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Zatzman M, Fuligni F, Ripsman R, Suwal T, Comitani F, Edward LM, Denroche R, Jang GH, Notta F, Gallinger S, Selvanathan SP, Toretsky JA, Hellmann MD, Tabori U, Huang A, Shlien A. Widespread hypertranscription in aggressive human cancers. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn0238. [PMID: 36417526 PMCID: PMC9683723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are often defined by the dysregulation of specific transcriptional programs; however, the importance of global transcriptional changes is less understood. Hypertranscription is the genome-wide increase in RNA output. Hypertranscription's prevalence, underlying drivers, and prognostic significance are undefined in primary human cancer. This is due, in part, to limitations of expression profiling methods, which assume equal RNA output between samples. Here, we developed a computational method to directly measure hypertranscription in 7494 human tumors, spanning 31 cancer types. Hypertranscription is ubiquitous across cancer, especially in aggressive disease. It defines patient subgroups with worse survival, even within well-established subtypes. Our data suggest that loss of transcriptional suppression underpins the hypertranscriptional phenotype. Single-cell analysis reveals hypertranscriptional clones, which dominate transcript production regardless of their size. Last, patients with hypertranscribed mutations have improved response to immune checkpoint therapy. Our results provide fundamental insights into gene dysregulation across human cancers and may prove useful in identifying patients who would benefit from novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zatzman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Ripsman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federico Comitani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa-Monique Edward
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob Denroche
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Matthew D. Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zatzman M, Fuligni F, Ripsman R, Suwal T, Edward LM, Denroche R, Jang GH, Notta F, Gallinger S, Selvanathan SP, Toretsky J, Hellmann MD, Tabori U, Huang A, Shlien A. Abstract LB177: Widespread hypertranscription in aggressive human cancer. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-lb177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancers are often defined by the dysregulation of specific transcriptional programs; however, the importance of global transcriptional changes is less understood. Hypertranscription is the genome-wide increase in RNA output. Hypertranscription’s prevalence, underlying drivers and prognostic significance are undefined in primary human cancer. This is due in part to limitations of expression profiling methods, which assume equal RNA output between samples. Here, we developed a computational method to directly measure hypertranscription in 7,494 human tumors, spanning 31 cancer types. Hypertranscription is ubiquitous across cancer, especially in aggressive disease. It defines patient subgroups with worse survival, even within well-established subtypes. Our data suggest that loss of transcriptional suppression underpins the hypertranscriptional phenotype. Single-cell analysis reveals hypertranscriptional clones, which dominate transcript production regardless of their size. Finally, patients with hypertranscribed mutations have improved response to immune checkpoint therapy. Our results provide fundamental insights into gene dysregulation across human cancers and may prove useful in identifying patients that would benefit from novel therapies.
Citation Format: Matthew Zatzman, Fabio Fuligni, Ryan Ripsman, Tannu Suwal, Lisa-Monique Edward, Rob Denroche, Gun Ho Jang, Faiyaz Notta, Steven Gallinger, Saravana P. Selvanathan, Jeffrey Toretsky, Matthew D. Hellmann, Uri Tabori, Annie Huang, Adam Shlien. Widespread hypertranscription in aggressive human cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB177.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Ripsman
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rob Denroche
- 2The Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- 2The Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- 2The Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- 2The Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Uri Tabori
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Khan S, Solano-Paez P, Suwal T, Lu M, Al-Karmi S, Ho B, Mumal I, Shago M, Hoffman LM, Dodgshun A, Nobusawa S, Tabori U, Bartels U, Ziegler DS, Hansford JR, Ramaswamy V, Hawkins C, Dufour C, André N, Bouffet E, Huang A. Clinical phenotypes and prognostic features of embryonal tumours with multi-layered rosettes: a Rare Brain Tumor Registry study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2021; 5:800-813. [PMID: 34599879 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonal tumours with multi-layered rosettes (ETMRs) are a newly recognised, rare paediatric brain tumour with alterations of the C19MC microRNA locus. Due to varied diagnostic practices and scarce clinical data, disease features and determinants of outcomes for these tumours are poorly defined. We did an integrated clinicopathological and molecular analysis of primary ETMRs to define clinical phenotypes, and to identify prognostic factors of survival and key treatment modalities for this orphan disease. METHODS Paediatric patients with primary ETMRs and tissue available for analyses were identified from the Rare Brain Tumor Consortium global registry. The institutional histopathological diagnoses were centrally re-reviewed as per the current WHO CNS tumour guidelines, using histopathological and molecular assays. Only patients with complete clinical, treatment, and survival data on Nov 30, 2019, were included in clinicopathological analyses. Among patients who received primary multi-modal curative regimens, event-free survival and overall survival were determined using Cox proportional hazard and log-rank analyses. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for clinical, molecular, or treatment-related prognostic factors. FINDINGS 159 patients had a confirmed molecular diagnosis of primary ETMRs (median age at diagnosis 26 months, IQR 18-36) and were included in our clinicopathological analysis. ETMRs were predominantly non-metastatic (94 [73%] of 128 patients), arising from multiple sites; 84 (55%) of 154 were cerebral tumours and 70 (45%) of 154 arose at sites characteristic of other brain tumours. Hallmark C19MC alterations were seen in 144 (91%) of 159 patients; 15 (9%) were ETMR not otherwise specified. In patients treated with curative intent, event-free survival was 57% (95% CI 47-68) at 6 months and 31% (21-42) at 2 years; overall survival was 29% (20-38) at 2 years and 27% (18-37) at 4 years. Overall survival was associated with non-metastatic disease (HR 0·48, 95% CI 0·28-0·80; p=0·0057) and non-brainstem location (0·42 [0·22-0·81]; p=0·013) on univariate analysis, as well as with gross total resection (0·30, 0·16-0·58; p=0·0014), high-dose chemotherapy (0·35, 0·19-0·67; p=0·0020), and radiotherapy (0·21, 0·10-0·41; p<0·0001) on multivariable analysis. 2-year event-free and overall survival was 0% at 2 years in patients treated with conventional chemotherapy without radiotherapy (regardless of surgery extent), and 21% (95% CI 1-41) and 30% (6-54), respectively, in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy, and gross total resection without radiotherapy. 2-year event-free survival in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy was 66% (95% CI 39-93) for patients with gross total resection and 44% (7-81) for patients with sub-total resection. 2-5-year overall survival was 66% (95% CI 33-99, p=0·038) for patients with gross total resection and 67% (36-98, p=0·0020) for patients with sub-total resection. INTERPRETATION Prompt molecular diagnosis and post-surgical treatment with intensive multi-modal therapy tailored to patient-specific risk features could improve ETMR survival. FUNDING Canadian Institute of Health Research, Canada Research Chair Awards, Australian Lions Childhood Cancer Research Foundation, Spanish Society of Pediatrics, Consejería de Salud y Familias de la Junta de Andalucía, Miracle Marnie, Phoebe Rose Rocks, Tali's Funds, Garron Cancer Centre, Grace's Walk, Meagan's Hug, Brainchild, Nelina's Hope, and Jean Martel Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Monash Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Palma Solano-Paez
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Al-Karmi
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iqra Mumal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Shago
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Dodgshun
- Children's Haematology/Oncology Centre, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Uri Tabori
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ute Bartels
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S Ziegler
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas André
- Pediatric Oncology, Children Hospital of La Timone, AP-HM, SMARTc unit Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Khan S, Solano-Paez P, Suwal T, Al-Karmi S, Lu M, Ho B, Fouladi M, Leary S, Levy JMM, Lassaletta A, Rivas E, Reddy A, Gillespie GY, Gupta N, Yalon-Oren M, Amariglio L, Nakamura H, Wu KS, Wong TT, Ra YS, Spina ML, Emanuele PV, Massimi L, Buccoliero AM, Hansford JR, Grundy RG, Adamek D, Fangusaro J, Scharnhorst D, Johnston D, Lafay-Cousin L, Camelo-Piragua S, Kabbara N, Gajjar A, Boutarbouch M, da Costa MJG, Hanson D, Wood P, Al-Hussaini M, Amayiri N, Wang Y, Catchpoole D, Michaud J, Bendel AE, Ellezam B, Gerber N, Plant A, Jeffery R, Dunham C, Moertel C, Walter A, Ziegler D, Dodgshun A, Gottardo N, Demir A, Ramanujachar R, Raabe E, Mary S, Dirks P, Taylor M, Eugene H, Lindsey H, Tihan T, Mette J, Dahl C, Low S, Smith A, Hazrati LN, Kresak J, Gino S, Tan E, Morales A, Santa-Maria V, Hawkins C, Bartels U, Stephens D, Nobusawa S, Dufour C, Bourdeaut F, Andre N, Bouffet E, Huang A. ETMR-22. TITLE: DEFINING THE CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC LANDSCAPE OF EMBRYONAL TUMORS WITH MULTI-LAYERED ROSETTES (ETMRs), A RARE BRAIN TUMOR REGISTRY (RBTC) STUDY. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715263 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ETMR, an aggressive disease characterised by C19MC alterations, were previously categorised as various histologic diagnoses. The clinical spectrum and impact of conventional multi-modal therapy on this new WHO diagnostic category remains poorly understood as a majority of ~200 cases reported to date lack molecular confirmation. We undertook comprehensive clinico-pathologic studies of a large molecularly confirmed cohort to improve disease recognition and treatment approaches. Amongst 623 CNS-PNETs patients enrolled in the RBTC registry, 159 primary ETMRs were confirmed based on a combination of FISH (125), methylation analysis (88), SNP and RNAseq (32) analyses; 91% had C19MC amplification/gains/fusions, 9% lacked C19MC alterations but had global methylation features of ETMR NOS. ETMRs arose in young patients (median age 26 months) predominantly as localized disease (M0-72%, M2-3 -18%) at multiple locations including cerebrum (60%) cerebellum (18%), midline structures (6%); notably 10% were brainstem primaries mimicking DIPG. Uni-and multivariate analyses of clinical and treatment details of curative regimens available for 110 patients identified metastatic disease (p=0.002), brainstem locations(p=0.005), extent of surgery, receipt of multi-modal therapy including high dose chemotherapy and radiation (P<0.001) as significant treatment prognosticators, while C19MC status, age and gender were non-significant risk factors. Analyses of events in all patients showed respective EFS at 3 and 12 months of 84%(95%CI:77–91) and 37%(95%CI:20–41) and 4yr OS of 27%(95%CI:18–37) indicating despite intensified therapies ETMR is a rapidly progressive and fatal disease. Our comprehensive data on the largest cohort of molecularly-confirmed ETMRs provides a critical framework to guide current clinical management and development of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Palma Solano-Paez
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Al-Karmi
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Leary
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michal Yalon-Oren
- Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Laura Amariglio
- Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Young-Shin Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Repulic of Korea
| | - Milena La Spina
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Division, University of Catania, Sicily, Italy
| | | | - Luca Massimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children’s Cancer Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumor Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dariusz Adamek
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Scharnhorst
- Department of Pathology, Valley Children’s Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Donna Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Nabil Kabbara
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mahjouba Boutarbouch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mohamed Vth, University, School of Medicine, Hôpital des Spécialités, ONO CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maria Joao Gil da Costa
- Pediatric Hemathology and Oncology Division, University Hospital S, João Alameda Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Derek Hanson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
- Children’s Hospital, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Paul Wood
- Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Tumour Bank, Children’s Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, the Children’s Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anne E Bendel
- University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicholas Gerber
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ashley Plant
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Rubens Jeffery
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Dunham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Moertel
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Walter
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - David Ziegler
- Children’s Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Dodgshun
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Ahmet Demir
- Department of Hematology, Trakya University Medical Faculty, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ramya Ramanujachar
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Southampton Children’s Hospital, South Hampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Raabe
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shago Mary
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hwang Eugene
- Department of Oncology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Holly Lindsey
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tarik Tihan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jorgensen Mette
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Dahl
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Low
- Neurology Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy Smith
- Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Jesse Kresak
- Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Somers Gino
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Enrica Tan
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andres Morales
- Neuro Oncology Unit Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation St Joan de Déu Children′s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Santa-Maria
- Neuro Oncology Unit Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation St Joan de Déu Children′s Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ute Bartels
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Christelle Dufour
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Eric Bouffet
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mumal I, Xu L, Yao F, Suwal T, Fan X, Lu M, Huang A. ETMR-19. SINGLE CELL ANALYSES OF ETMRs REVEAL THAT C19MC+ POPULATION DRIVES CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION AND STEM CELL MAINTENANCE. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715313 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are highly fatal diseases characterized by recurrent amplification of C19MC, an oncogenic miRNA cluster. While C19MC was discovered as a major driver of ETMRs, its direct role in ETMRs remains unknown. As ETMRs exhibit significant heterogeneity in C19MC expression, we employed single cell transcriptomics to investigate features of C19MC+ population. We conducted single-nuclei RNAseq of 23,269 cells from 6 primary and 2 matched recurrent ETMRs. We also conducted single-cell RNAseq of human neural stem cells (hNSC-5miR) and ETMR cell line (A664-5miR) with stable expression of 5 C19MC miRNAs. Bulk RNAseq (n=27), H3K27Ac ChiP-seq (n=5) and ATAC-seq (n=5) corroborated scRNAseq data and identified core transcription factors (TFs) of C19MC+ population. C19MC+ population (24%) mapped to neuro-epithelial cells and exhibited signatures of cell cycle and stem cell maintenance, consistent with bulk-RNAseq data. The C19MC+ population overlaps with MKI67+ cycling (57%) and PROM1+ stem cell population (56%). Interestingly, interrogation of hNSC-5mir and A664-5miR showed a larger MKI67+/PROM1+ population compared to controls. Likewise, hNSC-5miR/A664-5miR in vitro and in vivo experiments showed increased proliferation/stemness. C19MC+ population is characterized by SHH, WNT, mTOR, Hippo and IGF-signalling and driven by MEIS1, SOX11, ZNF521, RFX4 and NR2F2 TFs. Recurrent ETMRs exhibit a persistent but smaller C19MC+ population. Intriguingly, recurrent tumors were more quiescent with a smaller proliferative population. C19MC is directly involved in driving cell cycle and stemness in ETMRs. Cellular and molecular features of primary and recurrent ETMRs were remarkably different, suggesting that C19MC plays a different role upon recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mumal
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liming Xu
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fupan Yao
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaolian Fan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Lu
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mumal I, Sin-Chan P, Suwal T, Singh I, Li XN, Lin C, Mack S, Rich J, Huang A. Abstract B17: A C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN oncogenic circuit driven by hijacked super-enhancers is a distinct therapeutic vulnerability in ETMRs—a lethal brain tumor. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca19-b17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are distinctly challenging brain tumors of infants and very young children, with characteristic rapid progression and only 10-20% overall survival. ETMRs have characteristic amplification of Chr19q13.41 miRNA cluster (C19MC) and enrichment of pluripotency factor LIN28A. Since the discovery of C19MC, an embryonic stem cell-enriched, primate specific miRNA cluster, as a disease marker of ETMR, there has been limited progress in biologic and therapeutic understanding of this disease. In prior studies we demonstrated single C19MC oncomiRs promotes oncogenesis and inhibit neural differentiation, yet the specific mechanisms of C19MC remains unclear. Here we show expression of 5-C19MC oncomiRs cooperatively inhibits multiple cell cycle checkpoint tumor suppressors to drive cellular proliferation. We further show that C19MC oncomiRs activate a potent oncogenic circuit by upregulating MYCN and LIN28A via downregulation of RNA binding protein, Tristetraprolin. Using RNA-IP analyses, we uncovered epigenetic regulators as major targets of LIN28A and showed that LIN28A directly regulates expression of embryonic-neural DNMT3A2 and DNMT3B6 isoforms. Deep epigenetic mapping on primary tumors revealed high DNA-DNA interactions and enhancer hijacking focused on MYCN. We also discovered tumors with TTYH1-C19MC gene fusions harbored a novel hybrid super-enhancer. Lastly, super-enhancer analysis revealed MYCN/MAZ as major transcriptional regulators and that treatment with a potent MYCN and bromodomain inhibitor JQ-1 inhibited proliferation of primary cells. Collectively, our data reveal that tumor-specific genomic and epigenomic alterations of C19MC entrap and drive multiple feed-forward loops to fuel a potent C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN oncogenic circuit, that can be powerfully abrogated by bromodomain inhibitors. Our findings underscore C19MC as a critical oncogene in ETMRs and provide critical therapeutic insights and a framework for developing high-fidelity models for this orphan disease.
Citation Format: Iqra Mumal, Patrick Sin-Chan, Tannu Suwal, Irtisha Singh, Xiao-Nan Li, Charles Lin, Stephen Mack, Jeremy Rich, Annie Huang. A C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN oncogenic circuit driven by hijacked super-enhancers is a distinct therapeutic vulnerability in ETMRs—a lethal brain tumor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mumal
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | | | - Tannu Suwal
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy Rich
- 3University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Annie Huang
- 1The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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Mumal I, Sin-Chan P, Suwal T, Singh I, Li XN, Lin C, Rich J, Mack S, Huang A. PDTM-22. A C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN ONCOGENIC CIRCUIT DRIVEN BY HIJACKED SUPER-ENHANCERS IS A DISTINCT THERAPEUTIC VULNERABILITY IN ETMRS – A LETHAL BRAIN TUMOR. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Embryonal tumors with multi-layered rosettes (ETMR) are aggressive brain cancers with characteristic C19MC oncomiR amplification and enrichment of pluripotency factor LIN28A. Here we investigated C19MC oncogenic mechanisms and discovered a potent C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN circuitry driven by multiple regulatory loops and super-enhancers resulting from long-range MYCN DNA interactions and C19MC gene fusions. C19MC and LIN28A targets respectively converge on critical cell cycle tumor suppressors and neo-embryonic DNMT3A/B isoforms. We identify a MYCN driven, core transcriptional network, conserved in early neural stem cells, that is potently abrogated by treatment with bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, leading to ETMR cell death. Our collective data suggest C19MC oncomiRs drive a malignant primitive cell state in ETMRs via entrapment of an early neural lineage network, which represents a critical therapeutic vulnerability for this recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mumal
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tannu Suwal
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Charles Lin
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy Rich
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Annie Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sin-Chan P, Mumal I, Suwal T, Ho B, Fan X, Singh I, Du Y, Lu M, Patel N, Torchia J, Popovski D, Fouladi M, Guilhamon P, Hansford JR, Leary S, Hoffman LM, Mulcahy Levy JM, Lassaletta A, Solano-Paez P, Rivas E, Reddy A, Gillespie GY, Gupta N, Van Meter TE, Nakamura H, Wong TT, Ra YS, Kim SK, Massimi L, Grundy RG, Fangusaro J, Johnston D, Chan J, Lafay-Cousin L, Hwang EI, Wang Y, Catchpoole D, Michaud J, Ellezam B, Ramanujachar R, Lindsay H, Taylor MD, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Jabado N, Singh SK, Kleinman CL, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Li XN, Dirks PB, Lin CY, Mack SC, Rich JN, Huang A. A C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN Oncogenic Circuit Driven by Hijacked Super-enhancers Is a Distinct Therapeutic Vulnerability in ETMRs: A Lethal Brain Tumor. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:51-67.e7. [PMID: 31287992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are highly lethal infant brain cancers with characteristic amplification of Chr19q13.41 miRNA cluster (C19MC) and enrichment of pluripotency factor LIN28A. Here we investigated C19MC oncogenic mechanisms and discovered a C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN circuit fueled by multiple complex regulatory loops including an MYCN core transcriptional network and super-enhancers resulting from long-range MYCN DNA interactions and C19MC gene fusions. Our data show that this powerful oncogenic circuit, which entraps an early neural lineage network, is potently abrogated by bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, leading to ETMR cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Brain Neoplasms/etiology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Multigene Family
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/genetics
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/etiology
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/therapy
- Oncogenes
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sin-Chan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Iqra Mumal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaolian Fan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Irtisha Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Neilket Patel
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Jonathon Torchia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center-OICR Translational Genomics Laboratory, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G0A3, Canada
| | - Dean Popovski
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cancer and Blood Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Paul Guilhamon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program and Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Leary
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | - Palma Solano-Paez
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Rocio, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tai-Tong Wong
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Young-Shin Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Luca Massimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumor Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donna Johnston
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB T3B6A8, Canada
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Tumor Bank, Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Ramya Ramanujachar
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A0C7, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A0C7, Canada
| | | | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Annie Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada.
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