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Eucalyptus globulus Mediated Green Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Metal Based Nanostructures: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2019. [PMID: 37446535 DOI: 10.3390/nano13132019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The progress in nanotechnology has effectively tackled and overcome numerous global issues, including climate change, environmental contamination, and various lethal diseases. The nanostructures being a vital part of nanotechnology have been synthesized employing different physicochemical methods. However, these methods are expensive, polluting, eco-unfriendly, and produce toxic byproducts. Green chemistry having exceptional attributes, such as cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, higher stability, environment friendliness, ability to control size and shape, and superior performance, has emerged as a promising alternative to address the drawbacks of conventional approaches. Plant extracts are recognized as the best option for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles due to adherence to the environmentally benign route and sustainability agenda 2030 of the United Nations. In recent decades, phytosynthesized nanoparticles have gained much attention for different scientific applications. Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) is an evergreen plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae, which is the targeted point of this review article. Herein, we mainly focus on the fabrication of nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, lanthanum oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, nickel oxide, gold, silver, and zirconium oxide, by utilizing Eucalyptus globulus extract and its essential oils. This review article aims to provide an overview of the synthesis, characterization results, and biomedical applications of nanoparticles synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus. The present study will be a better contribution to the readers and the students of environmental research.
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Selected organic dyes (carminic acid, pyrocatechol violet and dithizone) sensitized metal (silver, neodymium) doped TiO 2/ZnO nanostructured materials: A photoanode for hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121387. [PMID: 35597162 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A photoactive nanohybrid material consisting of pyrocatechol violet, carminic acid and dithizone dyes functionalized silver and neodymium-doped TiO2/ZnO nanostructured materials is reported here, as photoactive blend, for solid-state dye sensitized solar cell. First of all we synthesized metals (silver, neodymium) doped (TiO2) Titanium oxide nanoparticles and their nanocomposites (TiO2/ZnO, M-TiO2/ZnO) using the sol-gel and reflux technique, respectively. The synthesized samples were then characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Optical studies were done through UV-Visible spectroscopy and the absorption spectra were used to calculate band gaps. The value of the energy gap for TiO2 nanoparticles is 3.10 eV which was gradually tuned to 2.47 eV after incorporating metals (Ag and Nd) and forming respective nanocomposites. X-Ray diffraction Analysis (XRD) patterns revealed the purity and crystallinity in samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the irregular morphology (nanorods and spherical shaped) of ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures respectively. The elemental composition of nanomaterials was successfully investigated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In the absence of any impurities, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the functional groups in synthesized material. For device fabrication, a solid-state electrolyte, P3HT, a hole conducting polymer was used. Characterization of fabricated solar cells was done using I-V measurements. Under simulated solar irradiation, the DSSC based on pyrocatechol violet sensitized neodymium doped TiO2/ZnO nanohybrid materials exhibited the best PCE (power conversion efficiency) of 2.38 % and significantly improved Jsc (short circuit current density) of 15.68 mA/cm2 as compared to carminic acid and dithizone in photovoltaic measurements. The improved power conversion efficiency of this device is ascribed to the particle size, increased dye adsorption, increased surface area and thus improved short circuit current density (Jsc).
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Low temperature
ATRP
of
POSS‐MA
and its amphiphilic pentablock copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Developing a multi-disciplinary program for routine acetylcholine vasoreactivity testing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Introduction
Of the patients who are referred for invasive coronary angiography 30–50% are found to have no obstructive coronary artery disease. Current ESC Guidelines for chronic coronary syndromes have a class IIa recommendation for intracoronary provocative testing with acetylcholine in patients with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA). However, there is limited guidance for pharmacy and nursing teams for the support of provocative testing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Purpose
To demonstrate feasibility and safety of acetylcholine vasoreactivity testing in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Methods
The inpatient pharmacy developed an adapted protocol based on available evidence and facilitated a multi-disciplinary operational workflow for the assessment of vasospastic angina. 3mL acetylcholine aliquots of 1mcg/mL, 10 mcg/mL, 25 mcg/mL, 50 mcg/mL, and 100 mcg/mL were prepared by pharmacy following sterile compounding standards. The transition from provider or nursing staff compounding to pharmacy compounding provided quality assurance following United States Pharmacopeia compounding standards for improved sterility and patient safety, especially with a complicated micro-dilution recipe. Pharmacy supported the necessary guidance with optimized clinical decision support in the form of a customized order panel embedded in the electronic health record system and compounding software as another layer of standardization and quality assurance. Syringes were made available to the interventional cardiologist in the cardiac catheterization laboratory suite immediately prior to a scheduled case. Eleven orders of acetylcholine were placed with five dilution syringes per order (total 55 compounded syringes) from the customized acetylcholine provoked coronary vasospasm procedure order panel.
Results
From January 2020 to March 2021, 11 patients underwent acetylcholine vasoreactivity testing for clinical indications. One patient developed atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular rate during provocative testing of the right coronary artery which required elective cardioversion the following day. Of 11 patients, 9 were outpatients and 2 were inpatients. 1 patient received intravenous atropine and ondansetron due to profound bradycardia and nausea after 100mcg acetylcholine administration. No other safety events occurred.
Conclusion(s)
Provocative testing with intracoronary acetylcholine administration is safe and feasible. For clinical assessment, sterile compounding and customized order panels facilitate routine clinical assessment for patients with suspected vasospastic angina. Nursing protocols should include cardiac monitoring, medications to reverse adverse effects, and possible outcomes of provocative testing. We provide a practical description of our workflow for pharmacists, catheterization laboratory staff, and providers for routine acetylcholine provocation for the evaluation of INOCA.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Fabrication and characterization of amidoxime-functionalized silica decorated with copper: a catalytic assembly for rapid reduction of dyes. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:410-419. [PMID: 34104053 PMCID: PMC8164202 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2007-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, amidoxime-functionalized silica decorated with copper (AFS-Cu) was fabricated and tested for its catalytic application. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed to characterize its structure and morphology. The application of AFS-Cu as a catalyst for the catalytic reduction of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous media using NaBH4 as reductant was evaluated. The ability to reuse as well as the effect of catalyst dose and pH of solution on the catalytic activity was investigated. The reduction of MB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constant (k) was 0.6224 min-1. AFS-Cu was found to be a highly effective catalyst for MB reduction reaction and can be easily recovered and reused several times with no appreciable loss of catalytic activity.
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Effect of Idebenone, Resveratrol and Taurine on the Sperm Quality and Lipid Peroxidation of Cryopreserved Crossbred Ram Semen. CRYO LETTERS 2021; 42:146-153. [PMID: 33970992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm quality during cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of idebenone, resveratrol and taurine on the sperm quality and lipid peroxidation of cryopreserved crossbred ram semen. METHODS In a split study, pooled ejaculates were divided into four aliquots cryopreserved in tris extender with no antioxidant (control), with idebenone (0.01 mM), resveratrol (0.1 mM), and taurine (40 mM). RESULT Among all antioxidants, taurine treatment yielded significantly better sperm quality. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in seminal plasma was significantly lower for taurine compared to the control, idebenone and resveratrol treatments. Moreover, sperm quality declined significantly in all the groups from pre-freeze to post-thaw. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that taurine at 40 mM significantly improves sperm quality compared to 0.01 mM idebenone and 0.1 mM resveratrol, hence it can be considered as a potent and promising antioxidant supplement in tris extender for the cryopreservation of crossbred ram semen.
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Genotyping and antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter fetus subsp.venerealis from cattle farms in India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:627-636. [PMID: 32867004 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv) is of considerable economic importance to the cattle industry worldwide. Cfv causes syndrome of temporary infertility in female cattle, early embryonic mortality, aberrant oestrus cycles, delayed conception, abortions and poor calving rates. In the present study, a total of 200 samples obtained from vaginal swabs, cervicovaginal mucous (CVM), preputial washes and semen straws were investigated that were obtained from organized cattle farm of MLRI, Manasbal and unorganized sectors. Out of a total of 200 samples, 49 (47·57%) vaginal swabs, 1 (3·33%) preputial wash and 8 (25%) carried out CVM samples were positive for Cfv, whereas none of the semen straws were positive for Cfv. A total of eleven isolates of Cfv were recovered. PFGE (Pulse field gel electrophoresis) analysis revealed four different pulsotypes (I-IV) circulating in the screened farms. A common pulsotype circulating among farms could not be established. Insertion element (ISCfe1), a 233 bp amplicon of Cfv, was sequenced and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession no: MK475662).
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Ethnoecological, Elemental, and Phytochemical Evaluation of Five Plant Species of Lamiaceae in Peshawar, Pakistan. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:2982934. [PMID: 32908781 PMCID: PMC7474369 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2982934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants as an unconventional health treatment is gaining considerable recognition and popularity worldwide. The current study was designed to inspect five medicinally important species (such as Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., Mentha piperita L., Mentha spicata L., Ocimum basilicum L., and Rosmarinus officinalis L.) of Lamiaceae, collected from district Peshawar, through ethnoecological, phytochemical, and elemental analyses. Biological spectra expressed that therophytes (60%) were the dominant life-form class, while nanophyll (60%) was the leading class among leaf size. The ethnobotanical profile showed that all the species were medicinal and ornamental (100%) each, while 60% were used in spices. Quantitative analysis for the macro- and microminerals confirmed the presence of 13 elements (C, N, O, Mg, K, P, S, Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Cl, and Na), which were present in varying amounts from species to species. The methanol extract of leaf samples was used for the analysis of phytochemical constituents such as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, phlobatannins, steroids, and anthraquinones. The medicinal potential of these plants was correlated with the presence of these phytochemicals. Due to the presence of active constituents, the plants had high potential in antifungal, antidiuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Immunohistochemistry analysis of itch and pain mediators in nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e842-e843. [PMID: 32519332 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Amphiphilic tadpole-shaped POSS-poly(glycerol methacrylate) hybrid polymers: synthesis and self-assembly. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A phytobeneficial strain Planomicrobium sp. MSSA-10 triggered oxidative stress responsive mechanisms and regulated the growth of pea plants under induced saline environment. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1566-1579. [PMID: 29444380 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The study was planned to characterize Planomicrobium sp. MSSA-10 for plant-beneficial traits and to evaluate its inoculation impact on physiology of pea plants under different salinity levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Strain MSSA-10 was isolated from pea rhizosphere and identified by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain demonstrated phosphate solubilization and auxin production up to 2 mol l-1 NaCl and exhibited 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity up to 1·5 mol l-1 salt. In an inoculation experiment under different salinity regimes, a significant increase in growth was observed associated with decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and enhanced antioxidative enzyme activities. The strain also promoted the translocation of nutrients in plants with subsequent increase in chlorophyll and protein contents as compared to noninoculated plants. It has been observed that rifampicin-resistant derivatives of MSSA-10 were able to survive for 30 days at optimum cell density with pea rhizosphere. CONCLUSION Growth-stimulating effect of MSSA-10 on pea plants may be attributed to its rhizosphere competence, nutrient mobilization and modulation of plant oxidative damage repair mechanisms under saline environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Planomicrobium sp. MSSA-10 might be used as potent bioinoculant to relieve pea plants from deleterious effects of salinity.
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0419 Improvement in Sleep Maintenance and Sleep Quality with Ion Powered Pump Continuous Release and Absorption Melatonin: Results from a Self-Reported Patient Outcomes Study. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Optical and morphological studies of transition metal doped ZnO nanorods and their applications in hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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0385 A CONTINUOUS RELEASE ION POWERED PUMP MELATONIN DELIVERY SYSTEM. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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0396 REM ABSORPTION KINETICS TRIAL: A RANDOMIZED, CROSSOVER, CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS EVALUATION OF AN ION POWERED PUMP MELATONIN DELIVERY SYSTEM IN HEALTHY NON-SMOKING ADULTS. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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0388 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE ION POWERED PUMP (IPP) MELATONIN DELIVERY SYSTEM. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Stability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) polymer microgels under various conditions of temperature, pH and salt concentration. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Is the pelvis stable during supine total hip arthroplasty? Acta Orthop Belg 2017; 83:81-86. [PMID: 29322899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intra- operative changes in pelvic position during total hip arthroplasty (THA) can affect acetabular orientation. We evaluated these changes during supine THA using a proprietary mobile application called PelvicTracker. Twenty- two patients undergoing THA using direct anterior approach were included in the study. In the sagittal plane, the pelvis was extended (anterior tilt) as compared to the start of surgery in 19/ 22 hips at the time of cup implantation (mean extension: 3.1°; range: 1°-6°). In the transverse plane, the pelvis was rolled to the opposite side of surgery in 12 hips (mean roll: 2.8°; range: 1°-5°), to the same side in 8 hips (mean roll: 3.9°, range: 1°-9°) and unchanged in 2 hips at the time of cup implantation. Predicted change in cup version of ≥5° due to changes in pelvic position was seen in 7/22 (32%) patients. Although minor, changes in pelvic position do occur during supine THA which may affect acetabular orientation.
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Ru-dye grafted CdS and reduced graphene oxide Ru/CdS/rGO composite: An efficient and photo tuneable electrode material for solid state dye sensitized polymer solar cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 167:117-127. [PMID: 28063301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a facile one step synthesis of CdS (cadmium sulphide) and CdS/rGO (reduced graphene oxide CdS nanocomposites) using DMF (N, N-Dimethyl formamide) both as a solvent and a reducing agent for the reduction of grapheme oxide. XRD (X-ray diffraction), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy), EDX (Elemental dispersive X-ray analysis), TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), UV-Vis (UV-visible) and Raman spectroscopy have been employed for the characterization of prepared samples. The prepared nano-composite was photosensitized with three well known Ru (Ruthenium) dyes i.e. N3 [cis-Bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato ruthenium(II))], N719 [Di-tetrabutylammoniumcis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) ruthenium (II)] and Z907 [cis-Bis(isothiocyanato)(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)(4,4'-di-nonyl-2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)]. The effect of concentration and number of anchoring groups on the grafting was extensively studied in order to explore structure-activity relationship. Photosensitization of CdS/rGO nanocomposite was evidenced by UV-Visible, PL (Photoluminiscence), FT-IR (Fourier transform infra-red) spectroscopy and I-V (current-voltage measurements). The prepared samples were found as effective electrode materials for application in SSDSSCs (solid state dye sensitized solar cells) with a maximum output efficiency of 1.01% which is two times higher than the reference device under the same experimental conditions. The components of the synthesized nanohybrid material were found to be capable of providing a uni-directional and cascade path for the flow of electrons and holes in the desired directions.
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Flexible, Low Cost, and Platinum-Free Counter Electrode for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25353-25360. [PMID: 27592679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A platinum-free counter electrode composed of surface modified aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) fibers was fabricated for efficient flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Surface modification of MWCNTs fibers with simple one step hydrothermal deposition of cobalt selenide nanoparticles, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, provided a significant improvement (∼2-times) in their electrocatalytic activity. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggest a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.42% for our modified fibers, higher than 3.4% and 5.6% efficeincy of pristine MWCNTs fiber and commonly used Pt wire, respectively. Good mechanical and performance stability after repeated bending and high output voltage for in-series connection suggest that our surface modified MWCNTs fiber based DSSCs may find applications as flexible power source in next-generation flexible/wearable electronics.
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Metal-free polymer/MWCNT composite fiber as an efficient counter electrode in fiber shape dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:384003. [PMID: 27533004 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/384003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Highly aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as fiber were modified with a conducting polymer via a simple dip coating method. Modified MWCNT exhibited admirable improvement in electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of tri-iodide in dye sensitized solar cells. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the successful deposition of polymer on MWCNT. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were carried out to investigate the inner mechanism for the charge transfer behaviour. Results from bare and modified electrodes revealed that the MWCNT/(poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) composite electrode is much better at catalysing the [Formula: see text] redox couple compared to the pristine fiber electrode. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5.03% for the modified MWCNT electrodes was comparable with that of the conventional Pt-based electrode. The scientific results of this study reveal that MWCNT/PEDOT:PSS may be a better choice for the replacement of cost intensive electrode materials such as platinum. Good performance even after bending up to 90° and in-series connection to enhance the output voltage were also successfully achieved, highlighting the practical application of this novel device.
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OP11 Do health checks for adults with intellectual disability reduce emergency hospital admissions? Evaluation of a natural experiment. Br J Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208064.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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OP50 Disparities in Mortality and Deaths Amenable to Healthcare Intervention in Adults with Intellectual Disability. Br J Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208064.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Photo-sensitization of ZnS nanoparticles with renowned ruthenium dyes N3, N719 and Z907 for application in solid state dye sensitized solar cells: A comparative study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:583-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Synthesis, characterization, band gap tuning and applications of Cd-doped ZnS nanoparticles in hybrid solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Iron Polymaltose Complex in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy. Mymensingh Med J 2016; 25:506-513. [PMID: 27612899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anaemia is a major public health problem in pregnancy. About 58% of pregnant women in developed countries are anaemic mainly due to iron deficiency resulting a serious negative consequences on children, mothers and eventually on the nation. This quasi-experimental multi centered study (Before after study) was done to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Iron Polymaltose Complex (IPC) in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and it was performed at the OPD of Bangladesh Medical College and two other clinics of Dhaka city from August 2011 to September 2013. A total of 80 (eighty) subjects were selected by purposive sampling as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were treated by Iron Polymaltose-IPC [47mg elemental iron + Folic Acid 0.5mg + Zinc 22.5mg - Once daily orally for 12 weeks]. At the beginning and after 12 weeks of intervention by Iron Polymaltose Complex (IPC) Hb%, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Serum iron, and Serum ferritin were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 13.0. Paired and unpaired 't' test was used to analyze differences within groups and between groups. Chi-square test was done to analyze primary efficacy parameters and adverse drug reactions (ADR). Most of the respondents were within the age group of 18-23 and 30-35 years (32.6% each). Significant differences were found by treatment with IPC for 12 weeks in Hb%, PCV, MCV, MCH, Serum iron, and Serum ferritin level. In iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy IPC may be used as a safe and cost-effective therapeutic management.
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Water soluble polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane based amphiphilic hybrid polymers: Synthesis, self-assembly, and applications. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Evaluation of electrical, dielectric and magnetic characteristics of Al–La doped nickel spinel ferrites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20981a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper reports the effects of lanthanum and aluminum ions, on the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of NiFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles.
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Adsorption of porphyrin and carminic acid on TiO2 nanoparticles: A photo-active nano-hybrid material for hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of photocatalysts for selective and efficient organic transformations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:209-222. [PMID: 25974905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the main goals of organic chemists is to find easy, environmentally friendly, and cost effective methods for the synthesis of industrially important compounds. Photocatalysts have brought revolution in this regard as they make use of unlimited source of energy (the solar light) to carry out the synthesis of organic compounds having otherwise complex synthetic procedures. However, selectivity of the products has been a major issue since the beginning of photocatalysis. The present article encompasses state of the art accomplishments in harvesting light energy for selective organic transformations using photocatalysts. Several approaches for the development of photocatalysts for selective organic conversions have been critically discussed with the objective of developing efficient, selective, environmental friendly and high yield photocatalytic methodologies.
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Comparative Expression Analysis of Gametogenesis-Associated Genes in Foetal and Adult Bubaline (Bubalus bubalis) Ovaries and Testes. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:365-77. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Elevated blood pressure in Emirati adolescents – role of obesity? HAMDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.7707/hmj.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Alarming trends in type 2 diabetes mellitus – from the mountains of Pakistan to the plains of the United Arab Emirates. HAMDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.7707/hmj.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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OP33 Broken Hearts: The impact of partner bereavement on cardiovascular risk and disease management. Br J Soc Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204726.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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OP44 How representative are physical activity trial participants? – results from the PACE-UP primary care trial. Br J Soc Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204726.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Probing of the pH-Dependent Redox Mechanism of a Biologically Active Compound, 5,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The redox behaviour of a potential anticancer organic compound, 5,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (DND), was investigated in 1 : 1 buffered aqueous ethanol using cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry. The redox processes were found to occur in a pH-dependent diffusion-controlled manner. Presence of an α-hydroxyl group stabilised semiquinone radical of DND, formed by the gain of 1 e– and 1 H+, prevented the second step reduction, which is in contrast to the general mechanism previously reported for quinines in protic and aprotic media. In addition, our results supported an independent oxidation and reduction process. Square wave voltammetry provided evidence about the reversible and quasi-reversible nature of oxidation and reduction peaks. Based on the voltammetric results, the electrode reaction mechanism of DND was proposed. Parameters including pKa, transfer coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and electron transfer rate constant were evaluated. The values of pKa obtained from cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy not only agreed with each other, but also with reported values of structurally related compounds evaluated by other techniques.
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Role of Pristine and Acid-Functionalized Fullerene on Breaking Dye Aggregates and its Impact on the Efficiency of Solar Cells. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin dyes have an inherent tendency to aggregate. This leads to a self-quenching phenomenon that hinders electron transfer to the conduction band of semiconductors in dye-sensitized solar cells. Self-quenching adversely affects the efficiency of solar cells. Here, we report the interaction of porphyrin with pristine and acid-functionalized fullerene molecules on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles under chemisorbed conditions. Chemisorption of porphyrin only on ZnO nanoparticles instigates aggregation of the porphyrin molecules. These aggregates can be effectively broken by chemisorbing fullerene molecules on the surface of the ZnO nanoparticles. This is due to self-assembly formation processes because of porphyrin–fullerene interactions. The nanohybrid material, consisting of ZnO nanorods, acid-functionalized porphyrin, and fullerene derivatives, was characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The material generates better performing dye-sensitized solar cells when compared with those fabricated from porphyrin-based photo-active material.
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Lithium alters the morphology of neurites regenerating from cultured adult spiral ganglion neurons. Hear Res 2013; 304:137-44. [PMID: 23856237 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The small-molecule drug lithium (as a monovalent ion) promotes neurite regeneration and functional recovery, is easy to administer, and is approved for human use to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium exerts its neuritogenic effect mainly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3, a constitutively-active serine/threonine kinase that is regulated by neurotrophin and "wingless-related MMTV integration site" (Wnt) signaling. In spiral ganglion neurons of the cochlea, the effects of lithium and the function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 have not been investigated. We, therefore, set out to test whether lithium modulates neuritogenesis from adult spiral ganglion neurons. Primary cultures of dissociated spiral ganglion neurons from adult mice were exposed to lithium at concentrations between 0 and 12.5 mM. The resulting neurite morphology and growth-cone appearance were measured in detail by using immunofluorescence microscopy and image analysis. We found that lithium altered the morphology of regenerating neurites and their growth cones in a differential, concentration-dependent fashion. Low concentrations of 0.5-2.5 mM (around the half-maximal inhibitory concentration for glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the recommended therapeutic serum concentration for bipolar disorder) enhanced neurite sprouting and branching. A high concentration of 12.5 mM, in contrast, slowed elongation. As the lithium concentration rose from low to high, the microtubules became increasingly disarranged and the growth cones more arborized. Our results demonstrate that lithium selectively stimulates phases of neuritogenesis that are driven by microtubule reorganization. In contrast, most other drugs that have previously been tested on spiral ganglion neurons are reported to inhibit neurite outgrowth or affect only elongation. Lithium sensitivity is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Our results are, therefore, consistent with, but do not prove lithium inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity in spiral ganglion neurons. Experiments with additional drugs and molecular-genetic tools will be necessary to test whether glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates neurite regeneration from spiral ganglion neurons, possibly by integrating neurotrophin and Wnt signals at the growth cone.
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Investigation of the Genetic Basis of Tetracycline Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from Pakistan. TROP J PHARM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v11i6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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PL01 A Simple Morbidity Score for UK Primary Care: A New Tool for Research and Healthcare Outcome Monitoring. Br J Soc Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2012-201753.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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OP85 Do Good Health and Material Circumstances Protect Older People from the Increase in Mortality after Bereavement? Br J Soc Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2012-201753.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Study of two techniques for midline laparotomy fascial wound closure. Indian J Surg 2012; 76:91-4. [PMID: 24891770 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-012-0612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the results of two techniques, simple interrupted closure and continuous with intermittent Aberdeen knot technique for midline laparotomy fascial wound closure. A random selection of 200 midline laparotomy cases was done. In one group (group A) of 100 cases, midline fascial wound closure was done with continuous sutures with intermittent Aberdeen knot technique using Prolene No. 1 suture material. In the other group (group B) of 100 cases, closure was done with the technique of simple interrupted sutures with Prolene No.1 suture material. Comparison of both the techniques regarding preoperative status and postoperative complication such as incisional hernia, wound dehiscence, suture sinus formation, stitch granuloma, and chronic wound pain was done according to clinical examination and recorded in the pro forma prepared. In group A, postoperative complications were incisional hernia 3 %, wound dehiscence 4 %, and suture sinus formation 1 %. In group B, postoperative complication were incisional hernia 5 %, wound dehiscence 4 %, and suture sinus formation 1 %. All these complications were statistically insignificant, in both group comparisons. While the complication such as stitch granuloma 3 %, chronic wound pain 3 %, and wound infection 4 % in group A was significantly less than in group B where the complication of stitch granuloma was 12 %, chronic wound pain 13 %, and wound infection 13 % (P value 0.03, P value 0.018, and P value 0.048, respectively). Both the techniques, simple interrupted suture closure and continuous with intermittent Aberdeen knot closure for midline laparotomy fascial wounds, show a similar rate of postoperative complication such as incisional hernia, wound dehiscence, and suture sinus formation. But the continuous suturing with intermittent Aberdeen knot technique is a better option to prevent complications such as stitch granuloma, chronic wound pain, and wound infection, which are higher in the simple interrupted fascial wound closure technique.
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Statin use after first myocardial infarction in UK men and women from 1997 to 2006: Who started and who continued treatment? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:400-408. [PMID: 21194912 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To examine trends in initiation and continuation of statin treatment after myocardial infarction (MI) and their determinants, during a period of increasing usage. METHODS AND RESULTS 9367 patients aged 30-84 with a first Myocardial Infarction (MI) in 1997-2006 were identified in DIN-LINK, an anonymised, UK primary care database. We assessed statin initiation (prescription within 6 months of MI) and continued therapy (% covered by a prescription on a given day of those prescribed a statin within 6 months). The influences of co-morbidities and socio-economic deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation) were examined. Statin initiation increased from 37% for MIs in 1997 to 92% in 2006. Continuation at 1 year remained stable over successive cohorts at approximately 80%, settling to about 76% in patients with 5-10 years follow up. Younger age, affluence, revascularisation in 6 months after MI, and absence of congestive heart failure, predicted higher initiation and continuation; a diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes predicted higher initiation, while smoking was associated with poorer continuation. Men had higher initiation and continued therapy, but these effects were largely explained by their younger age. Type of statin initially prescribed did not influence continued usage. CONCLUSION Statin use after MI increased markedly between 1997 and 2006, whilst continued therapy remained high and stable. Importantly, first choice of statin had no effect on continuation. Whilst the high current levels of initiation may have reached a ceiling, increasing continuation rates among smokers, older patients and those from lower socio-economic groups, should remain a priority.
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Photoswitching in azobenzene self-assembled monolayers capped on zinc oxide: nanodots vs nanorods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 367:109-14. [PMID: 22082797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of nanohybrid structures consisting of an azobenzene compound grafted on the surface of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Characteristic bathochromic shifts indicate that the azobenzene photochromic molecules self-assemble onto the surface of the nanocrystals. The extent of packing is dependent on the shape of the nanoparticle. ZnO nanorods, with flat facets, enable a tighter organization of the molecules in the self-assembled monolayer than in the case of nanodots that display a more curvated shape. Consistently, the efficiency of photochromic switching of the self-assembled monolayer on ZnO nanoparticles is also shown to be strongly affected by nanoparticle shape.
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Antipsychotic prescribing to older people living in care homes and the community in England and Wales. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:423-34. [PMID: 20878663 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive use of antipsychotic medication by older people is an international concern, but there is limited comparative information on their use in different residential settings. This paper describes and compares antipsychotic prescribing to older people in care homes and the community in England and Wales. METHOD Analysis of a primary care database (THIN) with 403 259 community and 10 387 care home residents aged 65-104 years in 2008-9. RESULTS 3677 (0.9%) patients in the community and 2173 (20.9%) in care homes (20.5% in residential homes, 21.7% in nursing homes) received an antipsychotic medication prescription in the last 90 days. Most patients had received prescriptions for more than three months and 60% of prescriptions were for atypical antipsychotics. In patients without severe mental illness, 2367 (0.6%) patients in the community and 1765 (18.2%) in care homes received antipsychotic medication; such prescribing was common for patients with recorded dementia (30.2% in care home, 10.1% in the community). In care homes, younger age and living in the North of England predicted prescribing, but care home type did not. In the community, female gender, increasing age, living in a deprived area and the North predicted prescribing. CONCLUSIONS Despite safety concerns, antipsychotic prescribing is markedly higher in care homes than in the community, and strongly associated with dementia in both settings. In England and Wales, we estimate that 54 000 older care home patients and 50 000 community patients receive antipsychotic medication without a diagnosis of severe mental illness with important implications for health and social services.
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An exploratory study of the safety, tolerability and bioactivity of a single intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-Eye in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93:144-9. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.138271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence on the social determinants of A&E use and concerns over the equity of NHS Direct utilization. METHODS We analysed data from the 2004-05 British General Household Survey, which included 20,421 participants. Logistic regression was used to examine individual casualty use in the last 3 months and household NHS Direct use in the last year. RESULTS Casualty use was higher for individuals living in rented accommodation or without car access, lower income groups, unskilled manual workers, current smokers and for individuals with limiting illness. In contrast, NHS Direct use was lower in households with older residents, low income, no car access and where the head of household was from a manual occupational group, a minority ethnic group or born outside the UK. The odds ratio for use of NHS Direct for households in the lowest equivalized income quintile was 0.67 (0.55-0.81). Adjustment for limiting illness increased the effect of socio-economic factors on NHS Direct use. CONCLUSIONS Reduced access to A&E services will disproportionately affect poorer individuals, whereas increased investment in telephone services will benefit affluent populations. Current national policy may widen inequities in access to emergency care.
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