Clustering of Tadalafil API Samples According to their Manufacturer in the Context of API Falsification Detection

This paper reports the results of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) fingerprint study, organised by the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory Network (GEON), on tadalafil. A classical market surveillance study, evaluating compliance to the European Pharmacopoeia, was combined with a fingerprint study, the latter to obtain characteristic data for the different manufacturers, allowing the network laboratories to conduct authenticity tests for future samples, as well as to detect substandard and falsified samples. In total, 46 tadalafil API samples from 13 different manufacturers were collected. For all samples fingerprint data was collected through analysis of impurities and residual solvents, mass spectrometric screening, X-ray powder diffraction and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Chemometric analysis revealed that all manufacturers could be characterised based on the impurity, residual solvent and 1H-NMR data. Future suspicious samples in the network will therefore be analysed with these techniques in order to attribute the sample to one of the manufacturers. If the sample cannot be attributed, a more profound investigation will be necessary to reveal the origin of the sample. In cases where the suspect sample is claimed to be from one of the manufacturers included in this study, analysis can be limited to the test distinguishing that manufacturer.

European fingerprint study on omeprazole drug substances using a multi analytical approach and chemometrics as a tool for the discrimination of manufacturing sources

Like drug products, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are subject to substandard and falsification issues, which represent a threat to patient health. In order to monitor the quality of drug substances and prevent the use of non-compliant APIs, Official Medicine Control Laboratories work together in a European network developing coordinated strategies and programmes. The API working group proposed a market surveillance study on omeprazole and omeprazole magnesium with the objectives of controlling the pharmaceutical quality of samples, checking compliance with the monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia, and collecting analytical fingerprints that could be further used to differentiate manufacturing sources for future authenticity investigations. The study described in this article reports the analysis carried out by 7 European laboratories on 28 samples from 11 manufacturers with 5 analytical techniques (related substances with HPLC, residual solvents with GC-MS, near infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry). The large amount of resulting analytical data were centralized and treated with two chemometric methods: Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. Data were analyzed separately and in combination (data fusion), allowing us to conclude that NMR and XRPD were suitable to differentiate samples originating from 9 out of 11 manufacturers. Analytical fingerprints associated with chemometrics were demonstrated to be a valuable methodology to discriminate manufacturers of omeprazole and omeprazole magnesium APIs and detect future substandard and falsified APIs.

GEONs API fingerprint project: Selection of analytical techniques for clustering of sildenafil citrate API samples

Through its Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group (API-WG) the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL) Network (GEON), co-ordinated by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), regularly organises market surveillance studies for specific APIs for conformity to their monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. During the past years some studies were combined with a fingerprint study of the APIs. The idea is to obtain a fingerprint for each manufacturer of the API under investigation, allowing the OMCL network to identify future samples as well as to detect substandard and falsified APIs. This paper reports the results of the latest fingerprint study, organised on sildenafil citrate API samples. Seventy-nine samples from 14 different manufacturers were collected throughout the Network. Fingerprint data was collected through Mid-Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography for related substances, gas chromatography for residual solvents, X-ray diffraction and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Chemometrics applied to the collected data showed that all manufacturers could be discriminated based on the data of only three of these tests, i.e. gas chromatography for residual solvents, X-ray diffraction and proton NMR. Suspicious API samples for sildenafil citrate will therefore be analysed in the future with the selected techniques in order to link the sample to a manufacturer or demonstrate the absence of such link. If the sample cannot be attributed to one of the manufacturers, further analysis and research on provenance and identity will be required. Of course, if the suspected sample claims to originate from one of the manufacturers included in the study, analysis can be limited to the test distinguishing this manufacturer.

A Conformational Study of the Trisaccharideβ-D-Glcp-(1→2)[β-D-Glcp-(1→3)]α-D-Glcp-OMe by NMR NOESY and TROESY Experiments, Computer Simulations, and X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis

Proton-proton cross-relaxation rates have been measured for the trisaccharide beta-D-Glcp-(l --> 2)[beta-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)]alpha-D-Glcp-OMe in D2O as well as in D2O/[D6]DMSO 7:3 solution at 30 degrees C by means of one-dimensional NMR pulsed field gradient 1H,1H NOESY and TROESY experiments. Interatomic distances for the trisaccharide in D2O were calculated from the cross-relaxation rates for two intraresidue and three interglycosidic proton pairs, using the isolated spin-pair approximation. In the solvent mixture one intraresidue and three interglycosidic distances were derived without the use of a specific molecular model. In this case the distances were calculated from the cross-relaxation rates in combination with "model-free" motional parameters previously derived from 13C relaxation measurements. The proton-proton distances for interglycosidic pairs were compared with those averaged from Metropolis Monte Carlo and Langevin Dynamics simulations with the HSEA, PARM22, and CHEAT95 force fields. The crystal structure of the trisaccharide was solved by analysis of X-ray data. Interresidue proton pairs from the crystal structure and those observed by NMR experiments were similar. However, the corresponding proton-proton distances generated by computer simulations were longer. For the (1 --> 2) linkage the glycosidic torsion angles of the crystal structure were found in a region of conformational space populated by all three force fields, whereas for the (1 --> 3) linkage they occupied a region of low population density, as seen from the simulations.

Structure of the acidic microcapsular glycan from the reference strain (C.D.C. 6320-58) for Serratia marcescens serotype O14:K12

The acidic polysaccharide from Serratia marcescens serogroup O14:K12 was analyzed by means of chemical studies and NMR spectroscopy and its repeating unit structure found to be carbohydrate sequence [see text] O-Acetyl groups are proposed to be present in non-stoichiometric amounts on O-6 on one of the hexose residues in the main chain.

Potential nitrite scavengers as inhibitors of the formation of N-nitrosamines in solution and tobacco matrix systems

The ability of 20 compounds, all but one tobacco constituents, to inhibit the formation of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) was investigated in buffer and detergent solution and in tobacco midrib and lamina systems. In solution at pH 5.5, ascorbic acid and the phenolic acids caffeic and ferulic acid were the most potent inhibitors of the reaction between nornicotine and nitrite, with nearly complete inhibition at molar ratios test compound/nitrite > 1:1. Also, cysteine > dihydrocaffeic acid > protocatechuic acid approximately catechin acted as strong inhibitors with >90% inhibition at a ratio of 3:1. Lower inhibitions were observed with chlorogenic acid > p-coumaric acid > sclareol > serine. Rutin showed an inhibition of 34% at a ratio of 0.1:1. Sclareol, alanine, proline, and serine did not significantly affect the N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) formation. alpha-Tocopherol and glutathione enhanced NNN formation at pH 5.5 but were inhibitors at pH 3. Cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, eugenol, and esculin enhanced NNN formation. Increased NNN formation was also observed for dihydrocaffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechin at a less-than-equimolar ratio of test compound to nitrite. The tobacco matrix experiments were performed with air-cured, ground tobacco midrib and lamina. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid and catechin were potent inhibitors of the formation of TSNA in the midrib as well as in the lamina. Also protocatechuic acid, glutathione, ascorbic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and cysteine were inhibitors, while alpha-tocopherol and rutin inhibited the reaction in the midrib but not in the lamina. Cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, eugenol, alanine, proline and serine showed small effects only. The molar ratio of secondary alkaloid(s)/nitrite in the test systems were 0.1:1 (solution), approximately 0.25:1 (midrib), and approximately 1:1 (lamina) and is most likely the major contributor to the observed order of inhibition potency (solution > midrib > lamina) of the test compounds. The vicinal phenolic hydroxyl groups of polyphenols and the simultaneous presence of a phenol group and an olefinic bond in hydroxycinnamic acids were the most characteristic structural elements of the potent inhibitors.

Structural determination of the O-antigenic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O35 and cross-reactivity to Salmonella arizonae O62

The structure of the O-antigenic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O35 has been investigated with the aid of NMR spectroscopy, sugar and methylation analyses. The sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by NOESY and heteronuclear-multiple-bond-connectivity NMR experiments. The polysaccharide is composed of hexasaccharide repeating units with the following structure, where Rha and GalNAcAN represent rhamnose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galacturonamide, respectively: carbohydrate sequence [see text]. The O-antigen of Escherichia coli O35 is similar to the O-specific polysaccharide from Salmonella arizonae O62, which instead has a terminal 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galacturonic acid residue. Immunochemical analyses using a rabbit antiserum specific for the Salmonella arizonae O62 O-antigen showed an identical reactivity with both lipopolysaccharides.

A method for determination of the absolute configuration of chiral glycerol residues in natural products using TEMPO oxidation and characterization of the glyceric acids formed

A method has been developed for determination of the absolute configuration of glycerol residues in natural products. It is required that the glycerol moiety contain a primary nonsubstituted hydroxymethyl group or that such a group can be obtained by modification without racemization. The method employs TEMPO oxidation of the primary hydroxyl group, hydrolysis, butanolysis with chiral 2-butanol, and acetylation. The acetylated (+)-2-butyl esters of the glyceric acid formed by oxidation are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The esterification can also be performed with other chiral alcohols, e.g., (-)-2-octanol. The method is general and applicable to both primary and secondary substituted glycerols. It has recently been used for determination of the chiral glycerol-1-phosphate residue of the Escherichia coli O28 O-antigen, and now we report the absolute configurations of the glycerol moieties in Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18A and Streptococcus agalactaie type III. All studied glycerol residues were found to have the D-configuration.

Structural studies of the enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) O28 O-antigenic polysaccharide

The structure of the O-specific side-chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O28 has been investigated. NMR spectroscopy has been the main method used, complemented with sugar and methylation analyses. The polysaccharide contains one equivalent of O-acetyl groups per repeating unit. Selective cleavage of the O-deacetylated polymer was performed by treatment with aqueous hydrofluoric acid, and resulted in a trisaccharide-glycerol. The polysaccharide thus is of the teichoic acid type and composed of repeating units in which the trisaccharide-glycerol residues are joined by phosphodiester linkages. The O-antigen polysaccharide has the following structure. [sequence: see text] The absolute configuration of the glycerol moiety as R, )i.e., D-glycerol 1-phosphate) was determined by a new method based on TEMPO oxidation of the polysaccharide, followed by GLC analysis of the (+)-2-butyl ester of the resulting glyceric acid.