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Coe LN, Astorino TA. Sex differences in hemodynamic response to high-intensity interval exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14495. [PMID: 37724816 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response to exercise exist due to differences in heart size, blood volume, and hemoglobin mass, eliciting higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) in men versus women. Data are equivocal whether sex differences in training responsiveness occur. This study investigated potential sex differences in the hemodynamic response (stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)) to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Habitually active men (n = 15) and women (n = 13) underwent VO2max testing, followed by three HIIE sessions consisting of the 4 × 4, 10 × 1, and reduced exertion high-intensity training (REHIT), whose order was randomized. During exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2 ) and hemodynamic responses were determined. Results showed no sex difference in peak relative VO2 (p = 0.263), CO (p = 0.277), or SV (p = 0.116), although absolute values were higher in men (p < 0.05). Peak absolute (127.3 ± 20.6 vs. 115.2 ± 16.6 mL/beat, p = 0.004, d = 0.66) and relative SV (111.0 ± 15.5 vs. 100.7 ± 11.1% max, p = 0.005, d = 0.78) were higher with REHIT versus 4 × 4. No sex differences in mean relative VO2 , CO, or SV occurred (p > 0.05). Data showed lower mean VO2 during REHIT versus 4 × 4 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 65.8 ± 5.8 %VO2max , p < 0.001, d = 1.05) and 10 × 1 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 69.1 ± 7.4 %VO2max , p < 0.001, d = 1.4). Mean CO was lower in REHIT than 10 × 1 (79.8 ± 8.6 vs. 84.0 ± 7.4% max, p = 0.012, d = 0.53). Previously reported differences in VO2max response to HIIE may not be due to unique hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Noël Coe
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, USA
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de Lima FR, Marin DP, Ferreira LT, Sousa Filho CPB, Astorino TA, Prestes J, Marquezi ML, Otton R. Effect of Resistance Training With Total and Partial Blood Flow Restriction on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Untrained Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:720773. [PMID: 34566685 PMCID: PMC8458755 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The characterization of immune and oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise training is important because it may aid in the safety and dose–response prescription of resistance training (RT) in many populations. Purpose: The present study compared changes in acute oxidative stress and markers of apoptosis in immune cells before and after 8 weeks of low-load RT with total or partial blood flow restriction (BFR) versus high-load traditional RT. Methods: Twenty-seven untrained men were randomly divided into three groups: traditional RT [75% one-repetition maximum (1-RM)], RT with partial (20% 1-RM), and total BFR (20% 1-RM). Over an 8-week period, participants performed six sets of arm curls until failure with 90 seconds of recovery for 3 days/week. Blood samples were obtained before and after the first and last training sessions. Results: Data indicated that all training groups showed similar increases in muscular strength (p < 0.001), reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) after exercise in neutrophils (p < 0.001), and increase in caspase-3 activity after exercise (p < 0.001). Traditional RT and total BFR showed increased plasma lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and protein carbonyls (p < 0.001) and lower levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.001) after exercise. No change was observed in oxidative stress biomarkers in response to partial BFR (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Data show that RT with partial BFR can increase muscular strength but still does not augment biomarkers of oxidative stress in untrained men. In addition, RT with total BFR promoted similar responses of oxidative stress and markers of immune cell apoptosis versus traditional RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rocha de Lima
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Popp Marin
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Torres Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brazilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luis Marquezi
- Physical Education Research Laboratory, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemari Otton
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Programme in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marin DP, Astorino TA, Martinatto F, Ragazzini FT, Bispo RE, Foschini D, Otton R. Comparison of perceptual responses between different upper-body sprint interval exercise protocols. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112626. [PMID: 31344392 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the perceptual responses to various upper-body sprint interval exercise (SIE) protocols matched for total work and work/rest ratio. Fourteen active men (24 ± 4 years, BMI = 26.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2, body fat = 11.5 ± 4.4%) participated in 3 all-out SIE protocols consisting of battling rope exercise: P10:30 (12 × 10-s bouts with 30-s recovery); P15:45 (8 × 15-s bouts with 45 s recovery); and P30:90 (4 × 30-s bouts with 90-s recovery). During exercise, affective valence (FS +5 to -5), arousal (FAS 1-6), rating of perceived exertion (RPE 6-20), and heart rate (HR) were assessed. Post-exercise, enjoyment, self-efficacy, and intentions were measured. Results revealed a significant decline in FS (p = .02; partial eta squared [η2p] = 0.27) and a progressive increase in FAS (p = .001; η2p = 0.86), RPE (p = .001; η2p = 0.88), and HR (p = .001; η2p = 0.94), but no protocol X time interaction. Affective valence reached a nadir at values equal to -0.36 ± 3.41 (Cohen's d = -0.49), -0.43 ± 3.75 (Cohen's d = -0.44), and - 0.93 ± 3.49 (Cohen's d = -0.56) in response to P10:30, P15:45, and P30:90, respectively. There were no differences between protocols for enjoyment, intention, or self-efficacy. A negative relationship exhibited between FS and RPE was moderated by participants' tolerance of exercise intensity (β = 1.84, p < .05). Further, the association between FS and future intention was mediated by self-efficacy. Overall, upper-body SIE protocols exhibit similar perceptual responses when volume and work to rest ratio (1:3) are matched. Tolerance of exercise intensity may be used to predict changes in FS during SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Popp Marin
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Science, CBS, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduation Program in Physical Education, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Felipe Martinatto
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Filipe Teixeira Ragazzini
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Eduardo Bispo
- Graduation Program in Physical Education, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Foschini
- Post-graduate program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosemari Otton
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Science, CBS, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Astorino TA, Edmunds RM, Clark A, Gallant R, King L, Ordille GM, Heath B, Montell M, Bandong J. Change in maximal fat oxidation in response to different regimes of periodized high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2033-2034. [PMID: 29959516 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3920-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA.
| | - Ross M Edmunds
- Department of Physical Therapy, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amy Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Rachael Gallant
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Leesa King
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Gina M Ordille
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Brendyn Heath
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Matthew Montell
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Jason Bandong
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
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Abstract
AIM Completion of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases maximal oxygen uptake and health status, yet its feasibility in persons with spinal cord injury is unknown. PURPOSE To compare changes in cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables between two interval training regimes and moderate intensity exercise. METHOD Nine adults with spinal cord injury (duration = 6.8 ± 6.2 year) initially underwent determination of peak oxygen uptake. During subsequent sessions, they completed moderate intensity exercise, HIIT, or sprint interval training. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration were measured. RESULTS Oxygen uptake and heart rate increased (p < 0.05) during both interval training sessions and were similar (p > 0.05) to moderate intensity exercise. Peak oxygen uptake and heart rate were higher (p < 0.05) with HIIT (90% peak oxygen uptake and 99% peak heart rate) and sprint interval training (80% peak oxygen uptake and 96% peak heart rate) versus moderate intensity exercise. CONCLUSIONS Despite a higher intensity and peak cardiorespiratory strain, all participants preferred interval training versus moderate exercise. Examining long-term efficacy and feasibility of interval training in this population is merited, considering that exercise intensity is recognized as the most important variable factor of exercise programming to optimize maximal oxygen uptake. Implications for Rehabilitation Spinal cord injury (SCI) reduces locomotion which impairs voluntary physical activity, typically resulting in a reduction in peak oxygen uptake and enhanced chronic disease risk. In various able-bodied populations, completion of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been consistently reported to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and other health-related outcomes, although its efficacy in persons with SCI is poorly understood. Data from this study in 9 men and women with SCI show similar changes in oxygen uptake and heart in response to HIIT compared to a prolonged bout of aerobic exercise, although peak values were higher in response to HIIT. Due to the higher peak metabolic strain induced by HIIT as well as universal preference for this modality versus aerobic exercise as reported in this study, further work testing utility of HIIT in this population is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Anthony Astorino
- a Department of Kinesiology , California State University - San Marcos , San Marcos , CA , USA
| | - Jacob S Thum
- a Department of Kinesiology , California State University - San Marcos , San Marcos , CA , USA
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Astorino TA, McMillan DW, Edmunds RM, Sanchez E. Increased cardiac output elicits higher V̇O2max in response to self-paced exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:223-9. [PMID: 25682980 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a self-paced protocol demonstrated higher maximal oxygen uptake versus the traditional ramp protocol. The primary aim of the current study was to further explore potential differences in maximal oxygen uptake between the ramp and self-paced protocols using simultaneous measurement of cardiac output. Active men and women of various fitness levels (N = 30, mean age = 26.0 ± 5.0 years) completed 3 graded exercise tests separated by a minimum of 48 h. Participants initially completed progressive ramp exercise to exhaustion to determine maximal oxygen uptake followed by a verification test to confirm maximal oxygen uptake attainment. Over the next 2 sessions, they performed a self-paced and an additional ramp protocol. During exercise, gas exchange data were obtained using indirect calorimetry, and thoracic impedance was utilized to estimate hemodynamic function (stroke volume and cardiac output). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine differences in maximal oxygen uptake and cardiac output between ramp and self-paced testing. Results demonstrated lower (p < 0.001) maximal oxygen uptake via the ramp (47.2 ± 10.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) versus the self-paced (50.2 ± 9.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) protocol, with no interaction (p = 0.06) seen for fitness level. Maximal heart rate and cardiac output (p = 0.02) were higher in the self-paced protocol versus ramp exercise. In conclusion, data show that the traditional ramp protocol may underestimate maximal oxygen uptake compared with a newly developed self-paced protocol, with a greater cardiac output potentially responsible for this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
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Astorino TA, Martin BJ, Schachtsiek L, Wong K. Caffeine ingestion and intense resistance training minimize postexercise hypotension in normotensive and prehypertensive men. Res Sports Med 2013; 21:52-65. [PMID: 23286422 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2012.738443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of the study was to compare changes in blood pressure (BP) in normotensive and prehypertensive men completing resistance exercise following caffeine ingestion. Normotensive (n = 7) and hypertensive men (n = 7) ingested caffeine (6 mg x kg(-1)) or placebo 1 h preexercise, then completed four sets of bench press, leg press, lat pull-down, and shoulder press at 70%-80% one repetition maximum (1-RM). Heart rate (HR) and BP were measured preexercise, during exercise, and for 75 min postexercise. Caffeine increased (p < 0.05) resting, exercise, and recovery systolic BP, yet had no effect on HR (p = 0.16) or diastolic BP (p = 0.10). HR and BP were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in prehypertensive men versus normotensives. Postexercise hypotension did not occur in either treatment, suggesting that intense resistance training with or without caffeine intake may mitigate the BP-lowering effect of resistance exercise.
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Schubert MM, Astorino TA, Azevedo JL. The effects of caffeinated "energy shots" on time trial performance. Nutrients 2013; 5:2062-75. [PMID: 23743969 PMCID: PMC3725493 DOI: 10.3390/nu5062062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging trend in sports nutrition is the consumption of energy drinks and “energy shots”. Energy shots may prove to be a viable pre-competition supplement for runners. Six male runners (mean ± SD age and VO2max: 22.5 ± 1.8 years and 69.1 ± 5.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three trials [placebo (PLA; 0 mg caffeine), Guayakí Yerba Maté Organic Energy Shot™ (YM; 140 mg caffeine), or Red Bull Energy Shot™ (RB; 80 mg caffeine)]. Treatments were ingested following a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design. Participants ran a five kilometer time trial on a treadmill. No differences (p > 0.05) in performance were detected with RB (17.55 ± 1.01 min) or YM ingestion (17.86 ± 1.59 min) compared to placebo (17.44 ± 1.25 min). Overall, energy shot ingestion did not improve time-trial running performance in trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mark Schubert
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Chico, 400 W. 1st Street, Yolo Hall 243, Chico, CA 95929, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, University Hall 320, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-7-555-27708
| | - Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, University Hall 320, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; E-Mail:
| | - John Leal Azevedo
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Chico, 400 W. 1st Street, Yolo Hall 243, Chico, CA 95929, USA; E-Mail:
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Astorino TA, Allen RP, Roberson DW, Jurancich M, Lewis R, McCarthy K. Attenuated RPE and leg pain in response to short-term high-intensity interval training. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Velotron Racermate™ cycle ergometer to assess anaerobic power. Men (9 cyclists and 13 recreationally-active) and women (17 recreationally-active and 1 cyclist) (age=24.7±4.2 yr) performed 2 Wingate tests on the Velotron or 3 Wingate tests (2 on the Velotron and 1 on the Monark Peak Bike) over a 7-14 day period. Peak power, mean power, minimum power, fatigue index, heart rate, and peak and minimum cadence were assessed. Results revealed significant test-retest reliability for mean power (r=0.90, p<0.01), minimum power (r=0.79, p<0.05) and peak power (r=0.70, p<0.05) with repeated bouts on the Velotron. Peak power was significantly higher (p<0.05) on the Velotron (9.95±1.39 W/kg) vs. the Monark (9.13±1.26 W/kg); however, mean power was higher (p<0.05) on the Monark (6.95±0.89 W/kg) vs. the Velotron (6.11±0.52 W/kg and 6.25±0.59 W/kg). Data reveal significant reliability for mean and peak power from the Velotron Racermate, yet multiple variables differ between the Velotron and the Monark mechanically-braked cycle ergometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Astorino
- California State University San Marcos, Kinesiology, San Marcos, CA, USA.
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Astorino TA, Cottrell T, Lozano AT, Aburto-Pratt K, Duhon J. Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Simulated Time-Trial Performance Are Independent of Fitness Level. Journal of Caffeine Research 2011. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2011.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California
| | - Trisha Cottrell
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California
| | - Andrea Talhami Lozano
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California
- Department of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kylan Aburto-Pratt
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California
| | - Jessica Duhon
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California
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Astorino TA, Martin BJ, Wong K, Schachtsiek L. Effect of acute caffeine ingestion on EPOC after intense resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011; 51:11-17. [PMID: 21297558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the effect of acute caffeine (CAF) intake on postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after intense resistance training. METHODS Fourteen strength-trained men (mean ± SD age and mass =23.1 ± 4.2 yr and 83.4 ± 13.2 kg, respectively) who were caffeine users initially completed one-repetition maximum testing (1-RM) of four exercises: bench press, leg press, lat row, and shoulder press. On each of two days separated by one week, they completed four sets of each exercise to fatigue at 70-80% 1-RM, which was preceded by ingestion of CAF (6 mg/kg) or placebo. Pre-exercise, indirect calorimetry was used to assess energy expenditure for 35 min; this was repeated for 75 min postexercise while subjects remained seated in a quiet lab. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine differences in gas exchange variables across time and treatment. RESULTS Results revealed that EPOC was significantly higher (P<0.05) with CAF (26.7 ± 4.1 L) compared to placebo (22.8 ± 3.8 L). With CAF ingestion, oxygen uptake was significantly higher (P<0.05) from 10 min pre-exercise to 70 min postexercise. Respiratory exchange ratio was significantly different (P<0.05) with CAF versus placebo. Caffeine intake increased total energy expenditure by 15% (P<0.05), but the additional calories burned was minimal (+27 kcal). CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion in individuals regularly completing rigorous resistance training significantly increases EPOC and energy expenditure pre-and post-exercise, yet the magnitude of this effect is relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, CA, USA.
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Abstract
The primary aim of the study was to examine substrate metabolism during combined passive and active exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Nine men and women with SCI (mean age 40.6 +/- 3.4 years) completed two trials of submaximal exercise 1 week apart. Two maintained a complete injury and seven had an incomplete injury. Level of injury ranged from thoracic (T4-T6 and T10) to cervical (four C5-C6 and three C6-C7 injuries). During two bouts separated by 1 week, subjects completed two 30 min sessions of active lower-body and passive upper-body exercise, during which heart rate (HR) and gas exchange data were continuously assessed. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine differences in all variables over time. Results demonstrated significant increases (P < 0.05) in HR and oxygen uptake (VO(2)) from rest to exercise. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) significantly increased (P < 0.05) during exercise from 0.85 +/- 0.02 at rest to 0.95 +/- 0.01 at the highest cadence, reflecting increasing reliance on carbohydrate from 50.0 to 83.0% of energy metabolism. Data demonstrate a large reliance on carbohydrate utilization during 30 min of exercise in persons with SCI, with reduced contribution of lipid as exercise intensity was increased. Strategies to reduce carbohydrate utilization and increase lipid oxidation in this population should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Anthony Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU, San Marcos, MH 352, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
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Astorino TA, Martin BJ, Volland L, Rohmann RL, Wong K. Effect of caffeine intake on EPOC after resistance training. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.685.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keau Wong
- KinesiologyCSU–San MarcosSan MarcosCA
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Astorino TA, Willey J, Kinnahan J, Larsson SM, Welch H, Dalleck LC. Elucidating determinants of the plateau in oxygen consumption at VO2max. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:655-60; discussion 660. [PMID: 16118305 PMCID: PMC1725313 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.016550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A plateau in oxygen consumption (VO2) is the primary means of confirming that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is attained during incremental exercise to fatigue. However, it is still unresolved what causes expression of a plateau in VO2 at the end of incremental exercise. OBJECTIVES To elucidate incidence and identify determinants of the VO2 plateau in subjects of varying fitness. METHODS Thirty subjects (mean (SD) age and VO2max 26.9 (9.8) years and 3.4 (0.8) litre/min respectively) were separated into three groups: endurance trained (ET; n = 9), recreationally active (Rec; n = 11), and strength/sprint trained (STR; n = 10). During three separate visits, subjects completed incremental treadmill exercise during which breath by breath gas exchange data were obtained. Body composition was measured using a three site skinfolds model. Force production of the knee extensors and flexors was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. RESULTS VO2max was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the ET group vs STR and Rec. The change in VO2 (DeltaVO2) at VO2max was not different (p > 0.05) in the ET group (33.0 (27.3) ml/min) compared with the Rec group (30.3 (24.1) ml/min) and the STR group (44.4 (23.8) ml/min). No correlations (p > 0.05) were evident between DeltaVO2 at VO2max and VO2max (r = 0.05), fat-free mass (r = 0.12), and muscular strength (r = -0.12). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of a plateau in VO2 at VO2max (from correlation data) is not due to factors related to training status or physical fitness of subjects, but is altered by analysis and interpretation of gas exchange data.
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Astorino TA. Is the ventilatory threshold coincident with maximal fat oxidation during submaximal exercise in women? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000; 40:209-16. [PMID: 11125763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to detect the fraction of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) that elicits maximal rates of fat oxidation during submaximal treadmill exercise. It was hypothesized that this point would appear at a work rate just below the ventilatory threshold. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN subjects completed a protocol requiring them to exercise for 15 min on a treadmill at six different workloads, 25, 40, 55, 65, 75, and 85% VO2peak, over two separate visits. PARTICIPANTS nine healthy, moderately-trained eumenorrheic females (age = 28.8+/-5.99 yrs, VO2peak = 47.20 +/-2.57 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) volunteered for the study. MEASURES a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to test for differences across exercise intensities in the metabolic variables (i.e. substrate oxidation, blood lactate concentration ([La-]), RER, and the contribution of fat to total energy expenditure). Following significant F ratios, post-hoc tests were used to detect differences between the means for various exercise intensities. RESULTS Exercise at 75% VO2peak elicited the greatest rate of fat oxidation (4.75+/-0.49 kcal x min(-1)), and this intensity was coincident with the ventilatory threshold (76+/-7.41% VO2peak). Moreover, a significant difference (t(8) = -3.98, p<0.01) was noted between the mean ventilatory threshold and lactate threshold. CONCLUSIONS The finding that a relatively heavy work rate elicits the highest rate of fat oxidation in an active, female population has application in exercise prescription and refutes the belief that low-intensity exercise is preferred for fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Astorino
- Center for Exercise and Applied Human Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131-1251, USA.
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