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Chiang J, Bagchi A, Li X, Dhanda SK, Huang J, Pinto SN, Sioson E, Dalton J, Tatevossian RG, Jia S, Partap S, Fisher PG, Bowers DC, Hassall TEG, Lu C, Zaldivar-Peraza A, Wright KD, Broniscer A, Qaddoumi I, Upadhyaya SA, Vinitsky A, Sabin ND, Orr BA, Klimo P, Boop FA, Ashford JM, Conklin HM, Onar-Thomas A, Zhou X, Ellison DW, Gajjar A, Robinson GW. High-grade glioma in infants and young children is histologically, molecularly, and clinically diverse: Results from the SJYC07 trial and institutional experience. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:178-190. [PMID: 37503880 PMCID: PMC10768990 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade gliomas (HGG) in young children pose a challenge due to favorable but unpredictable outcomes. While retrospective studies broadened our understanding of tumor biology, prospective data is lacking. METHODS A cohort of children with histologically diagnosed HGG from the SJYC07 trial was augmented with nonprotocol patients with HGG treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from November 2007 to December 2020. DNA methylome profiling and whole genome, whole exome, and RNA sequencing were performed. These data were integrated with histopathology to yield an integrated diagnosis. Clinical characteristics and preoperative imaging were analyzed. RESULTS Fifty-six children (0.0-4.4 years) were identified. Integrated analysis split the cohort into four categories: infant-type hemispheric glioma (IHG), HGG, low-grade glioma (LGG), and other-central nervous system (CNS) tumors. IHG was the most prevalent (n = 22), occurred in the youngest patients (median age = 0.4 years), and commonly harbored receptor tyrosine kinase gene fusions (7 ALK, 2 ROS1, 3 NTRK1/2/3, 4 MET). The 5-year event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for IHG was 53.13% (95%CI: 35.52-79.47) and 90.91% (95%CI: 79.66-100.00) vs. 0.0% and 16.67% (95%CI: 2.78-99.74%) for HGG (p = 0.0043, p = 0.00013). EFS and OS were not different between IHG and LGG (p = 0.95, p = 0.43). Imaging review showed IHGs are associated with circumscribed margins (p = 0.0047), hemispheric location (p = 0.0010), and intratumoral hemorrhage (p = 0.0149). CONCLUSIONS HGG in young children is heterogeneous and best defined by integrating histopathological and molecular features. Patients with IHG have relatively good outcomes, yet they endure significant deficits, making them good candidates for therapy de-escalation and trials of molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chiang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aditi Bagchi
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sandeep K Dhanda
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Soniya N Pinto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James Dalton
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ruth G Tatevossian
- Cancer Biomarkers Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sujuan Jia
- Cancer Biomarkers Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sonia Partap
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Fisher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Bowers
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Congyu Lu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Airen Zaldivar-Peraza
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen D Wright
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ibrahim Qaddoumi
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Santhosh A Upadhyaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Vinitsky
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Noah D Sabin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul Klimo
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frederick A Boop
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jason M Ashford
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather M Conklin
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of Oncology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Clarke M, Mackay A, Ismer B, Pickles JC, Tatevossian RG, Newman S, Bale TA, Stoler I, Izquierdo E, Temelso S, Carvalho DM, Molinari V, Burford A, Howell L, Virasami A, Fairchild AR, Avery A, Chalker J, Kristiansen M, Haupfear K, Dalton JD, Orisme W, Wen J, Hubank M, Kurian KM, Rowe C, Maybury M, Crosier S, Knipstein J, Schüller U, Kordes U, Kram DE, Snuderl M, Bridges L, Martin AJ, Doey LJ, Al-Sarraj S, Chandler C, Zebian B, Cairns C, Natrajan R, Boult JKR, Robinson SP, Sill M, Dunkel IJ, Gilheeney SW, Rosenblum MK, Hughes D, Proszek PZ, Macdonald TJ, Preusser M, Haberler C, Slavc I, Packer R, Ng HK, Caspi S, Popović M, Faganel Kotnik B, Wood MD, Baird L, Davare MA, Solomon DA, Olsen TK, Brandal P, Farrell M, Cryan JB, Capra M, Karremann M, Schittenhelm J, Schuhmann MU, Ebinger M, Dinjens WNM, Kerl K, Hettmer S, Pietsch T, Andreiuolo F, Driever PH, Korshunov A, Hiddingh L, Worst BC, Sturm D, Zuckermann M, Witt O, Bloom T, Mitchell C, Miele E, Colafati GS, Diomedi-Camassei F, Bailey S, Moore AS, Hassall TEG, Lowis SP, Tsoli M, Cowley MJ, Ziegler DS, Karajannis MA, Aquilina K, Hargrave DR, Carceller F, Marshall LV, von Deimling A, Kramm CM, Pfister SM, Sahm F, Baker SJ, Mastronuzzi A, Carai A, Vinci M, Capper D, Popov S, Ellison DW, Jacques TS, Jones DTW, Jones C. Infant High-Grade Gliomas Comprise Multiple Subgroups Characterized by Novel Targetable Gene Fusions and Favorable Outcomes. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:942-963. [PMID: 32238360 PMCID: PMC8313225 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infant high-grade gliomas appear clinically distinct from their counterparts in older children, indicating that histopathologic grading may not accurately reflect the biology of these tumors. We have collected 241 cases under 4 years of age, and carried out histologic review, methylation profiling, and custom panel, genome, or exome sequencing. After excluding tumors representing other established entities or subgroups, we identified 130 cases to be part of an "intrinsic" spectrum of disease specific to the infant population. These included those with targetable MAPK alterations, and a large proportion of remaining cases harboring gene fusions targeting ALK (n = 31), NTRK1/2/3 (n = 21), ROS1 (n = 9), and MET (n = 4) as their driving alterations, with evidence of efficacy of targeted agents in the clinic. These data strongly support the concept that infant gliomas require a change in diagnostic practice and management. SIGNIFICANCE: Infant high-grade gliomas in the cerebral hemispheres comprise novel subgroups, with a prevalence of ALK, NTRK1/2/3, ROS1, or MET gene fusions. Kinase fusion-positive tumors have better outcome and respond to targeted therapy clinically. Other subgroups have poor outcome, with fusion-negative cases possibly representing an epigenetically driven pluripotent stem cell phenotype.See related commentary by Szulzewsky and Cimino, p. 904.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clarke
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Mackay
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Britta Ismer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C Pickles
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth G Tatevossian
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tejus A Bale
- Department of Neuropathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Iris Stoler
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Izquierdo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Temelso
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana M Carvalho
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Molinari
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Burford
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Howell
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Virasami
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R Fairchild
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee Avery
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Chalker
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kristiansen
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Haupfear
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James D Dalton
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wilda Orisme
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Wen
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Hubank
- Molecular Diagnostics, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Rowe
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mellissa Maybury
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
- Oncology Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Crosier
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Knipstein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Kordes
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David E Kram
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Neuropathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Leslie Bridges
- Department of Neuropathology, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Martin
- Department of Neurosurgery, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence J Doey
- Department of Clinical Neuropathology, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Department of Clinical Neuropathology, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chandler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bassel Zebian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Cairns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica K R Boult
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Sill
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ira J Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen W Gilheeney
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc K Rosenblum
- Department of Neuropathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Debbie Hughes
- Molecular Diagnostics, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Z Proszek
- Molecular Diagnostics, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Tobey J Macdonald
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haberler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roger Packer
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavioural Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Shani Caspi
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mara Popović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Faganel Kotnik
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lissa Baird
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Monika Ashok Davare
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David A Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thale Kristin Olsen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Brandal
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Farrell
- Department of Histopathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane B Cryan
- Department of Histopathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Capra
- Paediatric Oncology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Karremann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ebinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kornelius Kerl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Simone Hettmer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felipe Andreiuolo
- Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumor Reference Center, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pablo Hernáiz Driever
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lotte Hiddingh
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara C Worst
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sturm
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zuckermann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tabitha Bloom
- BRAIN UK, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Mitchell
- BRAIN UK, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Onco-haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Stefania Colafati
- Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simon Bailey
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Moore
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
- Oncology Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy E G Hassall
- Oncology Service, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen P Lowis
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Tsoli
- Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kristian Aquilina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darren R Hargrave
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Carceller
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Children & Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Lynley V Marshall
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Children & Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof M Kramm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Onco-haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Oncological Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vinci
- Department of Onco-haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - David Capper
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergey Popov
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Wales Hospital NHS Trust, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Neuropathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| | - David T W Jones
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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