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González-King H, Rodrigues PG, Albery T, Tangruksa B, Gurrapu R, Silva AM, Musa G, Kardasz D, Liu K, Kull B, Åvall K, Rydén-Markinhuhta K, Incitti T, Sharma N, Graneli C, Valadi H, Petkevicius K, Carracedo M, Tejedor S, Ivanova A, Heydarkhan-Hagvall S, Menasché P, Synnergren J, Dekker N, Wang QD, Jennbacken K. Head-to-head comparison of relevant cell sources of small extracellular vesicles for cardiac repair: Superiority of embryonic stem cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12445. [PMID: 38711334 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from various cell sources have been demonstrated to enhance cardiac function in preclinical models of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of this study was to compare different sources of sEV for cardiac repair and determine the most effective one, which nowadays remains limited. We comprehensively assessed the efficacy of sEV obtained from human primary bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC), human immortalized MSC (hTERT-MSC), human embryonic stem cells (ESC), ESC-derived cardiac progenitor cells (CPC), human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (CM), and human primary ventricular cardiac fibroblasts (VCF), in in vitro models of cardiac repair. ESC-derived sEV (ESC-sEV) exhibited the best pro-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic effects in vitro. Then, we evaluated the functionality of the sEV with the most promising performances in vitro, in a murine model of MI-reperfusion injury (IRI) and analysed their RNA and protein compositions. In vivo, ESC-sEV provided the most favourable outcome after MI by reducing adverse cardiac remodelling through down-regulating fibrosis and increasing angiogenesis. Furthermore, transcriptomic, and proteomic characterizations of sEV derived from hTERT-MSC, ESC, and CPC revealed factors in ESC-sEV that potentially drove the observed functions. In conclusion, ESC-sEV holds great promise as a cell-free treatment for promoting cardiac repair following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán González-King
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Patricia G Rodrigues
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tamsin Albery
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Benyapa Tangruksa
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramya Gurrapu
- AstraZeneca India Private Limited, Neville Tower 11th Floor, Ramanujan IT SEZ, Rajv Gandhi Salai (OMR), Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Andreia M Silva
- Discovery Sciences, Oligo Assay Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Anjarium Biosciences AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gentian Musa
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dominika Kardasz
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kai Liu
- Discovery Sciences, Oligo Assay Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Drug Delivery, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bengt Kull
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karin Åvall
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Katarina Rydén-Markinhuhta
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tania Incitti
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nitin Sharma
- AstraZeneca India Private Limited, Neville Tower 11th Floor, Ramanujan IT SEZ, Rajv Gandhi Salai (OMR), Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Cecilia Graneli
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasparas Petkevicius
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Miguel Carracedo
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sandra Tejedor
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Alena Ivanova
- Discovery Sciences, Oligo Assay Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Heydarkhan-Hagvall
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Chief Medical Office, Global Patient Safety, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Phillipe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, Oligo Assay Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karin Jennbacken
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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2
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Grote Beverborg N, Später D, Knöll R, Hidalgo A, Yeh ST, Elbeck Z, Silljé HHW, Eijgenraam TR, Siga H, Zurek M, Palmér M, Pehrsson S, Albery T, Bomer N, Hoes MF, Boogerd CJ, Frisk M, van Rooij E, Damle S, Louch WE, Wang QD, Fritsche-Danielson R, Chien KR, Hansson KM, Mullick AE, de Boer RA, van der Meer P. Phospholamban antisense oligonucleotides improve cardiac function in murine cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5180. [PMID: 34462437 PMCID: PMC8405807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for novel treatment options, despite recent improvements. Aberrant Ca2+ handling is a key feature of HF pathophysiology. Restoring the Ca2+ regulating machinery is an attractive therapeutic strategy supported by genetic and pharmacological proof of concept studies. Here, we study antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) as a therapeutic modality, interfering with the PLN/SERCA2a interaction by targeting Pln mRNA for downregulation in the heart of murine HF models. Mice harboring the PLN R14del pathogenic variant recapitulate the human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) phenotype; subcutaneous administration of PLN-ASO prevents PLN protein aggregation, cardiac dysfunction, and leads to a 3-fold increase in survival rate. In another genetic DCM mouse model, unrelated to PLN (Cspr3/Mlp-/-), PLN-ASO also reverses the HF phenotype. Finally, in rats with myocardial infarction, PLN-ASO treatment prevents progression of left ventricular dilatation and improves left ventricular contractility. Thus, our data establish that antisense inhibition of PLN is an effective strategy in preclinical models of genetic cardiomyopathy as well as ischemia driven HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grote Beverborg
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Später
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Ralph Knöll
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Hidalgo
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), Flemington, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Zaher Elbeck
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim R Eijgenraam
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Humam Siga
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Zurek
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Palmér
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Experimental Biomedicine, Core Facilities, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Pehrsson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamsin Albery
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nils Bomer
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn F Hoes
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Boogerd
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Frisk
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva van Rooij
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - William E Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regina Fritsche-Danielson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenny M Hansson
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Carlsson L, Clarke JC, Yen C, Gregoire F, Albery T, Billger M, Egnell AC, Gan LM, Jennbacken K, Johansson E, Linhardt G, Martinsson S, Sadiq MW, Witman N, Wang QD, Chen CH, Wang YP, Lin S, Ticho B, Hsieh PCH, Chien KR, Fritsche-Danielson R. Biocompatible, Purified VEGF-A mRNA Improves Cardiac Function after Intracardiac Injection 1 Week Post-myocardial Infarction in Swine. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 9:330-346. [PMID: 30038937 PMCID: PMC6054703 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
mRNA can direct dose-dependent protein expression in cardiac muscle without genome integration, but to date has not been shown to improve cardiac function in a safe, clinically applicable way. Herein, we report that a purified and optimized mRNA in a biocompatible citrate-saline formulation is tissue specific, long acting, and does not stimulate an immune response. In small- and large-animal, permanent occlusion myocardial infarction models, VEGF-A 165 mRNA improves systolic ventricular function and limits myocardial damage. Following a single administration a week post-infarction in mini pigs, left ventricular ejection fraction, inotropy, and ventricular compliance improved, border zone arteriolar and capillary density increased, and myocardial fibrosis decreased at 2 months post-treatment. Purified VEGF-A mRNA establishes the feasibility of improving cardiac function in the sub-acute therapeutic window and may represent a new class of therapies for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Carlsson
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Jonathan C Clarke
- Integrated Cardiometabolic Center, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Christopher Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Tamsin Albery
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Martin Billger
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Regulatory Safety, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Egnell
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Karin Jennbacken
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Edvin Johansson
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Linhardt
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Sofia Martinsson
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Waqas Sadiq
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Nevin Witman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Qing-Dong Wang
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Chien-Hsi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Susan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Surgery Division, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Integrated Cardiometabolic Center, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Regina Fritsche-Danielson
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
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Johansson E, Albery T, Palmér M, Månssonx S. Rat heart T2-mapping with full coverage of the left ventricle myocardium. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016. [PMCID: PMC5032079 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-18-s1-p49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Kalantzi L, Polentarutti B, Albery T, Laitmer D, Abrahamsson B, Dressman J, Reppas C. The delayed dissolution of paracetamol products in the canine fed stomach can be predicted in vitro but it does not affect the onset of plasma levels. Int J Pharm 2005; 296:87-93. [PMID: 15885459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally believed that paracetamol can be used as a marker of gastric emptying, there have been reports in the literature that show delayed dissolution of immediate release paracetamol tablets using standard in vitro setups and food-simulating media, delayed disintegration of paracetamol products in the fed stomach, and no correlation of paracetamol absorption with gastric emptying in the fed state. In this study, we confirmed that dissolution of Panodil and Apotel tablets is delayed in food-simulating media regardless of the in vitro hydrodynamics and on a formulation dependent manner. Further, we assessed the usefulness of in vitro dissolution data in the prediction of delayed disintegration time in the fed stomach and we examined the importance of delayed gastric disintegration on the onset of plasma levels using the canine model. In vitro dissolution data in cow's milk reflected the delayed disintegration of Panodil tablets in the fed stomach. In vitro dissolution of Apotel tablets in milk was delayed less than of Panodil and the effect of dosing conditions on the in vivo disintegration was not apparent. However, for the products tested in this study, there was no correlation between intragastric disintegration and onset of plasma levels probably because gastric emptying in also delayed in the fed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Kalantzi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abrahamsson B, Albery T, Eriksson A, Gustafsson I, Sjöberg M. Food effects on tablet disintegration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 22:165-72. [PMID: 15158901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study was to investigate if food components, as represented by a multi-component nutritional drink for tube feeding, could affect tablet disintegration of standard tablets in vitro as well as in vivo and propose a mechanism for potential food effects on tablet disintegration. The tablet disintegration was delayed between 5 min and more than 1h in the simulated gastric fed medium compared to a simple buffer. This effect was dependent on the tablet composition. A similar delay in tablet disintegration was also found in vivo after administration of the nutritional drink to three Labradors as observed by removing the tablet from the stomach at different times through a gastric fistula. The delay in tablet disintegration appeared to be caused by precipitation of a film, mainly consisting of protein, on the tablet surface as indicated by disintegration studies with pure nutrients, identification by IR spectroscopy of contents of precipitates obtained in a model study were the nutrients were incubated with different tablet excipients and visual observations of tablets exposed to the simulated fed medium. The drug dissolution of a soluble compound, metoprolol tartrate, from a standard tablet was also strongly delayed in the simulated fed medium. In conclusion, food, could significantly delay tablet disintegration and drug dissolution in the stomach by formation of a film around the tablets. This effect could be monitored by a simple in vitro disintegration test using a test medium based on a nutritional drink. More studies are needed to investigate the significance of the slow tablet disintegrations on bioavailability and for which types of food the present effect occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil Abrahamsson
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden.
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