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Zhao J, Bui MT, Ma J, Künzl F, Picchianti L, De La Concepcion JC, Chen Y, Petsangouraki S, Mohseni A, García-Leon M, Gomez MS, Giannini C, Gwennogan D, Kobylinska R, Clavel M, Schellmann S, Jaillais Y, Friml J, Kang BH, Dagdas Y. Plant autophagosomes mature into amphisomes prior to their delivery to the central vacuole. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213556. [PMID: 36260289 PMCID: PMC9584626 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membraned vesicles that traffic harmful or unwanted cellular macromolecules to the vacuole for recycling. Although autophagosome biogenesis has been extensively studied, autophagosome maturation, i.e., delivery and fusion with the vacuole, remains largely unknown in plants. Here, we have identified an autophagy adaptor, CFS1, that directly interacts with the autophagosome marker ATG8 and localizes on both membranes of the autophagosome. Autophagosomes form normally in Arabidopsis thaliana cfs1 mutants, but their delivery to the vacuole is disrupted. CFS1's function is evolutionarily conserved in plants, as it also localizes to the autophagosomes and plays a role in autophagic flux in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. CFS1 regulates autophagic flux by bridging autophagosomes with the multivesicular body-localized ESCRT-I component VPS23A, leading to the formation of amphisomes. Similar to CFS1-ATG8 interaction, disrupting the CFS1-VPS23A interaction blocks autophagic flux and renders plants sensitive to nitrogen starvation. Altogether, our results reveal a conserved vacuolar sorting hub that regulates autophagic flux in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Zhao
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mai Thu Bui
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juncai Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabian Künzl
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Picchianti
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University at Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yixuan Chen
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia Petsangouraki
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Azadeh Mohseni
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta García-Leon
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Salas Gomez
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dubois Gwennogan
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Lyon, France
| | - Roksolana Kobylinska
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Clavel
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanik III, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China,Correspondence to Byung-Ho Kang:
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria,Yasin Dagdas:
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2
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Sutipatanasomboon A, Herberth S, Alwood EG, Häweker H, Müller B, Shahriari M, Zienert AY, Marin B, Robatzek S, Praefcke GJK, Ayscough KR, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. Disruption of the plant-specific CFS1 gene impairs autophagosome turnover and triggers EDS1-dependent cell death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8677. [PMID: 28819237 PMCID: PMC5561093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death, autophagy and endosomal sorting contribute to many physiological, developmental and immunological processes in plants. They are mechanistically interconnected and interdependent, but the molecular basis of their mutual regulation has only begun to emerge in plants. Here, we describe the identification and molecular characterization of CELL DEATH RELATED ENDOSOMAL FYVE/SYLF PROTEIN 1 (CFS1). The CFS1 protein interacts with the ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT I (ESCRT-I) component ELCH (ELC) and is localized at ESCRT-I-positive late endosomes likely through its PI3P and actin binding SH3YL1 Ysc84/Lsb4p Lsb3p plant FYVE (SYLF) domain. Mutant alleles of cfs1 exhibit auto-immune phenotypes including spontaneous lesions that show characteristics of hypersensitive response (HR). Autoimmunity in cfs1 is dependent on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)-mediated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) but independent from salicylic acid. Additionally, cfs1 mutants accumulate the autophagy markers ATG8 and NBR1 independently from EDS1. We hypothesize that CFS1 acts at the intersection of autophagosomes and endosomes and contributes to cellular homeostasis by mediating autophagosome turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Herberth
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ellen G Alwood
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Heidrun Häweker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Britta Müller
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mojgan Shahriari
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Institut für Biologie II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Anke Y Zienert
- Institut für Genetik, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birger Marin
- Botanik I, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerrit J K Praefcke
- Institut für Genetik, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanik III, Biocenter, Universtiy of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Chopra D, Wolff H, Span J, Schellmann S, Coupland G, Albani MC, Schrader A, Hülskamp M. Analysis of TTG1 function in Arabis alpina. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:16. [PMID: 24406039 PMCID: PMC3904473 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) the WD40 protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) controls five traits relevant for the adaptation of plants to environmental changes including the production of proanthocyanidin, anthocyanidin, seed coat mucilage, trichomes and root hairs. The analysis of different Brassicaceae species suggests that the function of TTG1 is conserved within the family. RESULTS In this work, we studied the function of TTG1 in Arabis alpina (A. alpina). A comparison of wild type and two Aattg1 alleles revealed that AaTTG1 is involved in the regulation of all five traits. A detailed analysis of the five traits showed striking phenotypic differences between A. alpina and A. thaliana such that trichome formation occurs also at later stages of leaf development and that root hairs form at non-root hair positions. CONCLUSIONS The evolutionary conservation of the regulation of the five traits by TTG1 on the one hand and the striking phenotypic differences make A. alpina a very interesting genetic model system to study the evolution of TTG1-dependent gene regulatory networks at a functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divykriti Chopra
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Wolff
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Span
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria C Albani
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrader
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Spallek T, Beck M, Ben Khaled S, Salomon S, Bourdais G, Schellmann S, Robatzek S. ESCRT-I mediates FLS2 endosomal sorting and plant immunity. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1004035. [PMID: 24385929 PMCID: PMC3873229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is present at the plasma membrane and is internalized following activation of its ligand flagellin (flg22). We show that ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT (ESCRT)-I subunits play roles in FLS2 endocytosis in Arabidopsis. VPS37-1 co-localizes with FLS2 at endosomes and immunoprecipitates with the receptor upon flg22 elicitation. Vps37-1 mutants are reduced in flg22-induced FLS2 endosomes but not in endosomes labeled by Rab5 GTPases suggesting a defect in FLS2 trafficking rather than formation of endosomes. FLS2 localizes to the lumen of multivesicular bodies, but this is altered in vps37-1 mutants indicating compromised endosomal sorting of FLS2 by ESCRT-I loss-of-function. VPS37-1 and VPS28-2 are critical for immunity against bacterial infection through a role in stomatal closure. Our findings identify that VPS37-1, and likewise VPS28-2, regulate late FLS2 endosomal sorting and reveals that ESCRT-I is critical for flg22-activated stomatal defenses involved in plant immunity. Plants deploy plasma membrane immune receptors to survey their environment for potential threats. One of these receptors, FLAGELIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) recognizes bacterial flagellin (flg22) and thereby triggers a multitude of defense responses, enhancing immunity against infectious pathogens. Regulation of the subcellular localization of FLS2 is therefore an important aspect in plant disease resistance. FLS2 is known to shuttle between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments but enters the late endosomal trafficking pathway upon ligand-dependent activation. A key question is the regulation of activated FLS2 in late endosomal trafficking. Here, we show that FLS2 is internalized into the lumen of multivesicular bodies and discovered by genetic inhibition that this step is regulated by components of the ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEXES REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT-I (ESCRT-I). Furthermore, we reveal that these ESCRT-I components play crucial roles in plant immunity impacting the flg22-triggered closure of stomata, prominent entry points of pathogenic bacteria, which occurred downstream of the known flg22 responses. These findings highlight the roles of endosomal trafficking in regulating FLS2 subcellular localization and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Spallek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gildas Bourdais
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Heppel SC, Jaffé FW, Takos AM, Schellmann S, Rausch T, Walker AR, Bogs J. Identification of key amino acids for the evolution of promoter target specificity of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin regulating MYB factors. Plant Mol Biol 2013; 82:457-71. [PMID: 23689818 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A complex of R2R3-MYB and bHLH transcription factors, stabilized by WD40 repeat proteins, regulates gene transcription for plant cell pigmentation and epidermal cell morphology. It is the MYB component of this complex which specifies promoter target activation. The Arabidopsis MYB TT2 regulates proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis by activating the expression of ANR (anthocyanidin reductase), the gene product of which catalyzes the first committed step of this pathway. Conversely the closely related MYB PAP4 (AtMYB114) regulates the anthocyanin pathway and specifically activates UFGT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase), encoding the first enzyme of the anthocyanin pathway. Both at the level of structural and regulatory genes, evolution of PA biosynthesis proceeded anthocyanin biosynthesis and we have identified key residues in these MYB transcription factors for the evolution of target promoter specificity. Using chimeric and point mutated variants of TT2 and PAP4 we found that exchange of a single amino acid, Gly/Arg(39) in the R2 domain combined with an exchange of a four amino acid motif in the R3 domain, could swap the pathway selection of TT2 and PAP4, thereby converting in planta specificity of the PA towards the anthocyanin pathway and vice versa. The general importance of these amino acids for target specificity was also shown for the grapevine transcription factors VvMYBPA2 and VvMYBA2 which regulate PAs and anthocyanins, respectively. These results provide an insight into the evolution of the different flavonoid regulators from a common ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Heppel
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Gaber T, Tran CL, Schellmann S, Hahne M, Strehl C, Jakstadt M, Burmester GR, Buttgereit F. AB0026 Pathophysiological hypoxia affects both redox state and il-2 signaling of human cd4+ t cells and concomitantly impairs survival and proliferation. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Strehl C, Gaber T, Wagegg M, Jakstadt M, Hahne M, Schellmann S, Esche-Szostak B, Coullerez G, Hoffmann H, Burmester GR, Buttgereit F. AB0057 Influence of PVA coated nanoparticles on survival and functionality of human immune cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Scheuring D, Künzl F, Viotti C, Yan MSW, Jiang L, Schellmann S, Robinson DG, Pimpl P. Ubiquitin initiates sorting of Golgi and plasma membrane proteins into the vacuolar degradation pathway. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:164. [PMID: 22970698 PMCID: PMC3534617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In yeast and mammals, many plasma membrane (PM) proteins destined for degradation are tagged with ubiquitin. These ubiquitinated proteins are internalized into clathrin-coated vesicles and are transported to early endosomal compartments. There, ubiquitinated proteins are sorted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery into the intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes. Degradation of these proteins occurs after endosomes fuse with lysosomes/lytic vacuoles to release their content into the lumen. In plants, some PM proteins, which cycle between the PM and endosomal compartments, have been found to be ubiquitinated, but it is unclear whether ubiquitin is sufficient to mediate internalization and thus acts as a primary sorting signal for the endocytic pathway. To test whether plants use ubiquitin as a signal for the degradation of membrane proteins, we have translationally fused ubiquitin to different fluorescent reporters for the plasma membrane and analyzed their transport. RESULTS Ubiquitin-tagged PM reporters localized to endosomes and to the lumen of the lytic vacuole in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts and in tobacco epidermal cells. The internalization of these reporters was significantly reduced if clathrin-mediated endocytosis was inhibited by the coexpression of a mutant of the clathrin heavy chain, the clathrin hub. Surprisingly, a ubiquitin-tagged reporter for the Golgi was also transported into the lumen of the vacuole. Vacuolar delivery of the reporters was abolished upon inhibition of the ESCRT machinery, indicating that the vacuolar delivery of these reporters occurs via the endocytic transport route. CONCLUSIONS Ubiquitin acts as a sorting signal at different compartments in the endomembrane system to target membrane proteins into the vacuolar degradation pathway: If displayed at the PM, ubiquitin triggers internalization of PM reporters into the endocytic transport route, but it also mediates vacuolar delivery if displayed at the Golgi. In both cases, ubiquitin-tagged proteins travel via early endosomes and multivesicular bodies to the lytic vacuole. This suggests that vacuolar degradation of ubiquitinated proteins is not restricted to PM proteins but might also facilitate the turnover of membrane proteins in the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheuring
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Fabian Künzl
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Corrado Viotti
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Melody San Wan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanical Institute, Biozentrum Köln, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - David G Robinson
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Pimpl
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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Herberth S, Shahriari M, Bruderek M, Hessner F, Müller B, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. Artificial ubiquitylation is sufficient for sorting of a plasma membrane ATPase to the vacuolar lumen of Arabidopsis cells. Planta 2012; 236:63-77. [PMID: 22258747 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1587-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of transmembrane proteins into the inner vesicles of multivesicular bodies for subsequent delivery to the vacuole/lysosome can be induced by attachment of a single ubiquitin or K63-linked ubiquitin chains to the cytosolic portion of the cargo in yeast and mammals. In plants, large efforts have been undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms of vacuolar trafficking of soluble proteins. Sorting of transmembrane proteins, by contrast, is still largely unexplored. As a proof of principle, that ubiquitin is involved in vacuolar sorting in plants we show that a translational fusion of a single ubiquitin to the Arabidopsis plasma membrane ATPase PMA-EGFP is sufficient to induce its endocytosis and sorting into the vacuolar lumen. Sorting of the artificial reporter is not dependent on ubiquitin chain formation, but involves ubiquitin's hydrophobic patch and can be inhibited by coexpression of a dominant-negative version of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) related protein AtSKD1 (SUPPRESSOR OF K+ TRANSPORT GROWTH DEFECT1). Our results suggest that ubiquitin can in principle act as vacuolar sorting signal in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Herberth
- Botanical Institute III, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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10
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Herberth S, Shahriari M, Bruderek M, Hessner F, Müller B, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. Artificial ubiquitylation is sufficient for sorting of a plasma membrane ATPase to the vacuolar lumen of Arabidopsis cells. Planta 2012; 236:63-77. [PMID: 22258747 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of transmembrane proteins into the inner vesicles of multivesicular bodies for subsequent delivery to the vacuole/lysosome can be induced by attachment of a single ubiquitin or K63-linked ubiquitin chains to the cytosolic portion of the cargo in yeast and mammals. In plants, large efforts have been undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms of vacuolar trafficking of soluble proteins. Sorting of transmembrane proteins, by contrast, is still largely unexplored. As a proof of principle, that ubiquitin is involved in vacuolar sorting in plants we show that a translational fusion of a single ubiquitin to the Arabidopsis plasma membrane ATPase PMA-EGFP is sufficient to induce its endocytosis and sorting into the vacuolar lumen. Sorting of the artificial reporter is not dependent on ubiquitin chain formation, but involves ubiquitin's hydrophobic patch and can be inhibited by coexpression of a dominant-negative version of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) related protein AtSKD1 (SUPPRESSOR OF K+ TRANSPORT GROWTH DEFECT1). Our results suggest that ubiquitin can in principle act as vacuolar sorting signal in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Herberth
- Botanical Institute III, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Lu YJ, Schornack S, Spallek T, Geldner N, Chory J, Schellmann S, Schumacher K, Kamoun S, Robatzek S. Patterns of plant subcellular responses to successful oomycete infections reveal differences in host cell reprogramming and endocytic trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:682-97. [PMID: 22233428 PMCID: PMC4854193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adapted filamentous pathogens such as the oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) and Phytophthora infestans (Pi) project specialized hyphae, the haustoria, inside living host cells for the suppression of host defence and acquisition of nutrients. Accommodation of haustoria requires reorganization of the host cell and the biogenesis of a novel host cell membrane, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), which envelops the haustorium separating the host cell from the pathogen. Here, we applied live-cell imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins labelling a variety of membrane compartments and investigated the subcellular changes associated with accommodating oomycete haustoria in Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana. Plasma membrane-resident proteins differentially localized to the EHM. Likewise, secretory vesicles and endosomal compartments surrounded Hpa and Pi haustoria revealing differences between these two oomycetes, and suggesting a role for vesicle trafficking pathways for the pathogen-controlled biogenesis of the EHM. The latter is supported by enhanced susceptibility of mutants in endosome-mediated trafficking regulators. These observations point at host subcellular defences and specialization of the EHM in a pathogen-specific manner. Defence-associated haustorial encasements, a double-layered membrane that grows around mature haustoria, were frequently observed in Hpa interactions. Intriguingly, all tested plant proteins accumulated at Hpa haustorial encasements suggesting the general recruitment of default vesicle trafficking pathways to defend pathogen access. Altogether, our results show common requirements of subcellular changes associated with oomycete biotrophy, and highlight differences between two oomycete pathogens in reprogramming host cell vesicle trafficking for haustoria accommodation. This provides a framework for further dissection of the pathogen-triggered reprogramming of host subcellular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Lu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Thomas Spallek
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Joanne Chory
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Plant Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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12
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Shahriari M, Richter K, Keshavaiah C, Sabovljevic A, Huelskamp M, Schellmann S. The Arabidopsis ESCRT protein-protein interaction network. Plant Mol Biol 2011; 76:85-96. [PMID: 21442383 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9770-9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, endosomal sorting of monoubiquitylated transmembrane proteins is performed by a subset of the 19 "class E vacuolar protein sorting" proteins. The core machinery consists of 11 proteins that are organised in three complexes termed ESCRT I-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I-III) and is conserved in eukaryotic cells. While the pathway is well understood in yeast and animals, the plant ESCRT system is largely unexplored. At least one sequence homolog for each ESCRT component can be found in the Arabidopsis genome. Generally, sequence conservation between yeast/animals and the Arabidopsis proteins is low. To understand details about participating proteins and complex organization we have performed a systematic pairwise yeast two hybrid analysis of all Arabidopsis proteins showing homology to the ESCRT core machinery. Positive interactions were validated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. In our experiments, most putative ESCRT components exhibited interactions with other ESCRT components that could be shown to occur on endosomes suggesting that despite their low homology to their yeast and animal counterparts they represent functional components of the plant ESCRT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Shahriari
- Botanical Institute, Lehrstuhl III, Biozentrum Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Shahriari M, Richter K, Keshavaiah C, Sabovljevic A, Huelskamp M, Schellmann S. The Arabidopsis ESCRT protein-protein interaction network. Plant Mol Biol 2011; 76:85-96. [PMID: 21442383 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, endosomal sorting of monoubiquitylated transmembrane proteins is performed by a subset of the 19 "class E vacuolar protein sorting" proteins. The core machinery consists of 11 proteins that are organised in three complexes termed ESCRT I-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I-III) and is conserved in eukaryotic cells. While the pathway is well understood in yeast and animals, the plant ESCRT system is largely unexplored. At least one sequence homolog for each ESCRT component can be found in the Arabidopsis genome. Generally, sequence conservation between yeast/animals and the Arabidopsis proteins is low. To understand details about participating proteins and complex organization we have performed a systematic pairwise yeast two hybrid analysis of all Arabidopsis proteins showing homology to the ESCRT core machinery. Positive interactions were validated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. In our experiments, most putative ESCRT components exhibited interactions with other ESCRT components that could be shown to occur on endosomes suggesting that despite their low homology to their yeast and animal counterparts they represent functional components of the plant ESCRT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Shahriari
- Botanical Institute, Lehrstuhl III, Biozentrum Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Shahriari M, Keshavaiah C, Scheuring D, Sabovljevic A, Pimpl P, Häusler RE, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. The AAA-type ATPase AtSKD1 contributes to vacuolar maintenance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2010; 64:71-85. [PMID: 20663085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The vacuole is the most prominent organelle of plant cells. Despite its importance for many physiological and developmental aspects of plant life, little is known about its biogenesis and maintenance. Here we show that Arabidopsis plants expressing a dominant-negative version of the AAA (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) ATPase AtSKD1 (SUPPRESSOR OF K+ TRANSPORT GROWTH DEFECT1) under the control of the trichome-specific GLABRA2 (GL2) promoter exhibit normal vacuolar development in early stages of trichome development. Shortly after its formation, however, the large central vacuole is fragmented and finally disappears completely. Secretion assays with amylase fused to the vacuolar sorting signal of Sporamin show that dominant-negative AtSKD1 inhibits vacuolar trafficking of the reporter that is instead secreted. In addition, trichomes expressing dominant-negative AtSKD1 frequently contain multiple nuclei. Our results suggest that AtSKD1 contributes to vacuolar protein trafficking and thereby to the maintenance of the large central vacuole of plant cells, and might play a role in cell-cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Shahriari
- Biozentrum Köln, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Street 47 b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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15
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Shahriari M, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. Seeds of Arabidopsis plants expressing dominant-negative AtSKD1 under control of the GL2 promoter show a transparent testa phenotype and a mucilage defect. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:1308-10. [PMID: 20930567 PMCID: PMC3115375 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.10.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that overexpression of dominant-negative AtSKD1 versions under control of the trichome and non-root-hair-cell specific GL2 promoter (GL2pro) blocks trafficking of soluble cargo to the vacuole, resulting in its fragmentation and ultimately cell death. GL2pro is also active in the Arabidopsis seeds. When we inspected seeds of the dominant-negative AtSKD1 variants we found two phenotypes. The seeds display a transparent testa phenotype caused by a lack of proanthocyanidin (PA) and do not possess seed coat mucilage. Both phenotypes could be connected by cell death induced by the overexpression of dominant-negative AtSKD1.
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16
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Schellmann S, Pimpl P. Coats of endosomal protein sorting: retromer and ESCRT. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2009; 12:670-6. [PMID: 19836992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Endosomes are hubs of endomembrane trafficking. They integrate vesicular traffic from different sources such as the plasma membrane or the Golgi apparatus and sort cargo to different destinations such as the vacuole, the plasma membrane or back to the Golgi apparatus. As endomembrane trafficking is largely via transport vesicles, endosomes employ different adaptor proteins and coats to accommodate their multiple functions. Retromer and ESCRT are coat/adapter combinations that are crucial for endosomal trafficking pathways. Retromer mediates recycling of sorting receptors back to the Golgi apparatus, ESCRT is needed for sorting of transmembrane cargo to the vacuole. While both are well-studied in yeast and animals, knowledge about their plant counterparts is still scarce. However, in recent years the mechanisms, targets and plant-specific functions of ESCRT and retromer have started to attract the interest of plant cell biologists also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Schellmann
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Gyrhofstr. 15, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Digiuni S, Schellmann S, Geier F, Greese B, Pesch M, Wester K, Dartan B, Mach V, Srinivas BP, Timmer J, Fleck C, Hulskamp M. A competitive complex formation mechanism underlies trichome patterning on Arabidopsis leaves. Mol Syst Biol 2008; 4:217. [PMID: 18766177 PMCID: PMC2564731 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2008.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichome patterning in Arabidopsis serves as a model system for de novo pattern formation in plants. It is thought to typify the theoretical activator-inhibitor mechanism, although this hypothesis has never been challenged by a combined experimental and theoretical approach. By integrating the key genetic and molecular data of the trichome patterning system, we developed a new theoretical model that allows the direct testing of the effect of experimental interventions and in the prediction of patterning phenotypes. We show experimentally that the trichome inhibitor TRIPTYCHON is transcriptionally activated by the known positive regulators GLABRA1 and GLABRA3. Further, we demonstrate by particle bombardment of protein fusions with GFP that TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE but not GLABRA1 and GLABRA3 can move between cells. Finally, theoretical considerations suggest promoter swapping and basal overexpression experiments by means of which we are able to discriminate three biologically meaningful variants of the trichome patterning model. Our study demonstrates that the mutual interplay between theory and experiment can reveal a new level of understanding of how biochemical mechanisms can drive biological patterning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Digiuni
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Greese
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Pesch
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Wester
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Burcu Dartan
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valerie Mach
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jens Timmer
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fleck
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hulskamp
- Department of Botany III, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Spitzer C, Schellmann S, Sabovljevic A, Shahriari M, Keshavaiah C, Bechtold N, Herzog M, Müller S, Hanisch FG, Hülskamp M. The Arabidopsis elch mutant reveals functions of an ESCRT component in cytokinesis. Development 2007; 133:4679-89. [PMID: 17090720 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an alternative route to the proteasomal protein-degradation pathway was discovered that specifically targets transmembrane proteins marked with a single ubiquitin to the endosomal multivesicular body (MVB) and, subsequently, to the vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (animals), where they are degraded by proteases. Vps23p/TSG101 is a key component of the ESCRT I-III machinery in yeast and animals that recognizes mono-ubiquitylated proteins and sorts them into the MVB. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis ELCH (ELC) gene encodes a Vps23p/TSG101 homolog, and that homologs of all known ESCRT I-III components are present in the Arabidopsis genome. As with its animal and yeast counterparts, ELC binds ubiquitin and localizes to endosomes. Gel-filtration experiments indicate that ELC is a component of a high-molecular-weight complex. Yeast two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays showed that ELC interacts with Arabidopsis homologs of the ESCRT I complex. The elc mutant shows multiple nuclei in various cell types, indicating a role in cytokinesis. Double-mutant analysis with kaktus shows that increased ploidy levels do not influence the cytokinesis effect of elc mutants, suggesting that ELC is only important during the first endoreduplication cycle. Double mutants with tubulin folding cofactor a mutants show a synergistic phenotype, suggesting that ELC regulates cytokinesis through the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Spitzer
- University of Köln, Botanical Institute III, Gyrhofstr. 15, 50931 Köln, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Root hair formation, stomata development on hypocotyls and trichome formation on leaves in Arabidopsis represent three model systems for epidermal patterning in plants that involve a common set of genes or corresponding homologues. The resulting pattern and the developmental readout are, however, strikingly different. Trichomes become regularly spaced on the leaf surface. Root hairs and stomata-bearing cells are formed in rows at specific locations with reference to the underlying cortex cells. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic similarities and discuss differences that might account for the different outcome of patterning in each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schellmann
- Universität zu Köln, Lehrstuhl für Botanik, III, Gyrhofstrasse 15, Köln, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Arabidopsis trichomes are an excellent model system to study all aspects of cell differentiation including cell fate determination, cell cycle regulation, cell polarity and cell expansion. Genetic analysis had initially identified mutants affecting trichome development at different developmental stages. During recent years, molecular analysis of the corresponding genes has revealed a first glimpse of the underlying molecular mechanisms. This paper summarizes some of the recent insights regarding the mechanisms of trichome development.
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21
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Müller I, Wagner W, Völker A, Schellmann S, Nacry P, Küttner F, Schwarz-Sommer Z, Mayer U, Jürgens G. Syntaxin specificity of cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5:531-4. [PMID: 12738961 DOI: 10.1038/ncb991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2003] [Accepted: 04/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Syntaxins interact with other SNAREs (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors) to form structurally related complexes that mediate membrane fusion in diverse intracellular trafficking pathways. The original SNARE hypothesis postulated that each type of transport vesicle has its own distinct vesicle-SNARE that pairs up with a unique target-SNARE, or syntaxin, on the target membrane. However, recent evidence suggests that small G-proteins of the Rab family and their effectors mediate the initial contact between donor and acceptor membranes, providing complementary specificity to SNARE pairing at a later step towards membrane fusion. To assess the role of syntaxin specificity in membrane recognition requires a biological assay in which one syntaxin is replaced by other family members that do not normally function in that trafficking pathway. Here, we examine whether membrane fusion in Arabidopsis thaliana cytokinesis, which involves a plant-specific syntaxin, the cell-cycle-regulated KNOLLE (KN) protein, can be mediated by other syntaxins if expressed under the control of KN cis-regulatory sequences. Only a non-essential syntaxin was targeted to the plane of cell division and sufficiently related to KN to perform its function, thus revealing syntaxin specificity of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Müller
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Schellmann S, Schnittger A, Kirik V, Wada T, Okada K, Beermann A, Thumfahrt J, Jürgens G, Hülskamp M. TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE mediate lateral inhibition during trichome and root hair patterning in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2002; 21:5036-46. [PMID: 12356720 PMCID: PMC129046 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichome patterning in Arabidopsis is a model for the generation of a spacing pattern from initially equivalent cells. We show that the TRIPTYCHON gene that functions in lateral inhibition encodes a single-repeat MYB-related transcription factor that lacks a recognizable activation domain. It has high sequence similarity to the root hair patterning gene CAPRICE. Both genes are expressed in trichomes and act together during lateral inhibition. We further show that TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE act redundantly in the position-dependent cell fate determination in the root epidermis. Thus, the same lateral inhibition mechanism seems to be involved in both de novo patterning and position-dependent cell determination. We propose a model explaining trichome and root hair patterning by a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Schellmann
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - A. Schnittger
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - V. Kirik
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - T. Wada
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - K. Okada
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - A. Beermann
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - J. Thumfahrt
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - G. Jürgens
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - M. Hülskamp
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, Abteilung Genetik der Tiere, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, University of Köln, Botanisches Institut III, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany, CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide Laboratory, Entry No. 2 Waite Campus, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, RIKEN Plant Science Center and Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Corresponding author e-mail:
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23
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Schnittger A, Schellmann S, Hülskamp M. Plant cells - young at heart? Curr Opin Plant Biol 1999; 2:508-512. [PMID: 10607662 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(99)00028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dolly has become a synonym for one of the greatest breakthroughs in animal reproductive biology: the regeneration of a whole mammal from a somatic cell nucleus. The equivalent experiments in plants - the regeneration of whole plants from single differentiated cells - are comparatively easy. Does this apparent difference in the developmental potential of animal and plant somatic cells reflect mechanistic differences in the regulation and maintenance of their respective cell differentiation?
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schnittger
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany.
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