J, Berre VL, Matheu A, García-Verdugo J, Carvajal J, Relaix F, López de Munain A, Izeta A. G.P.199. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pericacho M, Alonso-Martín S, Larrucea S, González-Manchón C, Fernández D, Sánchez I, Ayuso MS, Parrilla R. Diminished thrombogenic responses by deletion of the Podocalyxin Gene in mouse megakaryocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26025. [PMID: 22016802 PMCID: PMC3189243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a type I membrane sialoprotein of the CD34 family, originally described in the epithelial glomerular cells of the kidney (podocytes) in which it plays an important function. Podxl can also be found in megakaryocytes and platelets among other extrarenal places. The surface exposure of Podxl upon platelet activation suggested it could play some physiological role. To elucidate the function of Podxl in platelets, we generated mice with restricted ablation of the podxl gene in megakaryocytes using the Cre-LoxP gene targeting methodology. Mice with Podxl-null megakaryocytes did not show any apparent phenotypical change and their rates of growth, life span and fertility did not differ from the floxed controls. However, Podxl-null mice showed prolonged bleeding time and decreased platelet aggregation in response to physiological agonists. The number, size-distribution and polyploidy of Podxl-null megakaryocytes were similar to the floxed controls. Podxl-null platelets showed normal content of surface receptors and normal activation by agonists. However, the mice bearing Podxl-null platelets showed a significant retardation in the ferric chloride-induced occlusion of the carotid artery. Moreover, acute thrombosis induced by the i.v. injection of sublethal doses of collagen and phenylephrine produced a smaller fall in the number of circulating platelets in Podxl-null mice than in control mice. In addition, perfusion of uncoagulated blood from Podxl-null mice in parallel flow chamber showed reduced adhesion of platelets and formation of aggregates under high shear stress. It is concluded that platelet Podxl is involved in the control of hemostasis acting as a platelet co-stimulator, likely due to its pro-adhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martín
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Larrucea
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital de Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
| | - Consuelo González-Manchón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inés Sánchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde S. Ayuso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Parrilla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Nowakowski A, Alonso-Martín S, Arias-Salgado EG, Fernández D, Vilar M, Ayuso MS, Parrilla R. Megakaryocyte gene targeting mediated by restricted expression of recombinase Cre. Thromb Haemost 2010; 105:138-44. [PMID: 20941460 DOI: 10.1160/th10-06-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The availability of mice with tissue-specific expression of recombinase Cre is the limiting step for a successful gene targeting by the Cre-LoxP methodology. This work aimed at generating transgenic mice with restricted expression of recombinase Cre in megakaryocytes and platelets, driven by the promoter of the αIIb gene (mαIIb-cre). Mice oocytes were microinjected with a 4.1 Kb construct comprising a 2.7 Kb promoter fragment of the glycoprotein αIIb gene, linked to the Cre-cDNA and followed by the polyA tail of the SV40. We found four mice with positive DNA genotype and three probable sites of genomic integration of the transgene. Only two of the founders showed presence of Cre-mRNA and production of Cre protein, restricted to megakaryocytes. The activity of Cre in mediating gene targeting was assessed by crossing mαIIb-cre mice to Cre-reporter mice (ROSA26-lacZ). The activity of β-galactosidase, detected only in megakaryocytes, was sufficient to generate intense staining of X-Gal in hepatic haematopoietic islands of 14.5 dpc fetuses, in bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets from adult mice as well as in vitro cultured megakaryocytes differentiated from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, the recombinase activity was sufficient to produce the specific gene targeting of a floxed CD40L allele in megakaryocytes. The mαIIb-cre transgenic mice with restricted production of Cre in megakaryocytes, offers a selective, alternative, new tool for the genetic analysis of platelet pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nowakowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Nowakowski A, Alonso-Martín S, González-Manchón C, Larrucea S, Fernández D, Vilar M, Cerdán S, Ayuso MS, Parrilla R. Ventricular enlargement associated with the panneural ablation of the podocalyxin gene. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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