The Role of the Genes of Immune Response in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex chronic disease resulting from a lot of factors, including insulin resistance. One of the causes of the insulin resistance is the presence of chronic inflammation. This study aimed to analyze polymorphisms of genes of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors (the gene coding tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B TNFRSF1B, the genes coding A and B subunits of interleukin 12 IL12A, IL12B) and C-reactive protein (CRP) with T2D in Tatars. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs568408 in IL12A (PFDR=0.00005, OR=5.28) was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. Regression analysis revealed that rs3212227 in IL12В associated with the glycated hemoglobin HbA1c level and fasting blood glucose (Р=0.0017 and Р=0.03, respectively).

[Association of adiponectin gene alleles with type 2 diabetes mellitus in residents of Bashkortostan]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most acute problems of the modern world. The disease is characterized by high ratio of micro- and macrovascular complications. T2DM is a multifactorial and polygenic disease, structure of hereditary predisposition to which may be population-specific. Aim - the analysis of allelic associations of adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ, rs17366743) with T2DM, its clinical and metabolic characteristics and complications in T2DM patients resident in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

3 PCR-based method of genotyping with polymorphic marker rs17366743 of ADIPOQ gene in 433 T2DM patients and 428 healthy controls, residents of Bashkortostan.

RESULTS

The ratio of genotype CT and allele С was higher in T2DM patients compared with controls (15.7% vs. 6.8%; p=0.0002 and 7.8% vs. 3.4%; p<0.0001, respectively). Genotype ТТ and allele Т were less frequent in T2DM than in healthy subjects (84.3 and 93,2%; p=0.0002; 92.2 and 96.6%, p<0.0001, respectively). The association with the development of diabetic retinopathy and cataract was shown (p=0,044, p=0,008, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Allele C and genotype CT are risk markers of T2DM (OR=2.43 and 2.56 respectively).

[Association of variable rs1801282 locus of PPARG2 gene with diabetic nephropathy]

The association of the variable rs1801282 locus of the PPARG2 gene (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications was analyzed in inhabitants of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The genotype frequencies of the variable rs1801282 locus of the PPARG2 gene did not significantly differ in groups of healthy persons and patients with type 2 diabetes in all three considered inheritance models (codominant, dominant, and recessive). At the same time, it was demonstrated that the risk of one of the diabetic complications, i.e., diabetic nephropathy, was associated with the variable rs1801282 locus of the PPARG2 gene. Diabetic nephropathy was more common in patients with the C/C genotype (62.7%) compared to the C/G and G/G genotypes (37.5%), P = 0.036. The G allele is protective in regard to diabetic nephropathy (OR = 0.36) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

[The effect of drugs on free-radical oxidation]

Data available in the literature and the results of original investigations of the effect of drugs on the free-radical oxidation process are summarized. It is pointed out that the character of drug influence on the on the free-radical oxidation process must be taken into account in selecting drugs for the treatment of particular diseases.

[Changes in the reaction to drug preparations in diabetes mellitus]

The article deals with information in the literature on the peculiarities of the response to drugs and the change of their pharmacokinetics in diabetes mellitus.

[The metabolic effects of isradipine, ramipril, Ednit and beta-adrenoblockers in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension]

The effect of isradepin, ramipril, ednyt, and beta-adrenoblockers on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and free-radical oxidation in patients with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus was studied. Isradepin caused an increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDLP) in the blood serum and the content of esterified cholesterol in HDLP, and reduced the arterogenicity coefficient. Rampiril reduced the basal level of glycemia and insulin. Treatment with ednyt lead to increase in the content of HDLP and the content of free cholesterol in them. In the course of treatment isradepin normalized chemoluminescence of the serum and urine, rampiril that of serum, and beta-adrenoblockers the chemoluminescence of the blood. The favorable changes induced by the drugs under study allow them to be recommended for the treatment of arterial hypertension in patients with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.

[The effect of antihypertensive preparations on carbohydrate metabolism in intact rats and in alloxan diabetes]

The metabolic affects of anapriline, captopril, and clophelin were studied in the blood and liver homogenates ex vivo and in vitro in experiments on intact rats and rats with alloxan diabetes. Anapriline lowered the blood lactate content in rats with diabetes and intact rats, reduced the level of glycemia in animals with marked hyperglycemia. Captopril increased the blood insulin and lactate content in rats with diabetes and the content of pyruvate in vivo. The results of the study show that the use of clophelin and anaprilin in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus is most rational.

[The oxidative metabolic systems of the liver in exposure to maninil and obzidan]

The effects of maninile and obsidan and their combined action on metabolic processes were studied in a series of in vitro experiments. The metabolic processes serve as a prerequisite to energy supply and couple the anabolic and catabolic pathways of hepatic metabolism. The rate of aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of glucose was shown to decrease when maninile was in close contact with liver tissue. It is indicative of the indirect hypoglycemic action of maninile. There is evidence for the combined use of maninile and obsidan since it allows the balance of regulatory metabolites to be maintained. Also, metabolic changes became less if they were used in combination rather alone.

[The effect of calcium antagonists on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus]

The effect of calcium antagonists: nifedipine (corinfar, cordapheg), sensit, finoptin, foridon on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied in intact and "alloxaned" rats as well as in non-insulin-dependent diabetes patients. It was found that the calcium channel blockers did not change glucose tolerance, normalized carbohydrate metabolism in some patients and decreased the level of triglycerides, B and pro-B lipoproteins. In some cases in intact and alloxane rats treated with finophin (isoptin), lactate decrease in blood and a tendency to insulin increase were often observed. The lipid metabolism was unchanged.

[Effectiveness of nonsteroidal antiphlogistics in experimental diabetes mellitus]

In experiments on rats with alloxan diabetes efficacy of amidopyrine, acetylsalicylic acid, methyluracil, butadione and brufen in experimental inflammation was shown. The antiinflammatory drugs under study were found to have various effects on insulin and glucose blood levels in intact rats and those with diabetes. The increase in glucose content under the influence of methyluracil is presumably connected with the elevation of somatotrophic hormone blood level. Acetylsalicylic acid and butadione reduce the content of somatotrophic hormone. Methyluracil potentiates antiexudative effects of acetylsalicylic acid and amidopyrine.