1
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Perry J, Munshi T, Haizel T, Iyavoo S. Validation of reduced volume VeriFiler™ Express PCR Amplification Kit for buccal swab samples extracted using Prep-n-Go™ Buffer. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1971-1978. [PMID: 35735089 PMCID: PMC9546378 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of reduced volume PCR amplification was studied using the VeriFiler™ Express PCR Amplification Kit. Full (25 μL) and reduced (5 μL) volumes were tested in parallel to identify any differences in template DNA sensitivity and other electropherogram parameters. Both volumes produced full DNA profiles down to 0.08 ng/μL DNA concentration at 26 PCR cycles; however, reduced volume produced higher peak heights due to increased signal intensities. Significant difference (p‐value ≤ 0.05) in heterozygote peak height ratios was observed between both volumes, where the reduced volume threshold was lowered to 0.6 to accommodate all data points. However, no significant difference (p‐value > 0.05) was identified in the stutter ratios between both volumes. The analytical threshold for reduced volume was also determined to be 150 RFU with the presence of template DNA in PCR amplification. When the optimized reduced volume parameters were tested on DNA extracted from buccal swab samples using Prep‐n‐Go™ Buffer, good quality DNA profiles were produced. Overall, the reduced volume not only showed better results compared to the full volume, but also enable more samples to be processed with a PCR amplification kit, thus reduced the cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Perry
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Thomas Haizel
- IDna Genetics Limited, Scottow Enterprise Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sasitaran Iyavoo
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK.,IDna Genetics Limited, Scottow Enterprise Park, Norfolk, UK
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2
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Gray DE, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Brett DJL, He G. Seed-Mediated, Shape-Controlled Synthesis Methods for Platinum-Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction—A Mini Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:865214. [PMID: 35308784 PMCID: PMC8931037 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.865214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the cathode of the hydrogen fuel cells requires the use of electrocatalysts containing expensive and scare platinum to achieve reasonable performance, hampering widespread use of the technology due to high material costs and sustainability issues. One option available to tackle this issue is to use new designs to create nanomaterials which achieve excellent electrocatalytic performances and long-lasting stabilities whilst using less platinum than is currently required. Reliably producing nanomaterials with predictable activities and stabilities using simple, safe, and scalable methods is an important research topic to the advancement of fuel cell technologies. The oxygen reduction reaction occurs at the surface of electrocatalytic materials, and since nanomaterial structures exhibit different catalytic activities, their shapes have a strong relationship to the final performance. Seed-mediated synthesis can be used to control the shape of materials with the aim of obtaining products with the most desirable surface properties for the ORR. This review summarized the current advancement of the synthesis of platinum-based ORR and provided the insights for the future development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy E. Gray
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Scowen
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Dan J. L. Brett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guanjie He
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Guanjie He,
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3
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Gopal A, Yan L, Kashif S, Munshi T, Roy VAL, Voelcker NH, Chen X. Biosensors and Point‐of‐Care Devices for Bacterial Detection: Rapid Diagnostics Informing Antibiotic Therapy (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 3/2022). Adv Healthc Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202270019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Gopal A, Yan L, Kashif S, Munshi T, Roy VAL, Voelcker NH, Chen X. Biosensors and Point-of-Care Devices for Bacterial Detection: Rapid Diagnostics Informing Antibiotic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101546. [PMID: 34850601 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With an exponential rise in antimicrobial resistance and stagnant antibiotic development pipeline, there is, more than ever, a crucial need to optimize current infection therapy approaches. One of the most important stages in this process requires rapid and effective identification of pathogenic bacteria responsible for diseases. Current gold standard techniques of bacterial detection include culture methods, polymerase chain reactions, and immunoassays. However, their use is fraught with downsides with high turnaround time and low accuracy being the most prominent. This imposes great limitations on their eventual application as point-of-care devices. Over time, innovative detection techniques have been proposed and developed to curb these drawbacks. In this review, a systematic summary of a range of biosensing platforms is provided with a strong focus on technologies conferring high detection sensitivity and specificity. A thorough analysis is performed and the benefits and drawbacks of each type of biosensor are highlighted, the factors influencing their potential as point-of-care devices are discussed, and the authors' insights for their translation from proof-of-concept systems into commercial medical devices are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Gopal
- School of Engineering Institute for Bioengineering The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JL UK
| | - Li Yan
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Saima Kashif
- School of Engineering Institute for Bioengineering The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JL UK
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Lincoln Lincolnshire LN6 7TS UK
| | | | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria VIC 3052 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Engineering Institute for Bioengineering The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JL UK
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5
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Whitaker DA, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Edwards HGM. Development of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Methodology to Detect Immobilized Organic Materials in Biogeological Contexts. Astrobiology 2021; 21:1089-1098. [PMID: 34129380 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The likelihood of finding intact cellular structures on the surface or in the near subsurface of the martian regolith is slim, due in part to the intense bombardment of the surface by ionizing radiation from outer space. Given that this radiation is predicted to be so intense that it would render a living cell inactive within minutes, it is logical to search for evidence of microbial life by looking for molecules produced by the breakdown of cellular matter. This "pool" of molecules, known as biomarkers, consists of a range of species with various functionalities that make them likely to interact with minerals in the martian regolith. Raman spectroscopy, a molecularly specific analysis method utilized for detecting organic biomarkers among inorganic geomaterials, suffers from low signal intensity when the concentration of organics is as low as it appears to be on the martian surface. This article describes the utility of a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method used to detect extremely low levels of biomarkers that were passively adhered to mineral surfaces in a method that represents how this interaction would take place in a natural environment on Mars. The methodology showed promise for the detection of multiple classes of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Whitaker
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Ian J Scowen
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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6
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Kriso C, Kress S, Munshi T, Grossmann M, Bek R, Jetter M, Michler P, Stolz W, Koch M, Rahimi-Iman A. Microcavity-enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser: erratum. Opt Express 2021; 29:23290-23291. [PMID: 34614596 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We correct a mistake in [Opt. Express27, 11914 (2019)10.1364/OE.27.011914] when calculating the focal length of the Kerr lens with the measured values of the nonlinear refractive index n2 and parameters of a prototypical self-mode-locking VECSEL cavity. We therefore update Fig. 1 of the original publication. The new calculation yields a significantly larger value of the Kerr lens focal length leading to a smaller perturbation of the cavity beam profile.
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7
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Koleoso M, Feng X, Xue Y, Li Q, Munshi T, Chen X. Micro/nanoscale magnetic robots for biomedical applications. Mater Today Bio 2020; 8:100085. [PMID: 33299981 PMCID: PMC7702192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic small-scale robots are devices of great potential for the biomedical field because of the several benefits of this method of actuation. Recent work on the development of these devices has seen tremendous innovation and refinement toward improved performance for potential clinical applications. This review briefly details recent advancements in small-scale robots used for biomedical applications, covering their design, fabrication, applications, and demonstration of ability, and identifies the gap in studies and the difficulties that have persisted in the optimization of the use of these devices. In addition, alternative biomedical applications are also suggested for some of the technologies that show potential for other functions. This study concludes that although the field of small-scale robot research is highly innovative there is need for more concerted efforts to improve functionality and reliability of these devices particularly in clinical applications. Finally, further suggestions are made toward the achievement of commercialization for these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Koleoso
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - X. Feng
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Y. Xue
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Q. Li
- School of Engineering, Institute for Energy Systems, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - T. Munshi
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - X. Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
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8
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Li J, Gopal A, Karaosmanoglu S, Lin J, Munshi T, Zhang W, Chen X, Yan L. Photosensitizer doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanocomposites for combined antibacterial therapy to overcome methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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Abstract
Understanding the structural similarities between co-crystals formed with racemic mixture and enantiopure chiral components with an achiral co-former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Scowen
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Banks Laboratories
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln
- UK
| | - Taghrid S. Alomar
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University
- Riyadh
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Banks Laboratories
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln
- UK
| | - Colin C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
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10
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Kriso C, Kress S, Munshi T, Grossmann M, Bek R, Jetter M, Michler P, Stolz W, Koch M, Rahimi-Iman A. Microcavity-enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser. Opt Express 2019; 27:11914-11929. [PMID: 31052740 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.011914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-mode-locking has become an emerging path to the generation of ultrashort pulses with vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In our work, a strong Kerr nonlinearity that is so far assumed to give rise to mode-locked operation is evidenced and a strong nonlinearity enhancement by the microcavity is revealed. We present wavelength-dependent measurements of the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index change in a gain chip using the Z-scan technique. We report negative nonlinear refraction up to 5x10-12 cm2/W in magnitude in the (InGa)As/Ga(AsP) material system close to the laser design wavelength, which can lead to Kerr lensing. We show that by changing the angle of incidence of the probe beam with respect to the gain chip, the Kerr nonlinearity can be wavelength-tuned, shifting with the microcavity resonance. Such findings may ultimately lead to novel concepts with regard to tailored self-mode-locking behavior achievable by peculiar Kerr-lens chip designs for cost-effective, robust and compact fs-pulsed semiconductor lasers.
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11
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Lin JF, Li J, Gopal A, Munshi T, Chu YW, Wang JX, Liu TT, Shi B, Chen X, Yan L. Synthesis of photo-excited Chlorin e6 conjugated silica nanoparticles for enhanced anti-bacterial efficiency to overcome methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2656-2659. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nano photodynamic therapy to overcome multidrug resistant bacteria.
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12
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Salman K, Wagih S, Munshi T, Almalki M, Zatari S, Zahid K, El-Morsy S, Abd-Al Moety D, Al-Ezzi M. Measurement of radiation exposure to household contacts of patients with Graves’ disease treated with low dose radioactive iodine (131I) on outpatient basis. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Lear S, Munshi T, Hudson AS, Hatton C, Clardy J, Mosely JA, Bull TJ, Sit CS, Cobb SL. Total chemical synthesis of lassomycin and lassomycin-amide. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:4534-41. [PMID: 27101411 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00631k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a practical synthetic route to the lasso peptide lassomycin () and C-terminal variant lassomycin-amide (). The biological evaluation of peptides and against Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed that neither had any activity against this bacterium. This lack of biological activity has led us to propose that naturally occurring lassomycin may actually exhibit a standard lasso peptide threaded conformation rather than the previously reported unthreaded structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lear
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - T Munshi
- St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - A S Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - C Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - J Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - J A Mosely
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - T J Bull
- St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - C S Sit
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - S L Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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14
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Seaton CC, Thomas RR, Essifaow EAA, Nauha E, Munshi T, Scowen IJ. Structural motifs in salts of sulfathiazole: implications for design of salt forms in pharmaceuticals APIs. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The creation of salts is a frequently used approach to modify physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This work prepares a collection of sulfathiazole salts to probe the influence of counterion structure on crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- BD7 1DP UK
| | - Rayan R. Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- BD7 1DP UK
| | | | - Elisa Nauha
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Banks Laboratories
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln
- UK
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Banks Laboratories
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln
- UK
| | - Ian J. Scowen
- School of Chemistry
- Joseph Banks Laboratories
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln
- UK
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15
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Schotsmans EMJ, García-Rubio A, Edwards HGM, Munshi T, Wilson AS, Ríos L. Analyzing and Interpreting Lime Burials from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): A Case Study from La Carcavilla Cemetery. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:498-510. [PMID: 27907232 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over 500 victims of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) were buried in the cemetery of La Carcavilla (Palencia, Spain). White material, observed in several burials, was analyzed with Raman spectroscopy and powder XRD, and confirmed to be lime. Archaeological findings at La Carcavilla's cemetery show that the application of lime was used in an organized way, mostly associated with coffinless interments of victims of Francoist repression. In burials with a lime cast, observations made it possible to draw conclusions regarding the presence of soft tissue at the moment of deposition, the sequence of events, and the presence of clothing and other evidence. This study illustrates the importance of analyzing a burial within the depositional environment and taphonomic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M J Schotsmans
- Laboratoire PACEA De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie UMR 5199, Université de Bordeaux, Bat. B8, Allee Geoffroy St Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.,Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Almudena García-Rubio
- Unit of Physical Anthropology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Department of Physical Anthropology, Aranzadi Society of Sciences, Zorroagagaina 11, Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Andrew S Wilson
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Luis Ríos
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Aranzadi Society of Sciences, Zorroagagaina 11, Donostia, Basque Country, Spain.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Nguyen Thanh D, Kikhtyanin O, Ramos R, Kothari M, Ulbrich P, Munshi T, Kubička D. Nanosized TiO2—A promising catalyst for the aldol condensation of furfural with acetone in biomass upgrading. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Telford R, Seaton CC, Clout A, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Williams GR, Prior TJ, Okoye CH, Munshi T, Scowen IJ. Stabilisation of metastable polymorphs: the case of paracetamol form III. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12028-12031. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unique approach is applied in preparing the first ‘air-stable’ formulation of form III of paracetamol, long regarded as a highly unstable form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Telford
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Colin C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Alexander Clout
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
| | - Asma Buanz
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- London WC1N 1AX
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Tasnim Munshi
- School of Chemistry
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln LN6 7DL
- UK
| | - Ian J. Scowen
- School of Chemistry
- University of Lincoln
- Lincoln LN6 7DL
- UK
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18
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Seaton C, Munshi T, Scowen I. Interplay of Packing, Proton Transfer and Hydrogen Bonding on Crystal Properties. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273314089773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The designed creation of crystalline materials with desired physical properties is a key objective of crystal engineering. Currently the development of multi-component crystals such as salts and co-crystals as a route for the modification of physicochemical properties has been a major focus within the field. However, while the creation of such materials has been repeatedly demonstrated, understanding the structure-property relationships between the component molecules and the final crystal form is great challenge, so limiting the ability to design new materials. Controlling the proton transfer process is vital for the designed creation of protonic conductive materials but also important in other fields as the proton location alters the physical properties of other systems such as pharmaceutical or photochromic materials. The interaction between chemical structure and local crystallographic environment has been shown to alter the energy landscape of the proton transfer process [1,2] This presentation will report on work investigating the relationships between changes in molecular and crystal structure on proton transfer processes in multi-component materials. Both experimental crystal growth and computational modelling have been used to study proton transfer in binary and ternary systems based on the carboxylic acid...pyridine hydrogen bond. Understanding the interplay between packing forces and proton transfer in controlling the observed photochromism in bipy/rac-mandelic acid system and how this can be used to design new material based on these concepts.
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19
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Boardman ND, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Seaton CC. Creation of a ternary complex between a crown ether, 4-aminobenzoic acid and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2014; 70:132-140. [PMID: 24441136 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520613026036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The creation of ternary multi-component crystals through the introduction of 18-crown-6 to direct the hydrogen-bonding motifs of the other molecular components was investigated for 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (3,5-dnba) with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-aba). The creation of a binary complex between 18-crown-6 and 4-aba (C12H24O6·2C7H7NO2)2 and a ternary salt between 3,5-dnba, 18-crown-6 and 4-aba (C12H24O6·C7H8NO2(+)·C7H3N2O6(-)·C7H4N2O6) were confirmed by single-crystal structure determination. In both structures, the amino molecules bind to the crown ether through N-H...O hydrogen bonds, leaving available only a single O atom site on the crown with restricted geometry to potentially accept a hydrogen bond from 3,5-dnba. While 3,5-dnba and 4-aba form a binary co-crystal containing neutral molecules, the shape-selective nature of 18-crown-6 preferentially binds protonated amino molecules, thereby leading to the formation of the ternary salt, despite the predicted low concentration of the protonated species in the crystallizing solution. Thus, through the choice of crown ether it may be possible to control both location and nature of the available bonding sites for the designed creation of ternary crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Boardman
- Divison of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, England
| | - Tasnim Munshi
- Divison of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, England
| | - Ian J Scowen
- Divison of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, England
| | - Colin C Seaton
- SSPC, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Heckman CJ, Darlow S, Kloss JD, Cohen-Filipic J, Manne SL, Munshi T, Yaroch AL, Perlis C. Measurement of tanning dependence. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:1179-85. [PMID: 23980870 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor tanning has been found to be addictive. However, the most commonly used tanning dependence measures have not been well validated. OBJECTIVE The study's purpose was to explore the psychometric characteristics of and compare the modified Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener Scale (mCAGE), modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition - Text Revised (mDSM-IV-TR) and Tanning Pathology Scale (TAPS) measures of tanning dependence and provide recommendations for research and practice. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional online survey with 18- to 25-year-old female university students. The main outcome variable was tanning dependence measured by the mCAGE, mDSM-IV-TR and TAPS. RESULTS Internal consistency of the TAPS subscales was good but was poor for the mCAGE and mDSM-IV-TR, except when their items were combined. Agreement between the mCAGE and mDSM-IV-TR was fair. Factor analysis of the TAPS confirmed the current four-factor structure. All of the tanning dependence scales were significantly correlated with one another. Likewise, most of the tanning dependence scales were significantly correlated with other measures of tanning attitudes and behaviours. However, the tolerance to tanning TAPS subscale was not significantly correlated with any measure of tanning attitudes or behaviours and had the lowest subscale internal reliability and eigenvalues. CONCLUSION Based on the data and existing literature, we make recommendations for the continued use of tanning dependence measures. Intervention may be needed for the approximately 5% of college women who tend to be classified as tanning dependent across measures. Monitoring of individuals reporting tanning dependence symptoms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Heckman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center
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Seaton CC, Blagden N, Munshi T, Scowen IJ. Creation of Ternary Multicomponent Crystals by Exploitation of Charge-Transfer Interactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:10663-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Bukenya S, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Skyner R, Whitaker DA, Seaton CC. Building multi-component crystals from cations and co-crystals: the use of chaperones. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Seaton CC, Munshi T, Williams SE, Scowen IJ. Multi-component crystals of 4-phenylpyridine: challenging the boundaries between co-crystal and organic salt formation with insight into solid-state proton transfer. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Munshi T, Brewster VL, Edwards HGM, Hargreaves MD, Jilani SK, Scowen IJ. Monitoring of the interconversion of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) to gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by Raman spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:678-82. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Munshi
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford; BD7 1DP; UK
| | - Victoria. L. Brewster
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street; Manchester; M1 7DN; UK
| | | | - Michael D. Hargreaves
- Thermo Scientific Portable Optical Analyzers; Thermo Fisher Scientific; Wilmington; MA; USA
| | - Shelina. K. Jilani
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford; BD7 1DP; UK
| | - Ian J Scowen
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford; BD7 1DP; UK
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Dartnell LR, Page K, Jorge-Villar SE, Wright G, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Ward JM, Edwards HGM. Destruction of Raman biosignatures by ionising radiation and the implications for life detection on Mars. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:131-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Edwards HGM, Herschy B, Page K, Munshi T, Scowen IJ. Raman spectra of biomarkers of relevance to analytical astrobiological exploration: hopanoids, sterols and steranes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 78:191-195. [PMID: 21050806 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the viability and potential of three groups of organic compounds as biomarkers in a future robotic analytical exploration of Mars. The three compounds have been identified as suitable candidates for potential biomarkers for extant or extinct life from the terrestrial fossil record. The three groups of compound were all similar in structure, being either tetra- or penta-cyclic compounds. The limits of detection for a sample were also tested to estimate what concentrations it would still be amenable to Raman spectroscopic investigation. This was investigated using both solid mixtures and liquid solutions. The spectra of these compounds are characterised so that they can be added to the Raman database for future Mars missions. This involved identifying functional group characteristics, assigning peaks for each individual sample and characteristic features which would categorise the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University Analytical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Elbagerma MA, Edwards HGM, Munshi T, Scowen IJ. Identification of a new cocrystal of citric acid and paracetamol of pharmaceutical relevance. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Burnett AD, Edwards HGM, Hargreaves MD, Munshi T, Page K. A forensic case study: the detection of contraband drugs in carrier solutions by Raman spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:539-43. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Brewster VL, Edwards HGM, Hargreaves MD, Munshi T. Identification of the date-rape drug GHB and its precursor GBL by Raman spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:25-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Burnett AD, Fan W, Upadhya PC, Cunningham JE, Hargreaves MD, Munshi T, Edwards HGM, Linfield EH, Davies AG. Broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of drugs-of-abuse and the use of principal component analysis. Analyst 2009; 134:1658-68. [DOI: 10.1039/b817839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Ali HRH, Edwards HGM, Hargreaves MD, Munshi T, Scowen IJ, Telford RJ. Vibrational spectroscopic characterisation of salmeterol xinafoate polymorphs and a preliminary investigation of their transformation using simultaneous in situ portable Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 620:103-12. [PMID: 18558130 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and control of the polymorphic phases of chemical compounds are important aspects of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. Salmeterol xinafoate, a long acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, exists in two polymorphic Forms, I and II. Raman and near infrared spectra were obtained of these polymorphs at selected wavelengths in the range of 488-1064 nm; significant differences in the Raman and near-infrared spectra were apparent and key spectral marker bands have been identified for the vibrational spectroscopic characterisation of the individual polymorphs which were also characterised with X ray diffractometry. The solid-state transition of salmeterol xinafoate polymorphs was studied using simultaneous in situ portable Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry isothermally between transitions. This method assisted in the unambiguous characterisation of the two polymorphic forms by providing a simultaneous probe of both the thermal and vibrational data. The study demonstrates the value of a rapid in situ analysis of a drug polymorph which can be of potential value for at-line in-process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Refat H Ali
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences, University Analytical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Edwards HGM, Munshi T, Page K. Analytical discrimination between sources of ginseng using Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:2203-15. [PMID: 17882405 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng is a widely used medicinal product that grows mainly in Korea, China and America. American ginseng is classified as an endangered species, and so the import and export of this type of ginseng is illegal in certain countries. Due to this restriction it is becoming increasingly important to be able to distinguish between different types of ginseng. FT-Raman spectroscopy has the ability to discriminate between ginseng specimens according to the country of origin and the effects of processing on the ginseng material. The ginsenoside content of ginseng differs in both conformation and concentration depending on the source of the ginseng, which means that ginseng grown in different countries should express unique spectral features. The presence or absence of these features, therefore, could indicate the geographical origin of the sample. Several spectral features were identified for a range of ginsengs, such as a peak at 980 cm(-1) that was only found in Chinese ginseng, and the different wavenumber positions of characteristic ginseng bands near 1600 cm(-1). This indicates that Raman spectroscopy can be used to pinpoint the origin of an unknown ginseng sample and that it would provide a rapid nondestructive analytical technique for formally discriminating between restricted and permitted imports.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University Analytical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Edwards HGM, Mohsin MA, Sadooni FN, Nik Hassan NF, Munshi T. Life in the sabkha: Raman spectroscopy of halotrophic extremophiles of relevance to planetary exploration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:46-56. [PMID: 16607492 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Raman spectroscopic biosignatures of halotrophic cyanobacterial extremophiles from sabkha evaporitic saltpans are reported for the first time and ideas about the possible survival strategies in operation have been forthcoming. The biochemicals produced by the cyanobacteria which colonise the interfaces between large plates of clear selenitic gypsum, halite, and dolomitized calcium carbonates in the centre of the salt pans are identifiably different from those which are produced by benthic cyanobacterial mats colonising the surface of the salt pan edges in the intertidal zone. The prediction that similar geological formations would have been present on early Mars and which could now be underlying the highly peroxidised regolith on the surface of the planet has been confirmed by recent satellite observations from Mars orbit and by localised traverses by robotic surface rovers. The successful adoption of miniaturised Raman spectroscopic instrumentation as part of a scientific package for detection of extant life or biomolecular traces of extinct life on proposed future Mars missions will depend critically on interpretation of data from terrestrial Mars analogues such as sabkhas, of which the current study is an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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Edwards HGM, Villar SEJ, Jehlicka J, Munshi T. FT-Raman spectroscopic study of calcium-rich and magnesium-rich carbonate minerals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005; 61:2273-80. [PMID: 16029849 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium and magnesium carbonates are important minerals found in sedimentary environments. Although sandstones are the most common rock colonized by endolith organisms, the production of calcium and magnesium carbonates is important in survival strategies of organisms and as a source for the removal of oxalate ions. Extremophile organisms in some situations may convert or destroy carbonates of calcium and magnesium, which gives important information about the conditions under which these organisms can survive. The identification on the surface of Mars of 'White Rock' formations, in Juventae Chasma or Sabaea Terra, as possibly carbonate rocks makes the study of these minerals a prerequisite of remote Martian exploration. Here, we show the protocol for the identification by Raman spectroscopy of different calcium and magnesium carbonates and we present a database of relevance in the search for life, extinct or extant, on Mars; this will be useful for the assessment of data obtained from remote, miniaturized Raman spectrometers now proposed for Mars exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Edwards HGM, Munshi T. Diagnostic Raman spectroscopy for the forensic detection of biomaterials and the preservation of cultural heritage. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1398-406. [PMID: 15952003 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the contributions of analytical Raman spectroscopy to the non-destructive characterisation of biological materials of relevance to forensic science investigations, including the sourcing of resins and the identification of the biodegradation of art and archaeological artefacts. The advantages of Raman spectroscopy for non-destructive analysis are well-appreciated; however, the ability to record molecular information about organic and inorganic species present in a heterogeneous specimen at the same time, the insensitivity of the Raman scattering process to water and hydroxyl groups, which removes the necessity for sample desiccation, and the ease of illumination for samples of very small and very large sizes and unusual shapes are also apparent. Several examples are used to illustrate the application of Raman spectroscopic techniques to the characterisation of forensic biomaterials and for the preservation of cultural heritage through case studies in the following areas: wall-paintings and rock art, human and animal tissues and skeletal remains, fabrics, resins and ivories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell G M Edwards
- Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, UK.
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Edwards HGM, Munshi T, Anstis M. Raman spectroscopic characterisations and analytical discrimination between caffeine and demethylated analogues of pharmaceutical relevance. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005; 61:1453-1459. [PMID: 15820878 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The FT Raman spectrum of caffeine was analysed along with that of its demethylated analogues, theobromine and theophylline. The similar but not identical structures of these three compounds allowed a more detailed assignment of the Raman bands. Noticeable differences in the Raman spectra of these compounds were apparent and key marker bands have been identified for the spectroscopic identification of these three compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G M Edwards
- Chemical and Forensic Sciences, The School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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