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Liu X, Lara R, Dufresne M, Wu L, Zhang X, Wang T, Monge M, Reche C, Di Leo A, Lanzani G, Colombi C, Font A, Sheehan A, Green DC, Makkonen U, Sauvage S, Salameh T, Petit JE, Chatain M, Coe H, Hou S, Harrison R, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. Variability of ambient air ammonia in urban Europe (Finland, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Environ Int 2024; 185:108519. [PMID: 38428189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This study addressed the scarcity of NH3 measurements in urban Europe and the diverse monitoring protocols, hindering direct data comparison. Sixty-nine datasets from Finland, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK across various site types, including industrial (IND, 8), traffic (TR, 12), urban (UB, 22), suburban (SUB, 12), and regional background (RB, 15), are analyzed to this study. Among these, 26 sites provided 5, or more, years of data for time series analysis. Despite varied protocols, necessitating future harmonization, the average NH3 concentration across sites reached 8.0 ± 8.9 μg/m3. Excluding farming/agricultural hotspots (FAHs), IND and TR sites had the highest concentrations (4.7 ± 3.2 and 4.5 ± 1.0 μg/m3), followed by UB, SUB, and RB sites (3.3 ± 1.5, 2.7 ± 1.3, and 1.0 ± 0.3 μg/m3, respectively) indicating that industrial, traffic, and other urban sources were primary contributors to NH3 outside FAH regions. When referring exclusively to the FAHs, concentrations ranged from 10.0 ± 2.3 to 15.6 ± 17.2 μg/m3, with the highest concentrations being reached in RB sites close to the farming and agricultural sources, and that, on average for FAHs there is a decreasing NH3 concentration gradient towards the city. Time trends showed that over half of the sites (18/26) observed statistically significant trends. Approximately 50 % of UB and TR sites showed a decreasing trend, while 30 % an increasing one. Meta-analysis revealed a small insignificant decreasing trend for non-FAH RB sites. In FAHs, there was a significant upward trend at a rate of 3.51[0.45,6.57]%/yr. Seasonal patterns of NH3 concentrations varied, with urban areas experiencing fluctuations influenced by surrounding emissions, particularly in FAHs. Diel variation showed differing patterns at urban monitoring sites, all with higher daytime concentrations, but with variations in peak times depending on major emission sources and meteorological patterns. These results offer valuable insights into the spatio-temporal patterns of gas-phase NH3 concentrations in urban Europe, contributing to future efforts in benchmarking NH3 pollution control in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marvin Dufresne
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Lijie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Marta Monge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Anna Di Leo
- ARPA Lombardia, via Rosellini 17, Milano 20124, Italy
| | - Guido Lanzani
- ARPA Lombardia, via Rosellini 17, Milano 20124, Italy
| | | | - Anna Font
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Annalisa Sheehan
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College, London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Stéphane Sauvage
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Thérèse Salameh
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Siqi Hou
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roy Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
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2
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Mayer L, Degrendele C, Šenk P, Kohoutek J, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Melymuk L, Durand A, Ravier S, Alastuey A, Baker AR, Baltensperger U, Baumann-Stanzer K, Biermann T, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Ceburnis D, Conil S, Couret C, Degórska A, Diapouli E, Eckhardt S, Eleftheriadis K, Forster GL, Freier K, Gheusi F, Gini MI, Hellén H, Henne S, Herrmann H, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Hõrrak U, Hüglin C, Junninen H, Kristensson A, Langrene L, Levula J, Lothon M, Ludewig E, Makkonen U, Matejovičová J, Mihalopoulos N, Mináriková V, Moche W, Noe SM, Pérez N, Petäjä T, Pont V, Poulain L, Quivet E, Ratz G, Rehm T, Reimann S, Simmons I, Sonke JE, Sorribas M, Spoor R, Swart DPJ, Vasilatou V, Wortham H, Yela M, Zarmpas P, Zellweger Fäsi C, Tørseth K, Laj P, Klánová J, Lammel G. Widespread Pesticide Distribution in the European Atmosphere Questions their Degradability in Air. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38323876 PMCID: PMC10882970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Risk assessment of pesticide impacts on remote ecosystems makes use of model-estimated degradation in air. Recent studies suggest these degradation rates to be overestimated, questioning current pesticide regulation. Here, we investigated the concentrations of 76 pesticides in Europe at 29 rural, coastal, mountain, and polar sites during the agricultural application season. Overall, 58 pesticides were observed in the European atmosphere. Low spatial variation of 7 pesticides suggests continental-scale atmospheric dispersal. Based on concentrations in free tropospheric air and at Arctic sites, 22 pesticides were identified to be prone to long-range atmospheric transport, which included 15 substances approved for agricultural use in Europe and 7 banned ones. Comparison between concentrations at remote sites and those found at pesticide source areas suggests long atmospheric lifetimes of atrazine, cyprodinil, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, terbuthylazine, and thiacloprid. In general, our findings suggest that atmospheric transport and persistence of pesticides have been underestimated and that their risk assessment needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Mayer
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Céline Degrendele
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Petr Šenk
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Kohoutek
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Amandine Durand
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Sylvain Ravier
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Alex R Baker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Biermann
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | | | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Natural Sciences and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Sébastien Conil
- DRD/GES Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, ANDRA, Bure 55290, France
| | - Cédric Couret
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Zugspitze 82475 Germany
| | - Anna Degórska
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw 02-170, Poland
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller 2007, Norway
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Grant L Forster
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - François Gheusi
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Maria I Gini
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Stephan Henne
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Adéla Holubová Šmejkalová
- National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice, KošeticeCzech Hydrometeorological Institute, Košetice 395 01, Czech Republic
| | - Urmas Hõrrak
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Christoph Hüglin
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | | | - Laurent Langrene
- DRD/GES Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, ANDRA, Bure 55290, France
| | - Janne Levula
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Marie Lothon
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Steffen M Noe
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Véronique Pont
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Etienne Quivet
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Gabriela Ratz
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Augsburg 86179, Germany
| | - Till Rehm
- Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS), Zugspitze 82475, Germany
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Simmons
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik EH260QB; United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Mar Sorribas
- Atmospheric Sounding Station El Arenosillo, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Huelva 21130, Spain
| | - Ronald Spoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3721, MA, the Netherlands
| | - Daan P J Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3721, MA, the Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Vasilatou
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Henri Wortham
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Margarita Yela
- Atmospheric Sounding Station El Arenosillo, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Huelva 21130, Spain
| | - Pavlos Zarmpas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece
| | - Claudia Zellweger Fäsi
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Kjetil Tørseth
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller 2007, Norway
| | - Paolo Laj
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
- Institut des Géoscience de l'Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38058, France
| | - Jana Klánová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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3
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Beccaceci S, Brown RJC, Butterfield DM, Harris PM, Otjes RP, van Hoek C, Makkonen U, Catrambone M, Patier RF, Houtzager MMG, Putaud JP. Standardisation of a European measurement method for the determination of anions and cations in PM 2.5: results of field trial campaign and determination of measurement uncertainty. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2016; 18:1561-1571. [PMID: 27886312 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00549g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) Technical Committee 264 'Air Quality' has recently produced a standard method for the measurements of anions and cations in PM2.5 within its Working Group 34 in response to the requirements of European Directive 2008/50/EC. It is expected that this method will be used in future by all Member States making measurements of the ionic content of PM2.5. This paper details the results of a field measurement campaign and the statistical analysis performed to validate this method, assess its uncertainty and define its working range to provide clarity and confidence in the underpinning science for future users of the method. The statistical analysis showed that, except for the lowest range of concentrations, the expanded combined uncertainty is expected to be below 30% at the 95% confidence interval for all ions except Cl-. However, if the analysis is carried out on the lower concentrations found at rural sites the uncertainty can be in excess of 50% for Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. An estimation of the detection limit for all ions was also calculated and found to be 0.03 μg m-3 or below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Beccaceci
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Richard J C Brown
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - David M Butterfield
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Peter M Harris
- Environment Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - René P Otjes
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 1755 LE Petten, Netherlands
| | | | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Catrambone
- CNR IIA, CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marc M G Houtzager
- TNO, Netherlands Organization of Applied Science Research, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Philippe Putaud
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
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Vogel AL, Schneider J, Müller-Tautges C, Phillips GJ, Pöhlker ML, Rose D, Zuth C, Makkonen U, Hakola H, Crowley JN, Andreae MO, Pöschl U, Hoffmann T. Aerosol Chemistry Resolved by Mass Spectrometry: Linking Field Measurements of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity to Organic Aerosol Composition. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:10823-10832. [PMID: 27709898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol hygroscopic properties were linked to its chemical composition by using complementary online mass spectrometric techniques in a comprehensive chemical characterization study at a rural mountaintop station in central Germany in August 2012. In particular, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry ((-)APCI-MS) provided measurements of organic acids, organosulfates, and nitrooxy-organosulfates in the particle phase at 1 min time resolution. Offline analysis of filter samples enabled us to determine the molecular composition of signals appearing in the online (-)APCI-MS spectra. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) provided quantitative measurements of total submicrometer organics, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium. Inorganic sulfate measurements were achieved by semionline ion chromatography and were compared to the AMS total sulfate mass. We found that up to 40% of the total sulfate mass fraction can be covalently bonded to organic molecules. This finding is supported by both on- and offline soft ionization techniques, which confirmed the presence of several organosulfates and nitrooxy-organosulfates in the particle phase. The chemical composition analysis was compared to hygroscopicity measurements derived from a cloud condensation nuclei counter. We observed that the hygroscopicity parameter (κ) that is derived from organic mass fractions determined by AMS measurements may overestimate the observed κ up to 0.2 if a high fraction of sulfate is bonded to organic molecules and little photochemical aging is exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Vogel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Schneider
- Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Müller-Tautges
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gavin J Phillips
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mira L Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Rose
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Zuth
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John N Crowley
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Kulmala M, Kontkanen J, Junninen H, Lehtipalo K, Manninen HE, Nieminen T, Petäjä T, Sipilä M, Schobesberger S, Rantala P, Franchin A, Jokinen T, Järvinen E, Äijälä M, Kangasluoma J, Hakala J, Aalto PP, Paasonen P, Mikkilä J, Vanhanen J, Aalto J, Hakola H, Makkonen U, Ruuskanen T, Mauldin RL, Duplissy J, Vehkamäki H, Bäck J, Kortelainen A, Riipinen I, Kurtén T, Johnston MV, Smith JN, Ehn M, Mentel TF, Lehtinen KEJ, Laaksonen A, Kerminen VM, Worsnop DR. Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 2013; 339:943-6. [PMID: 23430652 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric nucleation is the dominant source of aerosol particles in the global atmosphere and an important player in aerosol climatic effects. The key steps of this process occur in the sub-2-nanometer (nm) size range, in which direct size-segregated observations have not been possible until very recently. Here, we present detailed observations of atmospheric nanoparticles and clusters down to 1-nm mobility diameter. We identified three separate size regimes below 2-nm diameter that build up a physically, chemically, and dynamically consistent framework on atmospheric nucleation--more specifically, aerosol formation via neutral pathways. Our findings emphasize the important role of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol formation, subsequent aerosol growth, radiative forcing and associated feedbacks between biogenic emissions, clouds, and climate.
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Kulmala M, Kontkanen J, Junninen H, Lehtipalo K, Manninen HE, Nieminen T, Petäjä T, Sipilä M, Schobesberger S, Rantala P, Franchin A, Jokinen T, Järvinen E, Äijälä M, Kangasluoma J, Hakala J, Aalto PP, Paasonen P, Mikkilä J, Vanhanen J, Aalto J, Hakola H, Makkonen U, Ruuskanen T, Mauldin RL, Duplissy J, Vehkamäki H, Bäck J, Kortelainen A, Riipinen I, Kurtén T, Johnston MV, Smith JN, Ehn M, Mentel TF, Lehtinen KEJ, Laaksonen A, Kerminen VM, Worsnop DR. Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 2013. [PMID: 23430652 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227385.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric nucleation is the dominant source of aerosol particles in the global atmosphere and an important player in aerosol climatic effects. The key steps of this process occur in the sub-2-nanometer (nm) size range, in which direct size-segregated observations have not been possible until very recently. Here, we present detailed observations of atmospheric nanoparticles and clusters down to 1-nm mobility diameter. We identified three separate size regimes below 2-nm diameter that build up a physically, chemically, and dynamically consistent framework on atmospheric nucleation--more specifically, aerosol formation via neutral pathways. Our findings emphasize the important role of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol formation, subsequent aerosol growth, radiative forcing and associated feedbacks between biogenic emissions, clouds, and climate.
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Jalava PI, Tapanainen M, Kuuspalo K, Markkanen A, Hakulinen P, Happo MS, Pennanen AS, Ihalainen M, Yli-Pirilä P, Makkonen U, Teinilä K, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Salonen RO, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Toxicological effects of emission particles from fossil- and biodiesel-fueled diesel engine with and without DOC/POC catalytic converter. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22 Suppl 2:48-58. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.519009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sillanpää M, Saarikoski S, Hillamo R, Pennanen A, Makkonen U, Spolnik Z, Van Grieken R, Koskentalo T, Salonen RO. Chemical composition of fine particles in fresh smoke plumes from boreal wild-land fires in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2010; 350:119-35. [PMID: 16227078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of smoke plumes was detected in Helsinki, Finland, during a one-month-lasting period in August 2006. The smoke plumes originated from wildfires close to Finland, and they were short-term and had a high particulate matter (PM) concentration. Physical and chemical properties of fine particles in those smokes were characterised by a wide range of real-time measurements that enabled the examination of individual plume events. Concurrently PM(1) filter samples were collected and analysed off-line. Satellite observations employing MODIS sensor on board of NASA EOS Terra satellite with the dispersion model SILAM and the Fire Assimilation System were used for evaluation of the emission fluxes from wildfires. The model predicted well the timing of the plumes but the predicted PM concentrations differed from the observed. The measurements showed that the major growth in PM concentration was caused by submicrometer particles consisting mainly of particulate organic matter (POM). POM had not totally oxidised during the transport based on the low WSOC-to-OC ratio. The fresh plumes were compared to another major smoke episode that was observed in Helsinki during April-May 2006. The duration and the source areas of the two episode periods differed. The episode in April-May was a period of nearly constantly upraised level of long-range transported PM and it was composed of aged particles when arriving in Helsinki. The two episodes had differences also in the chemical composition of PM. The mass concentrations of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, potassium, and oxalate) increased during both the episodes but different concentration levels of elemental carbon and potassium indicated that the episodes differed in the form of burning as well as in the burning material. In spring dry crop residue and hay from the previous season were burnt whereas in August smokes from smouldering and incomplete burning of fresh vegetation were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Sillanpää
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00880 Helsinki, Finland.
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Makkonen U, Hellén H, Anttila P, Ferm M. Size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles in south-eastern Finland during different seasons and wildfire episodes in 2006. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:644-51. [PMID: 19903567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic main elements, trace elements and PAHs were determined from selected PM(1), PM(2.5) and PM(10) samples collected at the Nordic background station in Virolahti during different seasons and during the wildfire episodes in 2006. Submicron particles are those most harmful to human beings, as they are able to penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and may cause severe health effects. About 70-80%, of the toxic trace elements, like lead, cadmium, arsenic and nickel, as well as PAH compounds, were found in particles smaller than 1 microm. Furthermore, the main part of the copper, zinc, and vanadium was associated with submicron particles. In practice, all the PAHs found in PM(10) were actually in PM(2.5). For PAHs and trace elements, it is more beneficial to analyse the PM(2.5) or even the PM(1) fraction instead of PM(10), because exclusion of the large particles reduces the need for sample cleaning to minimize the matrix effects during the analysis. During the wildfire episodes, the concentrations of particles smaller than 2.5 microm, as well as those of submicron particles, increased, and also the ratio PM(1)/PM(10) increased to about 50%. On the fire days, the mean potassium concentration was higher in all particle fractions, but ammonium and nitrate concentrations rose only in particles smaller than 1.0 microm. PAH concentrations rose even to the same level as in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
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Paatero J, Vesterbacka K, Makkonen U, Kyllönen K, Hellen H, Hatakka J, Anttila P. Resuspension of radionuclides into the atmosphere due to forest fires. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lind T, Hokkinen J, Jokiniemi JK, Hillamo R, Makkonen U, Raukola A, Rintanen J, Saviharju K. Electrostatic precipitator performance and trace element emissions from two Kraft recovery boilers. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:584-9. [PMID: 16468406 DOI: 10.1021/es0503027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine particle emissions from combustion sources have gained attention recently due to their adverse effects on human health. The emission depends on the combustion process, fuel, and particulate removal technology. Particle concentrations at Kraft recovery boiler exits are very high, and the boilers are typically equipped with electrostatic precipitators (ESP). However, little data are available on the ESP performance in recovery boilers. Particle concentrations and size distributions were determined at two modern, operating recovery boilers. In addition, we determined the fractional collection efficiency of the ESPs by simultaneous measurements at the ESP inlet and outlet and the particulate emissions of trace metals. The particle mass concentration atthe ESP inlet was 11-24 g/Nm3 at the two boilers. Particle emissions were 30-40 mg/ Nm3 at boiler A and 12-15 mg/Nm3 at boiler B. The particle size distributions had a major particle mode at around 1 microm. These fume particles contained most of the particle mass. The main components in the particles were sodium and sulfate with minor amounts of chloride, potassium, and presumably some carbonate. The ESP collection efficiency was 99.6-99.8% at boiler A and 99.9% at boiler B. The particle penetration through the ESP was below 0.6% in the entire fume particle size range of 0.3-3 microm. Trace element emissions from both boilers were well below the limit values set by EU directive for waste incineration.
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