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Pamies D, Vujić T, Schvartz D, Boccard J, Repond C, Nunes C, Rudaz S, Sanchez JC, González-Ruiz V, Zurich MG. Digoxin Induces Human Astrocyte Reaction In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:84-97. [PMID: 36223047 PMCID: PMC9758102 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte reaction is a complex cellular process involving astrocytes in response to various types of CNS injury and a marker of neurotoxicity. It has been abundantly studied in rodents but relatively poorly in human cells due to limited access to the brain. Astrocytes play important roles in cerebral energy metabolism and are also key players in neuroinflammation. Astroglial metabolic and inflammatory changes have been reported with age, leading to the hypothesis that mitochondrial metabolism and inflammatory responses are interconnected. However, the relationship between energy metabolism and astrocyte reactivity in the context of neurotoxicity is not known. We hypothesized that changes in energy metabolism of astrocytes will be coupled to their activation by xenobiotics. Astrocyte reaction and associated energy metabolic changes were assessed by immunostaining, gene expression, proteomics, metabolomics, and extracellular flux analyses after 24 h of exposure of human ReN-derived astrocytes to digoxin (1-10 µM) or TNFα (30 ng/ml) used as a positive control. Strong astrocytic reaction was observed, accompanied by increased glycolysis at low concentrations of digoxin (0.1 and 0.5 µM) and after TNFα exposure, suggesting that increased glycolysis may be a common feature of reactive astrocytes, independent of the triggering molecule. In conclusion, whether astrocyte activation is triggered by cytokines or a xenobiotic, it is strongly tied to energy metabolism in human ReN-derived astrocytes. Increased glycolysis might be considered as an endpoint to detect astrocyte activation by potentially neurotoxic compounds in vitro. Finally, ReN-derived astrocytes may help to decipher mechanisms of neurotoxicity in ascertaining the ability of chemicals to directly target astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Vujić
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Zurich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Vujić T, Schvartz D, Furlani IL, Meister I, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S, Sanchez JC. Oxidative Stress and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Are Signature Pathways of Extracellular Vesicles Released upon Morphine Exposure on Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233926. [PMID: 36497184 PMCID: PMC9741159 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine, a commonly used antinociceptive drug in hospitals, is known to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by first passing through brain endothelial cells. Despite its pain-relieving effect, morphine also has detrimental effects, such as the potential induction of redox imbalance in the brain. However, there is still insufficient evidence of these effects on the brain, particularly on the brain endothelial cells and the extracellular vesicles that they naturally release. Indeed, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized bioparticles produced by almost all cell types and are currently thought to reflect the physiological state of their parent cells. These vesicles have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers by indicating the functional or dysfunctional state of their parent cells and, thus, allowing a better understanding of the biological processes involved in an adverse state. However, there is very little information on the morphine effect on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and even less on their released EVs. Therefore, the current study aimed at unraveling the detrimental mechanisms of morphine exposure (at 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µM) for 24 h on human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as on their associated EVs. Isolation of EVs was carried out using an affinity-based method. Several orthogonal techniques (NTA, western blotting and proteomics analysis) were used to validate the EVs enrichment, quality and concentration. Data-independent mass spectrometry (DIA-MS)-based proteomics was applied in order to analyze the proteome modulations induced by morphine on HBMECs and EVs. We were able to quantify almost 5500 proteins in HBMECs and 1500 proteins in EVs, of which 256 and 148, respectively, were found to be differentially expressed in at least one condition. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the "cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling" process and the "HIF1 pathway", a pathway related to oxidative stress responses, were significantly modulated upon morphine exposure in HBMECs and EVs. Altogether, the combination of proteomics and bioinformatics findings highlighted shared pathways between HBMECs exposed to morphine and their released EVs. These results put forward molecular signatures of morphine-induced toxicity in HBMECs that were also carried by EVs. Therefore, EVs could potentially be regarded as a useful tool to investigate brain endothelial cells dysfunction, and to a different extent, the BBB dysfunction in patient circulation using these "signature pathways".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vujić
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Izadora Liranço Furlani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-904, Brazil
| | - Isabel Meister
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-54-86
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Reymond S, Vujić T, Schvartz D, Sanchez JC. Morphine-induced modulation of Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4588. [PMID: 35301408 PMCID: PMC8931063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most potent opioid analgesic used for pain treatment. Morphine action in the central nervous system requires crossing the blood-brain barrier. Due to the controversial relationship between morphine and oxidative stress, the potential pro- or antioxidant effects of morphine in the blood-brain barrier is important to be understood, as oxidative stress could cause its disruption and predispose to neurodegenerative diseases. However, investigation is scarce in human brain endothelial cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the impact of morphine exposure at three different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 µM) for 24 h and 48 h on primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells. A quantitative data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry strategy was used to analyze proteome modulations. Almost 3000 proteins were quantified of which 217 were reported to be significantly regulated in at least one condition versus untreated control. Pathway enrichment analysis unveiled dysregulation of the Nrf2 pathway involved in oxidative stress response. Seahorse assay underlined mitochondria dysfunctions, which were supported by significant expression modulations of relevant mitochondrial proteins. In conclusion, our study revealed the dysregulation of the Nrf2 pathway and mitochondria dysfunctions after morphine exposure, highlighting a potential redox imbalance in human brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Reymond
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Vujić
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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