[Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rebamipide. New possibilities of therapy: A review]

The MedLine database contains 570 publications, including 71 randomized clinical trials and 6 meta-analyses on the rebamipide molecule in 2022. Indications for the use of rebamipide are gastric ulcer, chronic gastritis with hyperacidityin the acute stage, erosive gastritis, prevention of damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa while taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Currently trials are studying the efficacy and safety of the drug in gouty and rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, bronchial asthma, vitiligo, atherosclerosis, diseases of the kidneys and liver; using in traumatology to accelerate bone regeneration; in ophthalmology to improve the regeneration of corneal epithelium; in oncology to reduce inflammatory changes in the oral mucosa after chemoradiotherapy. The review article is about the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of rebamipide. A detailed understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics allows for individual selection of therapy based on the characteristics of the patient's body - gender, age, comorbidities; choose the optimal route of administration and dosing regimen; predict adverse effects and drug interactions; be determined with new clinical indications.

[Molecular mechanisms of hypoxia and adaptation to it. Part II]

Reprogramming of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the most important physiological mechanism that provides short- and long-term adaptation to hypoxia. The possibilities of additional pharmacological regulation of ETC activity are of considerable practical interest in correcting hypoxia-associated disorders. This review considers the main groups of antihypoxic compounds that exhibit their effect at the interface of ETC and the cycle of tricarboxylic acids, including succinate-containing and succinate-forming antihypoxants. The role of succinate during adaptation to hypoxia, the biological activity of the succinate, and its potentially adverse effects are currently not fully understood and require further clarification.

[Molecular mechanisms for hypoxia development and adaptation to it. Part I]

Hypoxia is a typical pathological process characterized by the occurrence of oxygen deficiency in tissues and cells and accompanied by the development of immediate and delayed compensatory and adaptive reactions. Reprogramming of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function is one the most essential regulatory mechanisms that allow for immediate adaptation to hypoxia. Succinic acid, or succinate, is involved in this process not only as one of the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TAC) cycle, but also as a signaling molecule. In this connection, the purpose of this review was to systematize the available data on the molecular mechanisms for the development of hypoxia and its adaptation at the ETC/TAC coupling site, as well as on the role of succinic acid in these processes.

Effects of empagliflozin and L-ornithine L-aspartate on behavior, cognitive functions, and physical performance in mice with experimentally induced steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition characterized by disturbed carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and often complicated by psychoneurological symptoms, including anxiety, depression, memory deficit, and asthenia. Most studies of pharmacotherapy candidates for NAFLD focus on the ability of the tested drugs to restore the biochemical functions and morphology of the liver while their potential effects on the co-existing conditions remain overlooked. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of empagliflozin and L-ornithine L-aspartate (OA) on behavior, memory, and physical performance in C57BL/6 mice with experimentally induced NAFLD (6 months of a Western diet + weekly carbon tetrachloride injections). The disease affected animal behavior (locomotion speed decreased by 38% and 35%, p < 0.01; rearing increased by 432% and 279%, p < 0.05 etc.), induced long-term memory deficit (latency to find the target box increased by 108% in the Barnes maze, the number of errors increased by 439%, p < 0.05), and compromised physical performance (swimming time in the forced swim test dropped by 50%, p < 0.05 etc.). When administered during the high-calorie diet period, both drugs reduced anxiety (empagliflozin: the number of grooming bouts rose by 160%, p < 0.05 and 2173%, p < 0.01; time spent in the light compartment in the light/dark box test increased by 275%, p < 0.05, etc.; OA: time spent in the open arms of the maze increased by 267%, p < 0.05), and promoted memory retention in mice with NAFLD. OA improved physical performance (swimming time in the forced swimming test improved by 106%, p < 0.05, etc.). Thus, empagliflozin and OA can have a beneficial effect on cognitive functions, as well as behavior, and ameliorate asthenia in NAFLD.