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Motlochová M, Szatmáry L, Pližingrová E, Salačová P, Fajgar R, Lidin S, Šubrt J. Highly efficient eco-friendly sodium titanate sorbents of Cs(i), Sr(ii), Co(ii) and Eu(iii): synthesis, characterization and detailed adsorption study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:743-754. [PMID: 38188980 PMCID: PMC10768530 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of useful all-around materials which can quickly and efficiently adsorb radionuclides in response to environmental radioactive contamination is an urgent research objective. In response to this need, our team developed a simple preparation method for stable sodium titanates which can serve as efficient agents for removal of radionuclides from water. With an emphasis on an environmentally friendly synthesis, the resulting materials were defined by a range of means and methods measuring e.g. pH, ionic strength, contact time or metal ion concentration in order to assess their potential for use and applications as sorbents. The data obtained from measurements revealed rapid removal kinetics (up to 10 minutes), wide range of pH use and high equilibrium capacity. The maximum amount of adsorbed ions as calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was equal to 206.3 mg g-1 for Cs(i), 60.0 mg g-1 for Sr(ii), 50.2 mg g-1 for Co(ii) and 103.4 mg g-1 for Eu(iii), significantly exceeding published data obtained with related materials. The removal mechanism is most likely ion exchange followed by complexation reactions, as indicated by TEM/EDS analyses. Given their extraordinary sorption capacity and facile synthesis under mild conditions, these materials are promising candidates for the efficient removal of radionuclides from aqueous solutions during the clean-up of radioactive pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Motlochová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences 250 68 Řež Czech Republic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lunds Universitet Naturvetarvägen 14 Lund 222-61 Sweden
| | - Lórant Szatmáry
- Fuel Cycle Chemistry Department, ÚJV Řež a.s. 250 68 Řež Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pližingrová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences 250 68 Řež Czech Republic
| | - Petra Salačová
- Fuel Cycle Chemistry Department, ÚJV Řež a.s. 250 68 Řež Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fajgar
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojova 135 Prague 160 00 Czech Republic
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lunds Universitet Naturvetarvägen 14 Lund 222-61 Sweden
| | - Jan Šubrt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences 250 68 Řež Czech Republic
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2
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Ponou S, Lidin S, Mudring AV. Optimization of Chemical Bonding through Defect Formation and Ordering─The Case of Mg 7Pt 4Ge 4. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37207284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The new phase Mg7Pt4Ge4 (≡Mg8□1Pt4Ge4; □ = vacancy) was prepared by reacting a mixture of the corresponding elements at high temperatures. According to single crystal X-ray diffraction data, it adopts a defect variant of the lighter analogue Mg2PtSi (≡Mg8Pt4Si4), reported in the Li2CuAs structure. An ordering of the Mg vacancies results in a stoichiometric phase, Mg7Pt4Ge4. However, the high content of Mg vacancies results in a violation of the 18-valence electron rule, which appears to hold for Mg2PtSi. First principle density functional theory calculations on a hypothetical, vacancy-free "Mg2PtGe" reveal potential electronic instabilities at EF in the band structure and significant occupancy of states with an antibonding character resulting from unfavorable Pt-Ge interactions. These antibonding interactions can be eliminated through introduction of Mg defects, which reduce the valence electron count, leaving the antibonding states empty. Mg itself does not participate in these interactions. Instead, the Mg contribution to the overall bonding comes from electron back-donation from the (Pt, Ge) anionic network to Mg cations. These findings may help to understand how the interplay of structural and electronic factors leads to the "hydrogen pump effect" observed in the closely related Mg3Pt, for which the electronic band structure shows a significant amount of unoccupied bonding states, indicating an electron deficient system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siméon Ponou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Anja-Verena Mudring
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
- Intelligent Advanced Materials Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering and iNANO, Aarhus University, Åbogade 40, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
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3
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Hübner J, Lidin S. An incommensurately modulated composite structure in the Nd–Ru system. Acta Cryst Sect A 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322091653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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4
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Mumbaraddi D, Mishra V, Lidin S, Mar A. Minority report: Structure and bonding of YbNi3Ga9 and YbCu3Ga8 obtained in gallium flux. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Das B, Al-Hunaiti A, Carey A, Lidin S, Demeshko S, Repo T, Nordlander E. A di‑iron(III) μ-oxido complex as catalyst precursor in the oxidation of alkanes and alkenes. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 231:111769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koley B, Thimmaiah S, Lidin S, Jana PP. Structure and stability of γ 1-AuZn 2.1: a γ-brass-related complex phase in the Au-Zn System. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2020; 76:1109-1116. [PMID: 33289722 DOI: 10.1107/s205252062001327x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
γ1-AuZn2.1 in the Au-Zn binary system has been synthesized and its structure analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the trigonal space group P31m (No. 157) with ∼227 atoms per unit cell and represents a \surd3a × \surd3a × c superstructure of rhombohedrally distorted γ-Au5-xZn8+y. The structure is largely tetrahedrally closed packed. The formation of γ1-AuZn2.1 can be understood within the framework of a Hume-Rothery stabilization mechanism with a valence electron concentration of 1.68 e/a (valence electrons per atom).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Srinivasa Thimmaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Partha P Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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7
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Nariyangadu SB, Choedak T, Malar EJP, Chen J, Thyrhaug E, Kumar P, Zhou J, Yechuri V, Pal SK, Lidin S, Thangadhorai KN, Karki KJ, Pullerits T. New Nonlinear Optical Crystal of Rhodamine 590 Acid Phthalate. ACS Omega 2020; 5:20863-20873. [PMID: 32875221 PMCID: PMC7450614 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and crystal structure of rhodamine 590 acid phthalate (RhAP) have been reported. This novel solid-state rhodamine derivative not only has a longer fluorescence lifetime compared to rhodamine solid-state matrixes where emission is quenched but also possesses strong nonlinear optical characteristics. The static and dynamic first- and second-order hyperpolarizabilities were calculated using the time-dependent density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level. The computed static values of β and γ of RhAP by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) structure were 31.9 × 10-30 and 199.0 × 10-36 esu, respectively. These values were about 62 times larger than the corresponding values in urea, an already well-known nonlinear optical material. The second-order hyperpolarizability of the compound was determined experimentally by measuring the two-photon absorption cross section using intensity-modulated light fields. The reported compound, excitable at near-infrared, exhibited frequency upconversion with the two-photon absorption coefficient enhanced by two orders of magnitude compared to that of the dye solution. Hosting the dye in the solid, at high concentrations, exploits the nonlinearity of the dye itself as well as results in significant excitonic effects including formation of broad exciton band and superradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesha Bamini Nariyangadu
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Centre for Ultrafast Processes, University
of Madras, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Tenzin Choedak
- National
Centre for Ultrafast Processes, University
of Madras, Chennai 600113, India
| | | | - Junsheng Chen
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, 1165 København, Denmark
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Department
of Production and Materials Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Suman Kalyan Pal
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Sven Lidin
- Division
of Polymer and Materials Chemistry, Lund
University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Khadga J. Karki
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Folkers LC, Mitchell Warden HE, Fredrickson DC, Lidin S. Entropy-Driven Incommensurability: Chemical Pressure-Guided Polymorphism in PdBi and the Origins of Lock-In Phenomena in Modulated Systems. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4936-4949. [PMID: 32202768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incommensurate order, in which two or more mismatched periodic patterns combine to make a long-range ordered yet aperiodic structure, is emerging as a general phenomenon impacting the crystal structures of compounds ranging from alloys and nominally simple salts to organic molecules and proteins. The origins of incommensurability in these systems are often unclear, but it is commonly associated with relatively weak interactions that become apparent only at low temperatures. In this article, we elucidate an incommensurate modulation in the intermetallic compound PdBi that arises from a different mechanism: the controlled increase of entropy at higher temperatures. Following the synthesis of PdBi, we structurally characterize two low-temperature polymorphs of the TlI-type structure with single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction. At room temperature, we find a simple commensurate superstructure of the TlI-type structure (comm-PdBi), in which the Pd sublattice distorts to form a 2D pattern of short and long Pd-Pd contacts. Upon heating, the structure converts to an incommensurate variant (incomm-PdBi) corresponding to the insertion of thin slabs of the original TlI type into the superstructure. Theoretical bonding analysis suggests that comm-PdBi is driven by the formation of isolobal Pd-Pd bonds along shortened contacts in the distorted Pd network, which is qualitatively in accord with the 18-n rule but partially frustrated by the population of competing Bi-Bi bonding states. The emergence of incomm-PdBi upon heating is rationalized with the DFT-Cemical Pressure (CP) method: the insertion of TlI-type slabs result in regions of higher vibrational freedom that are entropically favored at higher temperatures. High-temperature incommensurability may be encountered in other materials when bond formation is weakened by competing electronic states, and there is a path for accommodating defects in the CP scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Folkers
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lunds Universitet, Naturvetarvägen 14, 222-61 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hillary E Mitchell Warden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel C Fredrickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lunds Universitet, Naturvetarvägen 14, 222-61 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Motlochová M, Slovák V, Pližingrová E, Lidin S, Šubrt J. Highly-efficient removal of Pb(ii), Cu(ii) and Cd(ii) from water by novel lithium, sodium and potassium titanate reusable microrods. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3694-3704. [PMID: 35492627 PMCID: PMC9048722 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work provides a very efficient, fast and convenient approach for exploring promising materials for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Motlochová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- CZ-250 68 Řež
- Czech Republic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Lunds Universitet
| | - Václav Slovák
- Faculty of Science
- University of Ostrava
- Ostrava
- Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pližingrová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- CZ-250 68 Řež
- Czech Republic
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Lunds Universitet
- Lund 222-61
- Sweden
| | - Jan Šubrt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- CZ-250 68 Řež
- Czech Republic
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10
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Oshchapovsky I, Lidin S, Pavlyuk V. β-Li 2Zn 5: A Low Symmetric Polar Intermetallic Compound. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12590-12600. [PMID: 31532646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the high-temperature modification of the compound Li2Zn5 was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It is the first representative of a new binary structure type with triclinic space group P1̅, where the parameters of the unit cell are a = 8.0073(3)Å, b = 11.5956(6)Å, c = 15.2956(5)Å, α = 96.39°, β = 101.92°, and γ = 108.13°, the formula sum is Li11.748Zn31.113, Z = 2, and CCDC deposit number is 1861780. The title compound has a pseudohexagonal motif, made of 7- and 17-atom Li-zigzag chains and continuous Zn-chains, with the the relative placement of these large aggregates violating hexagonal symmetry. The structure may be decomposed into fragments, related to the AlB2 structure type, and could be obtained from multiplication of the unit cell, multiple substitution of Li atoms by triangles of Zn, insertion of Zn atoms, and deformation. Most structures of Li-Zn compounds, except LiZn, are highly symmetric but disordered. The possible causes of lower symmetry of β-Li2Zn5 were analyzed using the results of DFT calculations. β-Li2Zn5 shows high polarity of bonds, and Li atoms donate part of the electron density to Zn atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Oshchapovsky
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Ivan Franko National University of Lviv , Lviv 79005 , Ukraine.,Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry , Lund University , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry , Lund University , 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Volodymyr Pavlyuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Ivan Franko National University of Lviv , Lviv 79005 , Ukraine.,Institute of Chemistry, Environment Protection and Biotechnology , Jan Dlugosz University , 42200 Czestochowa , Poland
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11
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Folkers L, Lidin S. Will PdPb confirm the prediction that its structure is modulated? Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319091745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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12
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Folkers L, Lidin S. Is PdBi the little brother of AuIn? Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318093750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Hackert M, Ashcroft A, Dabkowska H, Depmeier W, de Delgado GD, Garcia-Granda S, Hasnain S, Kuzel R, Lidin S, McMahon B, Martin J, Sharpe A, Strickland P, Takata M, Van Meervelt L. IUCr – supporting crystallography around the world. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731809668x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Lidin
- Department of Chemistry Lund University POB 124 22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Shuying Piao
- Department of Chemistry Lund University POB 124 22100 Lund Sweden
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15
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Shi Y, Assoud A, Ponou S, Lidin S, Kleinke H. A New Material with a Composite Crystal Structure Causing Ultralow Thermal Conductivity and Outstanding Thermoelectric Properties: Tl 2Ag 12Te 7+δ. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8578-8585. [PMID: 29909625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new state-of-the-art thermoelectric material, Tl2Ag12Te7+δ, which possesses an extremely low thermal conductivity of about 0.25 W m-1 K-1 and a high figure-of-merit of up to 1.1 at 525 K, was obtained using a conventional solid-state reaction approach. Its subcell is a variant of the Zr2Fe12P7 type, but ultimately its structure was refined as a composite structure of a Tl2Ag12Te6 framework and a linear Te atom chain running along the c axis. The super-space group of the framework was determined to be P63(00γ) s with a = b = 11.438(1) Å, c = 4.6256(5) Å, and that of the Te chain substructure has the same a and b axes, but c = 3.212(1) Å, space group P6(00γ) s. The modulation leads to the formation of Te2 and Te3 fragments in this chain and a refined formula of Tl2Ag11.5Te7.4. The structure consists of a complex network of three-dimensionally connected AgTe4 tetrahedra forming channels filled with the Tl atoms. The electronic structures of four different models comprising different Te chains, Tl2Ag12Te7, Tl2Ag12Te7.33, and 2× Tl2Ag12Te7.5, were computed using the WIEN2k package. Depending on the Te content within the chain, the models are either semiconducting or metallic. Physical property measurements revealed semiconducting properties, with an ultralow thermal conductivity, and excellent thermoelectric properties at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Simeon Ponou
- Polymer and Materials Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Holger Kleinke
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3G1
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Abstract
In this communication, the AuIn 1:1 phase ( Naturwissenschaften , 1953 , 40 , 437 , DOI: 10.1007/BF00590353 ), and its ordering behavior at various temperatures is investigated. To enable the growth of a X-ray suitable specimen, a tempering routine was established by the interpretation of a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. In this way, good quality single crystals were grown and measured at the Crystal beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL. From the acquired data, three variations of this structure could be found at temperatures of 400 °C and 300 °C and room temperature, with differing degrees of incommensurate modulation. Diffuse scattering found at 400 °C was interpreted with the help of a three-dimensional difference pair distribution function (3D-ΔPDF) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Folkers
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Lunds Universitet , Naturvetarvägen 14 , Lund 222-61 , Sweden
| | - Arkadiy Simonov
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri State University , 901 S. National Avenue , Springfield , Missouri 65897 , United States
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Lunds Universitet , Naturvetarvägen 14 , Lund 222-61 , Sweden
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17
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Abstract
In this communication, the AuIn 1:1 phase ( Naturwissenschaften , 1953 , 40 , 437 , DOI: 10.1007/BF00590353 ), and its ordering behavior at various temperatures is investigated. To enable the growth of a X-ray suitable specimen, a tempering routine was established by the interpretation of a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. In this way, good quality single crystals were grown and measured at the Crystal beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL. From the acquired data, three variations of this structure could be found at temperatures of 400 °C and 300 °C and room temperature, with differing degrees of incommensurate modulation. Diffuse scattering found at 400 °C was interpreted with the help of a three-dimensional difference pair distribution function (3D-ΔPDF) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Folkers
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Lunds Universitet , Naturvetarvägen 14 , Lund 222-61 , Sweden
| | - Arkadiy Simonov
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Missouri State University , 901 S. National Avenue , Springfield , Missouri 65897 , United States
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Lunds Universitet , Naturvetarvägen 14 , Lund 222-61 , Sweden
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18
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Lidin S, Folkers LC. In Situ Synthesis and Single Crystal Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of ht-Sn 3Sb 2: An Example of How Complex Modulated Structures Are Becoming Generally Accessible. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:223-229. [PMID: 29376636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in X-ray sources and detectors and the parallel development of software for nonstandard crystallography has made analysis of very complex structural problems accessible to nonexperts. Here, we report the successful solution of the structure of ht-Sn3Sb2, an analysis that presents several challenges but that is still manageable in a relatively straightforward way. This compound exists only in a narrow temperature regime and undergoes an unquenchable phase transformation on cooling to room temperature; it contains two elements with close to identical scattering factors, and the structure is incommensurately modulated with four symmetry dependent modulation wave vectors. In this study, an attempt was first made to synthesize the title compound by in-house crystal growth in the stability region of ht-Sn3Sb2, followed by cooling to room temperature. This is known to produce mutiply twinned stistaite and elemental tin, and this sample, freshly prepared, was then reheated in situ at the single crystal materials beamline Crystal at the synchrotron Soleil. This method was unsuccessful as reheating the sample led to loss of Sn from stistaite as revealed by a change in the measured modulation wave vector. The compound was instead successfully synthesized in situ at the beamline by the topochemical reaction of single crystalline stistaite and liquid tin. A well-formed crystal of stistaite was enclosed in a quartz capillary together with a large excess of tin and heated above the melting point of tin but below the melting point of ht-Sn3Sb2. The structure was probed by sychrotron X-ray diffraction using a wavelength close to the absorption edge of Sn to maximize elemental contrast. In the diffraction patterns, first order satellites were observed, making the structure of ht-Sn3Sb2 incommensurately modulated. Further analysis exposes four q-vectors running along the body diagonals of the cubic unit cell (q1' = α α α, q2' = -α α -α, q3' = -α -α α, q4' = α -α -α). To facilitate the analysis, the q vectors were instead treated as axial (q1 = α 0 0, q2 = 0 α 0, q3 = 0 0 α) and an F-type extinction condition for satellites was introduced so that only reflections with hklmnp, mnp all odd or all even, were considered. Further, the modulation functions F(qi) were set to zero, and only modulation functions of the type F(qi') were refined. The final model uses the four modulation functions, F(q1'), F(q2'), F(q3'), and F(q4'), to model occupancy Sn/Sb and positional modulation. The model shows a structure that comprises small NaCl type clusters, typically 7 × 7 × 7 atoms in extension, interspersed between single layers of elemental tin. The terminating layers of tin are slightly puckered, emulating an incipient deformation toward the structure of the layers perpendicular to the [001] direction in elemental tin. It is notable that this model is complementary to that of stistaite. In stistaite, two-dimensionally infinite slabs of rock salt are interspersed between layers of antimony along the trigonal [001] direction, so that the terminating Sb layers are the puckered bilayers typical for elemental Sb. Since all modulation functions are simple first-order harmonics, the structural model describes a locally disordered and most probably dynamic ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry, Lund University, POB 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura C. Folkers
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry, Lund University, POB 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Chábera P, Kjaer KS, Prakash O, Honarfar A, Liu Y, Fredin LA, Harlang TCB, Lidin S, Uhlig J, Sundström V, Lomoth R, Persson P, Wärnmark K. Fe II Hexa N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex with a 528 ps Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited-State Lifetime. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:459-463. [PMID: 29298063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The iron carbene complex [FeII(btz)3](PF6)2 (where btz = 3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-bis(p-tolyl)-4,4'-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)) has been synthesized, isolated, and characterized as a low-spin ferrous complex. It exhibits strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption bands throughout the visible spectrum, and excitation of these bands gives rise to a 3MLCT state with a 528 ps excited-state lifetime in CH3CN solution that is more than one order of magnitude longer compared with the MLCT lifetime of any previously reported FeII complex. The low potential of the [Fe(btz)3]3+/[Fe(btz)3]2+ redox couple makes the 3MLCT state of [FeII(btz)3]2+ a potent photoreductant that can be generated by light absorption throughout the visible spectrum. Taken together with our recent results on the [FeIII(btz)3]3+ form of this complex, these results show that the FeII and FeIII oxidation states of the same Fe(btz)3 complex feature long-lived MLCT and LMCT states, respectively, demonstrating the versatility of iron N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as promising light-harvesters for a broad range of oxidizing and reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasper S Kjaer
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lidin S, Folkers L. Dynamic studies of incommensurate materials. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317084558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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Folkers L, Lidin S. The AuIn 1:1 phase and its siblings. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Chábera P, Liu Y, Prakash O, Thyrhaug E, Nahhas AE, Honarfar A, Essén S, Fredin LA, Harlang TCB, Kjær KS, Handrup K, Ericson F, Tatsuno H, Morgan K, Schnadt J, Häggström L, Ericsson T, Sobkowiak A, Lidin S, Huang P, Styring S, Uhlig J, Bendix J, Lomoth R, Sundström V, Persson P, Wärnmark K. A low-spin Fe(iii) complex with 100-ps ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoluminescence. Nature 2017; 543:695-699. [PMID: 28358064 DOI: 10.1038/nature21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal complexes are used as photosensitizers, in light-emitting diodes, for biosensing and in photocatalysis. A key feature in these applications is excitation from the ground state to a charge-transfer state; the long charge-transfer-state lifetimes typical for complexes of ruthenium and other precious metals are often essential to ensure high performance. There is much interest in replacing these scarce elements with Earth-abundant metals, with iron and copper being particularly attractive owing to their low cost and non-toxicity. But despite the exploration of innovative molecular designs, it remains a formidable scientific challenge to access Earth-abundant transition-metal complexes with long-lived charge-transfer excited states. No known iron complexes are considered photoluminescent at room temperature, and their rapid excited-state deactivation precludes their use as photosensitizers. Here we present the iron complex [Fe(btz)3]3+ (where btz is 3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-bis(p-tolyl)-4,4'-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)), and show that the superior σ-donor and π-acceptor electron properties of the ligand stabilize the excited state sufficiently to realize a long charge-transfer lifetime of 100 picoseconds (ps) and room-temperature photoluminescence. This species is a low-spin Fe(iii) d5 complex, and emission occurs from a long-lived doublet ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (2LMCT) state that is rarely seen for transition-metal complexes. The absence of intersystem crossing, which often gives rise to large excited-state energy losses in transition-metal complexes, enables the observation of spin-allowed emission directly to the ground state and could be exploited as an increased driving force in photochemical reactions on surfaces. These findings suggest that appropriate design strategies can deliver new iron-based materials for use as light emitters and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Chábera
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yizhu Liu
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Om Prakash
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Amal El Nahhas
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alireza Honarfar
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Essén
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias C B Harlang
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten Handrup
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric Ericson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hideyuki Tatsuno
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kelsey Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Häggström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tore Ericsson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Sobkowiak
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stenbjörn Styring
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Division of Polymer and Materials Chemistry; CAS; Lund University; Getingevägen 60 22241 Lund Sweden
| | - Igor Veremchuk
- Department Chemical Metals Science; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids; Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Sven Lidin
- Division of Polymer and Materials Chemistry; CAS; Lund University; Getingevägen 60 22241 Lund Sweden
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Abstract
We report a solid smectic phase that exhibits dodecagonal global order. It is composed of axially stacked hexagonally ordered particle layers, and its 12-fold rotational symmetry induced by the 30° rotation of adjacent layers with respect to each other. A quasicrystal was produced in a molecular-dynamics simulation of a single-component system of particles interacting via a spherically-symmetric potential. It was formed as a result of a first-order phase transition from an isotropic liquid state that occurred under constant-density cooling. This finding implies that a similarly structured quasicrystal can possibly be produced by the same class of systems as those forming smectic-B crystals. This quasicrystal can also be expected to arise in a system of spherically-shaped colloidal particles with appropriately tuned potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Metere
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Computational Materials Science in the Condensed Matter and Materials Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-367, Livermore, CA - 94550, USA.
| | - Peter Oleynikov
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Väg. 16C, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Dzugutov
- Department of Mathematics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Division of Polymer & Materials Chemistry Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Abstract
Allotwinning, the ordered intergrowth of two different structures may often be seen as a special case of OD-structures. The same structural ambiguity that allows for locally identical but globally different components of an allotwin may also allow the formation of an OD structure. When this is the case, the components of the allotwin often correspond to the MDO-structures of OD theory. Starting from the example of malonamide, we observe that any structure with z′=2 and a pronounced pseudo symmetry is a candidate for allotwinning and/or OD-structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strand
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Folkers
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Folkers LC, Lidin S. The mystery of the AuIn 1:1 phase. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316095188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
The stability of the heterocyclic {Co4Ge6} clusters in RE7Co2Ge4(RE = La–Nd) is determined by strong interactions with the surrounding RE atoms in the structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siméon Ponou
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-22100 Lund
- Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- SE-22100 Lund
- Sweden
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Ponou S, Doverbratt I, Lidin S, Miller GJ. Structure and Bonding of an Intergrowth Phase Ca7Ag2+xGe7-x(x≈ 2/3) Featuring a Zintl-Type Polyanionic Chain. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The title compound, Ca5Pd6Ge6, was obtained during a systematic investigation of the Ca-Pd-Ge ternary phase diagram. The crystal structure was determined and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in a new structure variant of the Y4PdGa12-type structure (Im3̅m, a = 8.7764(4) Å) that features an arrangement of vertex-sharing body-centered cubes of calcium, Ca@Ca8, with a hierarchical bcc network, interpenetrating a second (Pd6Ge6) network consisting of Ge2 dumbbells surrounded by Pd in a strongly flattened octahedron with Pd(μ(2)-η(2),η(4)-Ge2)-like motifs. These octahedra are condensed through the Pd to form a 3D open fcc network. Theoretical band structure calculations suggested that the compound is hypoelectronic with predominantly multicenter-type interatomic interactions involving all three elements and essentially a Hume-Rothery-like regime of electronic stabilization. The similar electronegativity between germanium and palladium atoms has a decisive impact on the bonding picture of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Doverbratt
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Siméon Ponou
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fei Wang
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Lidin S. Symmetry restrictions on minimal surfaces related by the Bonnet-transformation. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2015. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.1989.188.14.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ekengard E, Glans L, Cassells I, Fogeron T, Govender P, Stringer T, Chellan P, Lisensky GC, Hersh WH, Doverbratt I, Lidin S, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Smith GS, Nordlander E. Antimalarial activity of ruthenium(ii) and osmium(ii) arene complexes with mono- and bidentate chloroquine analogue ligands. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:19314-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02410b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen new ruthenium and osmium half-sandwich complexes with chloroquine analogue ligands have been synthesized and evaluated for anti-malarial properties.
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Liu Y, Kjaer KS, Fredin LA, Chábera P, Harlang T, Canton SE, Lidin S, Zhang J, Lomoth R, Bergquist KE, Persson P, Wärnmark K, Sundström V. A Heteroleptic Ferrous Complex with Mesoionic Bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) Ligands: Taming the MLCT Excited State of Iron(II). Chemistry 2014; 21:3628-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wixe T, Christensen NJ, Lidin S, Fristrup P, Wärnmark K. A short designed semi-aromatic organic nanotube--synthesis, chiroptical characterization, and host properties. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8930-41. [PMID: 25271821 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first generation of an organic nanotube based on the enantiomerically pure bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework is presented. The helical tube synthesised is the longest to date having its aromatic systems oriented parallel to the axis of propagation (length ∼26 Å and inner diameter ∼11 Å according to molecular dynamics simulations in chloroform). The synthesis of the tube, a heptamer, is based on a series of Friedländer condensations and the use of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine units as masked 2-amino aldehydes, as a general means to propagate organic tubular structures and the introduction of a methoxy group for modification toward solubility and functionalization are described. The electronic CD spectra of the tube and molecular intermediates are correlated with theoretical spectra calculated with time-dependent density functional theory to characterize the chirality of the tube. Both experimental (NMR-titrations) and theoretical (molecular dynamics simulations) techniques are used to investigate the use of the tube as a receptor for the acetylcholine and guanidinium cations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn Wixe
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Zimmermann I, Corgnet A, Johnsson M, Lidin S. Synthesis and crystal structure of a series of incommensurately modulated composite oxohalide compounds. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15812-7. [PMID: 25220376 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transparent, needle-like single crystals of the isostructural compounds [Sb4O7+3δX4][Zn3]1+δ (X = Cl, Br, I) δ ≈ 0.2 were obtained from chemical reactions in evacuated and sealed silica tubes. First, the average structure was solved in P21/n but the model refined poorly and a lowering of the symmetry to the 3 + 1 dimensional space group P21(α0γ)0 gave a significantly better fit to the data. This model used second order positional modulations for all the atoms. Whereas Sb, Cl (Br, I) and most O positions were well behaved, there was a mismatch with Zn that was better described in a sub-cell, thus yielding a composite structure. The composite nature of the structure leads to a charge imbalance that is compensated by oxygen vacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Zimmermann
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Müller CJ, Lidin S. Cu3Sn - understanding the systematic absences. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2014; 70:879-87. [PMID: 25274522 DOI: 10.1107/s205252061401806x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The intermetallic compound Cu3Sn has previously been described as a long-period antiphase boundary superstructure of the Cu3Ti structure type. While the compound itself has been reported as a tenfold and an eightfold superstructure, ternary doped alloys show shorter repetitions. Interestingly, the diffraction patterns of these compounds show non-crystallographic absences that cannot be explained using the superstructure models. Since the compound exhibits phase broadening, these models are not satisfactory because the paucity of observed data does not allow for a refinement of the composition. Here, an alternative, superspace model in the orthorhombic space group Xmcm(0β0)000 is proposed, with the centering vectors (0,0,0,0) and (½,0,0,½). The presence of the non-crystallographic absences is explained as a result of a dominating occupational modulation that is accompanied by a weaker displacive modulation. In consistency with the EDXS results, the composition has been refined to Cu3 + xSn from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It is further demonstrated that by varying the length and the direction of the modulation wavevector in the superspace model, the ternary Cu3Sn compounds and other colored hexagonal close packing (h.c.p.) structures can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola J Müller
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Jana P, Lidin S. Y-brass related composite structures : a (3+1)-dimensional space description. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314098234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-brass Hume-Rothery [1] phases which adopt at VEC values near about 21/13 presently attract attention due to their structural complexity and challenge for the understanding of the underlying stabilization mechanism. Morton, by electron microscopy studies, revealed that the γ-brass regions of Cu-Zn, Ni-Zn and Pd-Zn do not only accommodate the γ-brass phase but also a bundle of structurally related, complex phases with lower symmetry than that of the γ-phase. A bundle of γ-brass related phases in the Zn-rich region of the Ni-Zn, Pd-Zn, Pt-Zn phase diagram is investigated. Their structures have been refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data in the conventional 3D space group using supercells [2,3]. In the course of a previous investigation of the Pd-Zn system, the structures of two γ-brass related composite compounds- Pd24.3Zn75.7 and Pd21.2Zn78.8 have been described with the (3+1) dimensional space description (superspace group Xmmm(00γ)0s0 with the following lattice parameters, a = 12.929(3) Å, b = 9.112(4) Å, c = 2.5631(7) Å, q = 8/13 c* and a = 12.909(3) Å, b = 9.115(3) Å, c = 2.6052(6) Å, q = 11/18 c*, respectively) [3]. The aim of this study is to represent the structure of these previously reported phases in a coherent, modulated description to make them more readily comparable. A refinement model with a variety of modulation vectors allows to refine any intergrowth structure in the Zn rich region of the M-Zn (M=Ni,Pd,Pt) system. In order to gain an insight into expressions, cause and mechanism and structure-composition relationship for such phases, we also study the impact of substitution on the evolution of the structure of ternary derivatives of M-Zn composite compounds by the use of (3+1) formalism. For instance, substitution of zero-valent palladium and bi-valent zinc by zero-valent platinum in the structure of Pd24.3Zn75.7. This presentation will discuss about the understanding of the complexity of the atomic arrangement through the various modulation which correlates with the variation of composition of the binary and ternary phases.
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Müller C, Lidin S. Freeze Frames vs. Movies. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314098210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sometimes, model building in crystallography is like resolving a puzzle: All obvious symmetrical or methodological errors are excluded, you apparently understand the measured patterns in 3D, but the structure solution and/or refinement is just not working. One such nerve-stretching problem arises from metrically commensurate structures (MCS). This expression means that the observed values of the components of the modulation wave vectors are rational by chance and not because of a lock-in. Hence, it is not a superstructure - although the boundaries between the two descriptions are blurry. Using a superstructure model for a MCS decreases the degrees of freedom, and forces the atomic arrangement to an artificial state of ordering. Just imagine it as looking at a freeze frame from a movie instead of watching the whole film. The consequences in structure solution and refinement of MCS are not always as dramatically as stated in the beginning. On the contrary, treating a superstructure like a MCS might be a worthwhile idea. Converting from a superstructure model to a superspace model may lead to a substantial decrease in the number of parameters needed to model the structure. Further, it can permit for the refinement of parameters that the paucity of data does not allow in a conventional description. However, it is well known that families of superstructures can be described elegantly by the use of superspace models that collectively treat a whole range of structures, commensurate and incommensurate. Nevertheless, practical complications in the refinement are not uncommon. Instances are overlapping satellites from different orders and parameter correlations. Notably, MCS occur in intermetallic compounds that are important for the performance of next-generation electronic devices. Based on examples of their (pseudo)hexagonal 3+1D and 3+2D structures, we will discuss the detection and occurrence of MCS as well as the benefits and limitations of implementing them artificially.
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Lidin S, Jana P, Müller C, Piao S, Ponou S. News from the world of modulated intermetallics. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314098325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of modulated structures with more than one modulation vector is small, and such structures often pose special problems in solving and refining. This talk will be concentrated on three such cases; The 3+4 dimensionally modulated cubic structure of digenite, the 3+2 dimensionally modulated structure of Cu3In2, the 3+2 dimensionally modulated structure of AuZn3 and the 3+2 dimensionally modulated structure of Se(Sn4)2K10. The three former cases are interesting because they are relatively weakly ordered structures where modelling is straight-forward, but the model itself is less than obvious to understand while the latter case appears highly ordered, but presents formal modelling difficulties. From these and previously known multi dimensional cases it would appear that higher order modulations are very prone to disorder. The image shows the hk0 layer from Se(Sn4)2K10.
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Jana PP, Lidin S. AuCd4: A Hume–Rothery Phase with VEC of 1.8 and Icosahedral and Trigonal-Prismatic Clusters as Building Blocks. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:713-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500616t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha P. Jana
- CAS
Chemical Centre, Lund University, Box 124, Getingevägen 60, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- CAS
Chemical Centre, Lund University, Box 124, Getingevägen 60, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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Abstract
The crystal structures of approximants RECd6 (RE = Tb, Ho, Er, Tm and Lu) have been refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. This work is a continuation of a previous study of MCd6 approximants [1] in which the different types of disorder of the central Cd4 tetrahedra located in the dodecahedral cavities were examined. The structures of the title compounds are all similar to GdCd6 and disorder was observed in all these compounds. There is a correlation between the anisotropic displacement parameter and the unit cell dimension
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ying Piao
- Inorganic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesar P. Gömez
- Sendai Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 980-8577, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sven Lidin
- Inorganic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Abstract
Regions of bond order and disorder are revealed
[Also see Report by
Palmer
et al.
]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Lidin
- Department of Polymer and Materials Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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43
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Ponou S, Lidin S, Zhang Y, Miller GJ. Valence State Driven Site Preference in the Quaternary Compound Ca5MgAgGe5: An Electron-Deficient Phase with Optimized Bonding. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4724-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siméon Ponou
- Centre for Analysis
and Synthesis, Chemistry Department, Lund University, Getingevägen
60, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Centre for Analysis
and Synthesis, Chemistry Department, Lund University, Getingevägen
60, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Gordon J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry
and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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44
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Pavlyuk V, Chumak I, Akselrud L, Lidin S, Ehrenberg H. LiZn(4 - x) (x = 0.825) as a (3 + 1)-dimensional modulated derivative of hexagonal close packing. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2014; 70:212-217. [PMID: 24675590 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520613030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The (3+1)-dimensional modulated structure of the LiZn(4 - x) (x = 0.825) binary compound has been determined in the superspace. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic superspace group Cmcm(α00)0s0 with a = 2.7680 (6), b = 4.7942 (6), c = 4.3864 (9) Å, modulation wavevector: q ≃ 4/7a*. The structure is a derivative from the hexagonal close packing. The cubo-octahedron as a coordination polyhedron (c.n. = 12) is typical for all atoms. Bonding between atoms is explored by means of the TB-LMTO-ASA program package. The absence of strong interatomic interactions in LiZn(4 - x) is the main reason for the possible structure transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Pavlyuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Kyryla i Mefodia 6, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Chumak
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lev Akselrud
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Kyryla i Mefodia 6, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Sven Lidin
- Division of Polymer and Materials Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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45
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Jana PP, Lidin S. Incommensurately Modulated δ″-Au1+xCd2–x Formed by an Unquenchable Phase Transformation from the γ-Brass δ′-Phase. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12980-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4013608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha P. Jana
- CAS Chemical Centre, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- CAS Chemical Centre, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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46
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Abstract
The compound Au10Mo4Zn89 has been synthesized, and its structure has been analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in cubic space group F43m (No. 216) with a unit cell that contains 412 atoms. The structure is largely tetrahedrally closely packed, but an octahedral arrangement of atoms is incompatible with tetrahedral close packing. The structure of the ordered Au10Mo4Zn89 compound has been described by using the algorithm of automatic geometric and topological analysis that is implemented in TOPOS as the "Nanoclustering" procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha P Jana
- CAS Chemical Centre, Lund University , Getingevägen 60, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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47
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Jahangiri A, Fleckhaus A, Lidin S, Strand D. Allotwinning in a molecular crystal: (1R,3S)-dimethyl 2-oxocyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2013; 69:509-513. [PMID: 24056360 DOI: 10.1107/s2052519213018605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two polytypic modifications of (1R,3S)-dimethyl 2-oxocyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylate intergrow to form allotwins. One phase shows monoclinic symmetry, Cc, while the other is orthorhombic Pmc21. The structures may be considered as two different modes of superstructure ordering of an underlying, disordered structure. Considered in the same metrically orthorhombic unit cell a = 37.8883, b = 4.7233, c = 11.6835 Å, the two can be conveniently distinguished by their non-standard centering, Cc being represented as Xc with the centering vectors (0 0 0); (½ 0 ½); (¼ ½ ¾); (¾ ½ ¼); and Pmc21 as Xmc21 with the centering vectors (0 0 0); (½ 0 0). The difference between the allotwin domains lies only in the relationship between next-nearest neighbors along the stacking direction 100 and hence the conformations and packing efficiencies are identical for both phases and all three domains. The stacking sequences for the two phases correspond to ABAB for the orthorhombic stacking and ABA'B'/AB'A'B for the two (equivalent) monoclinic stackings. The monoclinic phase dominates comprising ca 80% of the total volume. Within the monoclinic phase, the ratio between the two possible orientations is highly unbalanced (6:1) indicating relatively large domains. The allotwinning detected in this sample may appear exotic in molecular compounds, but we suggest that the rarity of such examples in the literature is a reflection of the paucity of software that can identify and handle such cases. It is easy to overlook the possibility that a complex diffraction pattern originates from allotwinning and assume that normal mono-component twinning is the cause. The underlying mechanism in this case is the formation of two-dimensional layers of molecules that allow for two equivalent, but in terms of absolute geometry, different, ways of stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Jahangiri
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, Lund 221 00, Sweden
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48
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Wixe T, Wallentin CJ, Johnson MT, Fristrup P, Lidin S, Wärnmark K. Synthesis of an Orthogonal Topological Analogue of Helicene. Chemistry 2013; 19:14963-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Müller CJ, Lidin S. Structure motif simulation for intermetallic Ni 2In superstructures. Acta Crystallogr A 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767313096335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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50
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Jana PP, Lidin S. Pd2Cd11− (0.21≤δ≤0.51)–a partly disordered γ-brass type phase and Pd0.238Cd0.762-a γ-brass related incommensurate phase in the palladium–cadmium system. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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