Comparison of the Effects of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant 10-(6'-Plastoquinonyl)Decyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide (SkQ1) and a Fragment of its Molecule Dodecyltriphenylphosphonium on Carrageenan-Induced Acute Inflammation in Mouse Model of Subcuteneous Air Pouch

The effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10-(6'-plastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (SkQ1) and its fragment dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C12TPP), weak uncouplers of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, was studied using a mouse model of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the subcutaneous air pouch. In our model, SkQ1 demonstrated a strong anti-inflammatory effect that manifested in a decrease in the absolute number of inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils, and their relative number in parallel with an increase in macrophages and mast cell content in the inflammatory exudate. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the exudate also tended to decrease. C12TPP produced no significant effect on the inflammation process.

Effects of Fibroin Microcarriers on Inflammation and Regeneration of Deep Skin Wounds in Mice

The process of tissue regeneration following damage takes place with direct participation of the immune system. The use of biomaterials as scaffolds to facilitate healing of skin wounds is a new and interesting area of regenerative medicine and biomedical research. In many ways, the regenerative potential of biological material is related to its ability to modulate the inflammatory response. At the same time, all foreign materials, once implanted into a living tissue, to varying degree cause an immune reaction. The modern approach to the development of bioengineered structures for applications in regenerative medicine should be directed toward using the properties of the inflammatory response that improve healing, but do not lead to negative chronic manifestations. In this work, we studied the effect of microcarriers comprised of either fibroin or fibroin supplemented with gelatin on the dynamics of the healing, as well as inflammation, during regeneration of deep skin wounds in mice. We found that subcutaneous administration of microcarriers to the wound area resulted in uniform contraction of the wounds in mice in our experimental model, and microcarrier particles induced the infiltration of immune cells. This was associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, which contributed to full functional recovery of the injured area and the absence of fibrosis as compared to the control group.

[Polymorphism and Genetic Structure of Microtus maximowiczii (Schrenck, 1858) (Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Middle Amur River Region as Inferred from Sequencing of the mtDNA Control Region]

The genetic variability of the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences was estimated for the Maximowicz's vole Microtus maximowiczii from the Middle Amur River region located between the confluence of Amur River with Ussuri River and Zeya River. The species as a whole was characterized by a high level of genetic variability. For each individual sample, low nucleotide diversity was observed, except for two samples in which a more than twofold increase in this index was revealed. The presence of the contact zone of two genetically distinct populations in the area between Bira and Bidzhan rivers is suggested.

[Anaerobic gas-producing clostridial endogenic infection in patient with salmonellosis]

Anaerobic gas-producing clostridial infection is one of most severe complications of mainly gunshot wound of war period, in peace time occurs very seldom. The rare clinical case of anaerobic gas-producing clostridial endogenic infection with fulminant course in patient with salmonellosis produced by group B salmonella typhimurium. The disease was finished with fatal outcome in 8.5 hours after appearance of pain syndrome in right thigh with consequent fulminant development of gas gangrene with arterial hypotension on 4th day after onset of gastroenteric form of medium severity salmonellosis. Clinical, microbiological and postmortem data are represented.

[Entrapment of herbal extracts in biodegradable microcapsules]

The microcapsules with entrapped herbal water-soluble extracts Plantago major and Calendula officinalis L. (HE) were prepared by LbL-adsorption of carrageenan and modificated chitosan onto CaCO3 microparticles with their subsequent dissolving after the treatment of EDTA. Entrapment of HE was performed by adsorption and co-precipitation techniques. The co-precipitation provided better entrapment of HE compared to adsorption. In vitro release kinetics in an artificial gastric juice (AGJ) was studied. The HE release was shown to accelerate gastric ulcer treatment in a rat model.

Thrombin receptor agonist Peptide immobilized in microspheres stimulates reparative processes in rats with gastric ulcer

The effect of synthetic thrombin receptor (PAR1) agonist peptide encapsulated in microspheres made of lactic and glycolic acid copolymer on tissue reparation was studied in rats with acetate-induced ulcer. PAR1 agonist peptide was immobilized in biodegraded lactic and glycolic acid microspheres by double emulgation, the kinetics of peptide release was analyzed, and the dynamics of ulcer healing was studied in experimental (administration of microspheres with the peptide into the stomach) and two control groups (administration of saline or spheres without peptide). Thrombin receptor agonist peptide gradually released from lactic and glycolic acid microspheres into the stomach shortened the inflammation phase and shifted the proliferation phase to the earlier period, thus accelerating healing of experimental ulcers in rats.

[A morphological study of regeneration of the goldfish elasmoid scales]

Studies were carried out on the model of regeneration of mechanically removed elasmoid scales. Regenerating scales were morphologically analyzed using light and electron microscopy. It was found that the cells responsible for regeneration of the elasmoid scale plates could be classified as osteogenic elements. Little differentiated preosteoblasts were detected in the connective tissue of dermis on day 3 of regeneration, while partially calcified plates underlaid osteoblasts on day 7. The scale cover was fully restored on day 14 and it took two days for each bone plate to be formed. Osteocytes, fully differentiated osteogenic elements, were found in the deepest regions of newly formed scales.

Effect of synthetic peptide thrombin receptor agonist encapsulated in microparticles based on lactic and glycolic acid copolymer on healing of experimental skin wounds in mice

PAR1 peptide thrombin receptor agonist (PAR1-AP) was encapsulated in microcorpuscles based on lactic and glycolic acid copolymer. The desorption profile of the preparation was studied in vitro and its wound-healing effects were studied on a model of cut skin wound in mice. The study showed that 90% PAR1-AP was desorbed over 6 h, but the peptide was detected in eluates from the microparticle surface after 23 h. The desorbed peptide retained its physiological activity and was capable of activating PAR1 receptors on human platelets. The study of the dynamics of experimental skin wound healing in mice showed lower number of macrophages in the wounds treated with PAR1-AP microparticles compared to the control (open wounds and wounds covered with microparticles) and higher number of fibroblasts on day 3 of tissue reparation. Hence, PAR1-AP desorbed from microparticles shortened the inflammation phase in the wound. On day 7 the best healing parameters were also observed in wounds treated with PAR1-AP microparticles, which attests to shortening of the proliferation phase and acceleration of wound healing.

[Hygienic aspects of employment of old age group individuals in chemical industry]

Due to the fact that a lot of pre-pension and pension-aged individuals are engaged in chemical industry, the age-specific features of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidative defense (AOD) were studied in an experiment on animals exposed to toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) at the levels of MAC and 1/2 MAC. The experimental findings support that decreased LPO and suppressed AOD occur with age which lower the efficiency of detoxification of chemicals in the body. A wave-shaped pattern of changes has been revealed in these systems in old (8.5-month) animals. At the beginning of exposure to TDI (within the first 2 weeks), there was an increase in LPO and AOD, then a reduction in their activity. Long-term exposure may bring about an impairment of adaptive mechanisms, which is suggested by the parameters characterizing the state of LPO and AOD after a loading test. The findings are indicative of the necessity of monitoring and correcting these parameters in old workers who are in contact with chemicals.

Changes in neuronal pulse activity of bulbar cardiovascular center after administration of dynorphin A1-13

Acute experiments on cats showed that dynorphin A(1-13) modulates pulse activity of afferent neurons and interneurons in the bulbar cardiovascular center against the background of stable blood pressure.

[Pathogenesis of tolylene diisocyanate intoxication]

Experimental and clinical investigations to evaluate immunity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and antioxidative defense (AOD) under the action of tolylene diisocyanate at the level of MAC and 10 MAC were conducted for further studies of the agent's pathogenetic mechanisms. The experimental investigations showed the predominant activation of cellular and humoral immunities, as well as the suppression of nonspecific defence at 10 MAC, enhanced LPO, and phasic changes in AOD. Most profound immunological changes were observed in those having as long as 5 years of length of service.

[The postradiation use of vitamin-containing complexes and a phycocyanin extract in a radiation lesion in rats]

Wistar rats have been exposed to X-rays with a dose of 5 Gy. Significant decrease in dehydrogenase activity, energy-rich phosphate level and efficiency of antioxidant defence and significant increase in pyruvate amount were observed within 4 weeks. It was also found that the feeding of exposed rats with phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis lead to correcting effect. The same result was observed after injections of tocopherol or complex of six water-soluble vitamins. The combination of above mentioned compounds had more marked effect, especially at the presence unitiole and Na2Se.

[The effect of intravenous laser irradiation of the blood on the brain bioelectrical activity in patients in the postcomatose period]

The article presents clinical data on therapeutic effects of intravenous laser blood irradiation (BI) in severe alcohol intoxication complicated by alcohol coma. BI effectiveness was assessed by EEG changes within 3 postcomatose days. Changes in brain biopotentials in various postcomatose periods were unidirectional. Positive results were achieved after low-intensity laser radiation.

[Synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide derivatives, containing perfluoroarylazide group at C8-atom of deoxyadenosine and their use in photomodification of DNA fragments]

Heptadeoxynucleotides were obtained that contained an aliphatic amino group in position 8 of the deoxyadenosine residue: ALNH2 CTTTCT, CTCALNH2 CTT, and ACACTCALNH2 where L = NH(CH2)n, n = 3, 5, or 7. A 4-azidotetrafluorobenzoyl residue was attached to the amino group in the oligonucleotides, and photomodification of a DNA target by the resulting reagents was carried out. It was shown that the length of the spacer influences the photomodification extent of the target; a spacer with n = 5 is optimum. The maximum modification extent (65%) was reached when a reagent containing a photoreactive group at the 5'-terminal deoxyadenosine residue was used.

[Experimental research on the cellular interactions during hemopoiesis]

We present a review of experimental studies performed at the Laboratory of Histogenesis of the Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the problem of cell interactions during hemopoiesis. Special attention has been given to original experimental models, such as production of hemopoietic foci on underlayers of fibroblasts encapsulating a foreign body in the peritoneal cavity of rodents (after intraperitoneal transplantation of hemopoietic cells) and repopulation of ectopic hemopoietic territories under the kidney capsule of mice by syngeneic or xenogeneic hemopoietic cells. We describe the competitive interactions of genetically different hemopoietic cells after the transplantation of their mixtures to irradiated mice (multicomponent radiation chimeras). Xenogeneic and multicomponent chimeras have also been obtained in long-term bone marrow culture. We have examined characteristics of hemopoiesis on stromal cell underlayers produced by cells of various origins in vitro and then transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of irradiated mice. We discuss the results obtained and possible mechanisms of these phenomena.

[The NADP-diaphorase reaction as a neurohistologic method]

We present evidence about the possible use of histochemical NADP diaphorase reaction to visualize elements of the nervous system.

[Echo-, thermo- and rheographic assessments of the mammoplasty results using an allograft in patients with suppurative mastitis]

Results of mammoplasty with the allotransplant "Bioplant" performed in 41 patients with purulent mastitis were assessed on the basis of studying the dynamics of the echographic, electrothermometric, thermo- and rheographic picture of the mammary gland. Using the methods of echo-, thermo-, rheography at different terms of the postoperative period allowed prognosis to be made of the local pyo-inflammatory complications, activity and completeness of regenerative processes in the allotransplantation area, recovery of the parenchyma and functions of the mammary gland operated upon.

[NO synthetase in the cells of different tissues and organs of the mouse]

Cellular NO synthase was assayed in bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, epidermis, hypodermic connective tissue, small gut, peritoneal exudate, liver, kidney, and heart by cytochemical and immunofluorescent methods. As a rule the enzymatic activity was found in differentiated cells that finished proliferation (mature hemopoietic cells, epithelium of gut villi, etc.). The enzyme activity was undetectable in actively reproducing low-differentiated cells (basal layer of the epidermis, crypt cells of the small gut, or blast hemopoietic forms). NO is proposed to participate in regulation of tissue-specific terminal differentiation (maturation) of the cells.

[Antibacterial activity and clinical effectiveness of the new antiseptic miramistin]

A clinico-laboratory study of miramistin, a new antiseptic was carried out. Susceptibility of 236 bacterial strains to miramistin was tested and its therapeutic efficacy was followed up in 10 patients with purulent inflammatory affections of the locomotor system treated locally. After an 18-hour exposure of the strains to a 0.01 per cent solution of miramistin only 9.3 per cent of the isolates (mainly staphylococci) remained viable. Gram-negative cocci died in 6 hours and streptococci died in 1 hour. The local treatment of the wounds on the average for 14 days provided lower dissemination of the pathological foci. In the majority of the patients there was stated primary union of the wounds. On the whole, the results were good in 7 patients, satisfactory in 2 patients and unsatisfactory in 1 patient. No side effects were recorded. Miramistin may be recommended as an antiseptic for the local treatment of infected wounds in traumatologic and orthopedic patients.

[Immunofluorescent research on the species specificity of the antigens of hematopoietic cells in rodents]

The bone marrow cells of mice, rats, guinea pigs, Syrian and dwarf hamsters exhibit a positive immunofluorescence reaction with antisera against insoluble antigens of the bone marrow cells of mice, Syrian and dwarf hamsters and, hence, contain common "cross-reacting" antigens. The use of different methods of antiserum absorption made it possible to reveal, in addition, antigens of "narrow" specificity in (1) mice, Syrian and dwarf hamsters, (2) Syrian and dwarf hamsters, as well as species specific antigens of the bone marrow cells of mice, Syrian and dwarf hamsters.

[Structure of ectopic foci of hematopoiesis in the mouse]

By means of light and electron microscopic methods foci of ectopic hemopoiesis have been investigated. They are formed on acetate-cellulose (AC) membranes implanted into the mice peritoneal cavity and into the mesentery after radiation and intraperitoneal injection of a donor's bone marrow. On the surface of the AC-membranes predominantly granulocytic differentiation of hemopoietic colonies is observed, prevalence of fibroblasts in the sublayer composition, absence of contacts of hemopoietic elements of the colonies with cells of the sublayer. In the mesentery mixed hemopoietic colonies of the donor's origin are revealed consisting of elements of granulocytic, macrophagal and megakaryocytic lines of differentiation. In the mesenteric colonies there are noted mesothelial cells, lipocytes, macrophages, and reticular cells having contacts with hemopoietic cells. The role of the sublayer cells for formation and differentiation of the hemopoietic foci in the experimental systems studied is discussed.

[Stromal cells of the regenerating bone marrow in rats (an immunocytochemical electron microscopy study)]

Process of the bone marrow regeneration has been studied after its removal out of the rat femoral bone cavity. The stage of stroma formation precedes hemopoiesis. The stromal cells during its reconstruction (the 4th-5th day after removal of the bone marrow) are analyzed by means of the indirect immune-peroxidase electron microscopical method with antiserum applied against insoluble antigens of the rat bone marrow cells. Most of the stromal cells do not fix the antiserum used, as do the hemopoietic cells, macrophages and preosteoclasts. Some part of the stromal cells (not more than 30%) demonstrate the immune-peroxidase label. The labelled stromal cells have some ultrastructural signs of poorly differentiated elements of fibroblastic and osteoblastic raws. In the regeneration area, there are non-labelled poorly differentiated cells, which do not differ, at the ultrastructural level, from labelled poorly differentiated stromal elements. Possible causes of the difference revealed among the poorly differentiated stromal cells concerning their fixing of the anti-bone-marrow antiserum are discussed.

[Immunoelectron microscopic study of the insoluble antigens of bone marrow cells in rats]

An immunoperoxidase study of the localization of insoluble antigens was carried out on the rat bone marrow cells. The effect of different fixatives and inhibitors of endogenous peroxidase on the cell ultrastructure and the preservation of immunoreactivity of the cell antigens. The best results were obtained while fixing with 1% paraformaldehyde and 0.05% glutaraldehyde mixture added with 0.5 saponin and using 10% acetic acid as an inhibitor of endogenous peroxidase. Differences were found in the localization of antigens and the intensity of immunoperoxidase staining in cells of different lines of differentiation and degree of maturity.

[Origin of the phagocytes of the central nervous system]

Presence of cells having hemopoietic origin in an intact tissue and in the lesion focus in the brain of xenogenic (a rat and mice) radiative chimeras has been studied in order to elucidate the sources of phagocytes in the CNS and their relation to the microglial elements. To identify the cells of the hemopoietic origin in the xenogenic radiative chimeras, an indirect immunofluorescent method has been applied using a specific antiserum against nonsoluble antigens of the rat bone marrow cells. In the intact cerebral tissue of the xenogenic radiative chimeras no cells of the donor type have been revealed during one year after irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. The cells having hemopoietic origin (macrophages, leucocytes) are revealed in the lesion locus (inflammatory granuloma) and in the surrounding cerebral tissue. A suggestion is made that phagocytes in the CNS lesion focus are of hematogenic origin and that there is not any histogenic connection between the microglia and the system of mononuclear phagocytes.

[Origin of fibroblasts and macrophages of skin wound granulation tissue]

By the method of thymidine autoradiography and fluorescing antibodies, the origin of cells participating in healing the experimentally produced wounds was investigated. 3H-thymidine was administered a day before the production of the wounds. 14C-thymidine was injected impulsively 1 h before the material was fixed 1,3 and 8 days after the trauma. The analysis of the autographs demonstrated that during wound healing the cell-precursors of macrophages and fibroblasts migrate from beyond the limits of the connective tissue. By means of the fluorescing antibodies in mouse radiation xenogenic chimaeras it was demonstrated that macrophages and fibroblasts participating in wound healing take their origin from the donor's elements, that is, are of bone marrow origin.