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Michiels C, Bernhard J, Beauval J, Doumerc N, Roupret M, Vaessen C, Dariane C, Flamand V, Long JA, Paparel P, Baumert H, Bruyere F, Lang H, Salomon L, Guilloneau B, Descazeaud A, Lebret T, Arnaud M, Patard J, Bensalah K. Ropan : observatoire national sur la néphrectomie partielle robotisée. Prog Urol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2018.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rossi M, Thierry A, Delbauve S, Preyat N, Soares M, Leo O, Roumeguère T, Flamand V, Le Moine A, Hougardy J. Contrôle de la lésion d’ischémie-reperfusion rénale par l’hème oxygenase-1 d’origine myéloïde. Prog Urol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Martin-Malburet A, Marcq G, Leroy X, Guiffart P, Fantoni JC, Flamand V, Villers A, Puech P, Ouzzane A. [Pathology findings after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer in patients eligible for active surveillance: Contribution of multiparametric MRI to treatment decision]. Prog Urol 2018; 28:425-433. [PMID: 29789235 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze, in patients with prostate cancer (PC) potentially eligible for active surveillance (AS), whether multiparametric-MRI (mp-MRI) predicts presence of clinically significant cancer on radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen. METHODS We identified 77 men with PC eligible for AS (PSA≤15ng/mL, stage≤T2a, Gleason score≤6, up to 3 positive cores, maximal cancer core length≤5mm) who underwent RP between 01/2008 and 08/2015. All patients had prebiopsy mp-MRI followed by systematic±targeted biopsies. For each patient, the likelihood of the presence of cancer on mp-MRI was assigned using Likert scale (1 to 5). The predictive factors for the presence of significant cancer on RP specimen (Gleason score≥7 and/or tumoral maximal diameter>10mm) were evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS Median age was 61 and median PSA was 6.7ng/mL. Overall, 49 (64%) patients had a positive mp-MRI (score≥3). Clinically significant cancer on RP specimen was found in 45 (58%) patients (69% in MRI-positive patients vs 39% in MRI-negative patients). In multivariate analysis, a positive MRI was a predictive factor for the presence of significant cancer on the surgical specimen (OR=3.0; CI95% [1.01-8.88]; P=0.04), as was age (OR=1.17; CI95% [1.05-1.31]; P=0.004) and PSAD (OR=1.10; CI95% [1.01-1.20]; P=0.02). CONCLUSION Mp-MRI is a useful exam for selecting patients eligible for AS even if the situation remains unclear after prostate biopsies including targeted biopsies. Upon confirmation by further studies, mp-MRI should be considered as an independent criterion before entering an AS program. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martin-Malburet
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - G Marcq
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
| | - X Leroy
- Service d'anatomopathologie, CHRU Lille, 59800 Lille, France
| | - P Guiffart
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J-C Fantoni
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
| | - V Flamand
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Villers
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
| | - P Puech
- Service d'uro-radiologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, 59800 Lille, France
| | - A Ouzzane
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, rue Michel Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
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Reix B, Bernhard JC, Patard JJ, Bigot P, Villers A, Suer E, Vuong N, Verhoest G, Alimi Q, Beauval JB, Benoit T, Nouhaud FX, Lenormand C, Hamidi N, Cai J, Eto M, Larre S, El Bakhri A, Ploussard G, Hung A, Koutlidis N, Schneider A, Carrouget J, Droupy S, Marchal S, Doerfler A, Seddik S, Matsugasumi T, Orsoni X, Descazeaud A, Pfister C, Bensalah K, Soulie M, Gill I, Flamand V. Overall survival and oncological outcomes after partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy for cT2a renal tumors: A collaborative international study from the French kidney cancer research network UroCCR. Prog Urol 2018; 28:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Martin-malburet A, Marcq G, Puech P, Guiffart P, Fantoni J, Flamand V, Villers A, Ouzzane A. Résultats anatomopathologiques après prostatectomie totale pour cancer chez des patients éligibles à une surveillance active : apport de l’IRM multiparamétrique dans la décision de traitement. Prog Urol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2016.07.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kramar A, Negrier S, Sylvester R, Joniau S, Mulders P, Powles T, Bex A, Bonnetain F, Bossi A, Bracarda S, Bukowski R, Catto J, Choueiri T, Crabb S, Eisen T, El Demery M, Fitzpatrick J, Flamand V, Goebell P, Gravis G, Houédé N, Jacqmin D, Kaplan R, Malavaud B, Massard C, Melichar B, Mourey L, Nathan P, Pasquier D, Porta C, Pouessel D, Quinn D, Ravaud A, Rolland F, Schmidinger M, Tombal B, Tosi D, Vauleon E, Volpe A, Wolter P, Escudier B, Filleron T, Kramar A, Sylvester R, Filleron T, Negrier S, Joniau S, Mulders P, Powles T, Escudier B, Bex A, Bonnetain F, Bossi A, Braccarda S, Bukowski R, Catto J, Choueiri T, Crabb S, Eisen T, El Demery M, Fitzpatrick J, Flamand V, Goebell PJ, Gravis G, Houédé N, Jacqmin D, Kaplan R, Malavaud B, Massard C, Melichar B, Mourey L, Nathan P, Pasquier D, Porta C, Pouessel D, Quinn D, Ravaud A, Rolland F, Schmidinger M, Tombal B, Tosi D, Vauleon E, Volpe A, Wolter P. Guidelines for the definition of time-to-event end points in renal cell cancer clinical trials: results of the DATECAN project. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2392-8. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Bernhard J, Patard J, Bigot P, Suer E, Vuong N, Verhoest G, Alimi Q, Flamand V, Reix B, Beauval J, Benoit T, Nouhaud F, Lenormand C, Hamidi N, Eto M, Larre S, El bakri A, Baco E, Ploussard G, Koutlidis N, Schneider A, Roupret M, Leon P, Carrouget J, Droupy S, Marchal S. Cancer du rein cliniquement localisé : quels sont les facteurs prédictifs du risque d’upstaging pathologique pT3a par invasion de la graisse ? Prog Urol 2015; 25:800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rizk J, Ouzzane A, Flamand V, Fantoni J, Leroy X, Villers A. Résultats carcinologiques après prostatectomie totale pour cancer par voie ouverte et laparoscopique avec ou sans assistance robotisée : résultats à 10 ans. Prog Urol 2014; 24:866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2014.08.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Neuzillet Y, Flamand V, Lebdai S, Villers A, Lebret T. [Prostate cancer and new hormonal treatments: mechanism of action and main clinical results]. Prog Urol 2013; 23 Suppl 1:S34-43. [PMID: 24314737 DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(13)70044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New drugs have recently been developed, through a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the progression of prostate cancer, including castration-resistant ones (CRPC). This article aims to describe the mechanisms of action of these new hormonal treatments and their major clinical outcomes and development programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bibliographic research in French and English using Medline(®) and Embase(®) using the keywords "castration-resistant prostate cancer", "abiraterone acetate", "orteronel", "enzalutamide", and "clinical trials" was performed. RESULTS the androgen signaling pathway remains the cornerstone of advanced cancers management. Hence, some molecules target the androgen biosynthesis, as abiraterone acetate and orteronel, which are selective inhibitors of the enzyme CYP17. Others act as antagonists of the androgen receptor: the enzalutamide, RNA-509 and ODM201. Finally, galeterone combines the two effects. CONCLUSION Progress conferred by these molecules in terms of overall survival and quality of life in patients with metastatic CRPC, suggest that their use at earlier stages of the disease could reduce morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer. Determining the best strategy for sequence or combination therapy to optimize the use of these new molecules should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Neuzillet
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Foch, université de Versailles - Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 92150 Suresnes, France.
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Flamand V, Ghoneim T, Marcelli F, Vandaele P, Villers A. V28 Robot assisted laparoscopic placement of an artificial urinary sphincter for a female patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(13)61611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Flamand V, Massé-Alarie H, Schneider C. Psychometric evidence of spasticity measurement tools in cerebral palsy children and adolescents: A systematic review. J Rehabil Med 2013; 45:14-23. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Flamand V, Ghoneim T, Biserte J, Villers A, Bouye S. Réalisation d’une cystostomie continente par lambeau vésical. Prog Urol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2012.08.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Flamand V, Lenobin J, Ghoneim T, Villers A, Fantoni J, Colin P. Traitement par urétéroscopie souple laser d’un polype fibro-épithélial de l’uretère. Prog Urol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2012.08.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Debock I, Delbauve S, Dubois A, Pétein M, Leo O, Goldman M, Flamand V. Th17 alloimmunity prevents neonatal establishment of lymphoid chimerism in IL-4-deprived mice. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:81-9. [PMID: 21992234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses in newborn mice are known to be biased toward the helper type 2 phenotype. This may account for their propensity to develop tolerance. Herein, we evaluated the effects of IL-4 deprivation on CD4(+) T-cell activities elicited by neonatal exposure to allogeneic spleen cells. We showed that chimerism, Th2-type polarization and pathology, as well as skin allograft acceptance were inhibited in BALB/c mice immunized at birth with (A/J x BALB/c) F(1) spleen cells upon in vivo IL-4 neutralization. While IL-4 neutralization inhibited the development of Th2 cells in this model, it led to the accumulation of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-6 and RORγt mRNA in the spleen or graft tissues. Moreover, IL-4 deprivation led to the differentiation of donor-specific Th17 cells with a concomitant Th1 response characterized by IFN-γ production. The Th17-type response emerging in IL-4-deprived mice was found to mediate both intragraft neutrophil infiltration and the abrogation of B-cell chimerism. Neutralization of this Th17 response failed however to restore functional skin graft acceptance. Collectively, our observations indicate that the neonatal Th2 response opposes the development of Th17 cells, and that Th17 cells are responsible for controlling lymphoid chimerism in mice neonatally injected with semiallogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Debock
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Sanchez-Salas R, Prapotnich D, Secin F, Favaretto R, Flamand V, Rozet F, Galiano M, Barret E, Cathelineau X. 222 INTERMITTENT ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION AS SECONDARY THERAPY FOR BIOCHEMICAL RECURRENCE OF LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(11)60222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adams B, Dubois A, Delbauve S, Debock I, Lhommé F, Goldman M, Flamand V. Expansion of regulatory CD8+ CD25+ T cells after neonatal alloimmunization. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:354-61. [PMID: 21175595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation tolerance induced by neonatal injection of semi-allogeneic spleen cells is associated with a pathological syndrome caused by T helper type 2 (Th2) differentiation of donor-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We have shown previously that this Th2-biased response is inhibited by host CD8(+) T cells. Herein, we demonstrate that upon neonatal immunization with (A/J × BALB/c)F(1) spleen cells, BALB/c mice expand a population of CD8(+) T cells expressing both CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) markers. In this setting, CD8(+) CD25(+) T cells predominantly produce interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 and are efficient in controlling IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production by donor-specific CD4(+) T cells in vitro. CD8(+) FoxP3(-) T cells are single producers of IFN-γ or IL-10, whereas CD8(+) FoxP3(+) T cells are double producers of IFN-γ and IL-10. We further demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-10 are two major cytokines produced by CD8(+) T cells involved in the in vivo regulation of Th2-type pathology. In this setting, we conclude that neonatal alloimmunization induces the expansion of several regulatory CD8(+) T cells which may control Th2 activities via IFN-γ and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adams
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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Flamand V, Sanchez Salas R, De Fourmestraux A, Barret E, Rozet F, Cathelineau X, Galiano M, Vallancien G. VID-1.06: Management of rectourinary fistula: the York Mason approach. Urology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.07.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Flamand V, Zini L, Salleron J, Fantoni JC, Biserte J, Villers A. Enquête observationnelle sur les variations d’incidence par stade des cancers de la prostate dans la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais entre 1998 et 2004. Prog Urol 2008; 18:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moore F, Buonocore S, Paulart F, Thielemans K, Goldman M, Flamand V. Unexpected effects of viral interleukin-10-secreting dendritic cells in vivo: preferential inhibition of TH2 responses. Transplant Proc 2005; 36:3260-6. [PMID: 15686742 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral interleukin (IL)-10 (vIL-10) has been widely described as an immunoregulatory cytokine that does not possess the T-cell costimulatory activities of cellular IL-10; it was therefore believed to be a more potent tolerogenic mediator. The immunosuppressive properties of this cytokine are partly attributed to its capacity to render dendritic cells (DCs) unable to undergo full maturation and to activate T cells. We reported here that myeloid DCs retrovirally transduced with vIL-10 had an impaired production of IL-12 and a decreased expression of MHC class II molecules but had minor defects in costimulatory molecule expression and no alteration on CCR5 and CCR7 expression. In mixed leukocyte reaction, vIL-10-transduced C57BL/6 bm12 (MHC class II mismatch) DCs had a reduced capacity to stimulate C57BL/6 wild-type CD4+ T-cell proliferation. We show that bm12 vIL-10-transduced DC administration in CD8-/- C57BL/6 mice promoted IFN-gamma production, down-regulated TH2-type cytokine production, and did not induce skin graft tolerance. These findings suggest that vIL-10-transduced DC may surprisingly facilitate Th1-type inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moore
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles
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Buonocore S, Flamand V, Claessen N, Heeringa P, Goldman M, Florquin S. Dendritic cells overexpressing Fas-ligand induce pulmonary vasculitis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:74-80. [PMID: 15196246 PMCID: PMC1809076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) genetically engineered to express Fas (CD95) ligand (FasL-DC) have been proposed as immunotherapeutic tools to induce tolerance to allografts. However, we and others recently showed that FasL-DC elicit a vigorous inflammatory response involving granulocytes and can promote Th1-type CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. This prompted us to evaluate the pathology induced by intravenous injection of FasL-DC in mice. We observed that FasL-DC obtained after retroviral gene transfer of bone marrow precursors derived from Fas-deficient C57Bl/6 mice induce massive pulmonary inflammation and pleuritis one day after a single intravenous injection in C57Bl/6 mice. Two months later, all mice presented granulomatous vasculitis of small to medium sized vessels, alveolar haemorrhage and pleuritis. In these lesions, apoptotic bodies were found in large number. Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic and anti-myeloperoxidase autoantibodies were not detected. This study documents that intravenous injection of FasL-DC causes severe lung granulomatous vasculitis. This new animal model for vasculitis is inducible, highly reproducible and shares many features with human Wegener granulomatosis. This model may be an appropriate tool to further investigate the pathogenesis of vasculitis and test new therapeutic strategies. Moreover, our findings highlight the potential severe complications of FasL-DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buonocore
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Loi P, Paulart F, Pajak B, Nagy N, Salmon I, Moser M, Goldman M, Flamand V. The fate of dendritic cells in a mouse model of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:1275-9. [PMID: 15251311 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion during liver transplantation triggers a complex cascade of inflammatory events that may lead to organ dysfunction. Herein, we investigated the consequences of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion on liver dendritic cells. Liver damage was documented by increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and by histopathology showing large areas of hepatocyte cytolysis. MHC class II+ CD45-B220 F4/80 dendritic cells were detected in necrotic areas 20 hours after reperfusion. Dendritic cells freshly isolated from reperfused livers displayed a mature phenotype characterized by upregulated expression of B7 costimulatory molecules; MHC-class II, and CD1d molecules. As shown by real-time PCR, IL-10, and TGF-beta mRNA accumulated in liver dendritic cells isolated after reperfusion, whereas IL-12p40 mRNA levels were decreased and IFN-gamma mRNA levels were unchanged. These results suggest that hepatic ischemia/reperfusion results in maturation of dendritic cells, which preferentially produce inhibitory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Loi
- Institute for Medical Immunology-Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
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Abstract
Eosinophils release inflammatory mediators and cationic proteins that are instrumental in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. Here, we review experimental observations indicating that eosinophils are also involved in the rejection of allografts. We propose that their role as effectors of transplant damage becomes crucial when classical pathways of rejection are inhibited and T helper 2 (Th2) cells dominate the alloimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Le Moine A, Surquin M, Demoor FX, Noël JC, Nahori MA, Pretolani M, Flamand V, Braun MY, Goldman M, Abramowicz D. IL-5 mediates eosinophilic rejection of MHC class II-disparate skin allografts in mice. J Immunol 1999; 163:3778-84. [PMID: 10490975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a crucial role in the acute rejection of MHC class II-disparate skin allografts, mainly by Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. Because recent observations indicate that eosinophils may be found within allografts rejected by CD4 T cells, we evaluated the role played by IL-5, the main eosinophil growth factor, and by eosinophils in the rejection of MHC class II-disparate skin grafts. C57BL/6 mice rapidly rejected MHC class II-disparate bm12 skin grafts. Rejected skins contained a dense, aggressive eosinophil infiltrate. Lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes draining rejected bm12 skin were primed for IL-5 secretion, and IL-5 mRNA was present within rejected grafts. The IL-5/eosinophil pathway played an effector role in allograft destruction, because the rejection of bm12 skin was significantly delayed in IL-5-deficient mice as compared with wild-type animals. The role of the IL-5/eosinophil pathway was further investigated in MHC class II-disparate donor-recipient strains unable to establish Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Fas ligand-deficient gld/gld mice rejected bm12 skins, and bm12 mice rejected Fas-deficient lpr/lpr C57BL/6 skins. Neutralization of IL-5 prevented acute rejection in both combinations. We conclude that MHC class II-disparate skin allografts trigger an IL-5-dependent infiltration of eosinophils that is sufficient to result in acute graft destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Moine
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Le Moine A, Flamand V, Demoor FX, Noël JC, Surquin M, Kiss R, Nahori MA, Pretolani M, Goldman M, Abramowicz D. Critical roles for IL-4, IL-5, and eosinophils in chronic skin allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1659-67. [PMID: 10377172 PMCID: PMC408380 DOI: 10.1172/jci5504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice injected with the 145-2C11 anti-CD3 mAb and grafted with MHC class II disparate bm12 skin develop a chronic rejection characterized by interstitial dermal fibrosis, a marked eosinophil infiltrate, and an obliterative intimal vasculopathy. Because these changes occur in the absence of alloreactive antibodies, we examined the contribution of cytokines in their pathogenesis. Chronically rejected grafts showed a marked accumulation of both IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA. Mixed lymphocyte reaction experiments established that mice undergoing chronic rejection were primed for IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 secretion. In vivo administration of anti-IL-4 mAb completely prevented allograft vasculopathy as well as graft eosinophil infiltration and dermal fibrosis. Injection of anti-IL-5 mAb or the use of IL-5-deficient mice as recipients also resulted in the lack of eosinophil infiltration or dermal fibrosis, but these mice did develop allograft vasculopathy. Administration of anti-IL-10 mAb did not influence any histologic parameter of chronic rejection. Thus, in this model, IL-4- and IL-5-mediated tissue allograft eosinophil infiltration is associated with interstitial fibrosis. IL-4, but not eosinophils, is also required for the development of obliterative graft arteriolopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Moine
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Médecine, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Erasme, Paris, France.
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26
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Donckier V, Flamand V, Abramowicz D, Goldman M. Increased IL-4 production and decreased CD40L expression by newborn T cells contribute to transplantation tolerance. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:782-3. [PMID: 10083333 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Donckier
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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27
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Le Moine A, Flamand V, Noël JC, Fayt I, Goldman M, Abramowicz D. Chronic rejection of major histocompatibility complex class II-disparate skin grafts after anti-CD3 therapy: a model of antibody-independent transplant vasculopathy. Transplantation 1998; 66:1537-44. [PMID: 9869097 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199812150-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rejection remains a leading cause of allograft loss. Histologically, it is characterized by arterial intimal thickening and parenchymal fibrosis. The immune mechanisms triggering chronic rejection are still uncompletely understood. METHODS We performed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class H-incompatible skin grafts from C-H2bm12 (bm12, H2bm12) into C57BL/6 (C57BL/6, H2b) recipients immunosuppressed with a short course of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies to prevent acute rejection. RESULTS More than 80% of grafts survived for prolonged periods, but eventually all displayed macroscopic and microscopic evidence of chronic rejection. At histology, there was a progressive arterial intimal thickening as well as intense dermal fibrosis. This was accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages, but also of a considerable number of eosinophils. Mice with chronic rejection were unable to generate anti-donor MHC class II cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity at either 20 or 60 days after transplant. Furthermore, transplantation of bm12 skins on C57BL/6-congenic, Ig knock-out mice was associated with the development of a chronic rejection that was identical to that occurring in wild-type C57BL/6 animals, indicating that alloantibodies are not necessary in this model. CONCLUSIONS (1) Skin grafts may undergo chronic rejection with the characteristic lesions of vasculopathy and fibrosis; (2) chronic rejection of MHC class II-disparate skins may occur in the absence of direct cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity or alloantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Moine
- Department of Nephrology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Donckier V, Flamand V, Abramowicz D, Goldman M. Dissociation between chimerism and skin graft tolerance after neonatal injection of allogenic spleen cells. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:4018-9. [PMID: 9865281 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Donckier
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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29
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Flamand V, Donckier V, Demoor FX, Le Moine A, Matthys P, Vanderhaeghen ML, Tagawa Y, Iwakura Y, Billiau A, Abramowicz D, Goldman M. CD40 ligation prevents neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance. J Immunol 1998; 160:4666-9. [PMID: 9590211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the consequences of CD40 engagement on the neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance, BALB/c mice were injected at birth with (A/J x BALB/c) F1 spleen cells together with activating anti-CD40 mAb and grafted 4 wk later with A/J skin. Whereas A/J allografts were accepted in mice neonatally injected with F1 cells and control Ab, they were acutely rejected in mice injected with F1 cells and anti-CD40 mAb. Neonatal administration of anti-CD40 mAb resulted in enhanced anti-A/J CTL activity, increased IFN-gamma, and decreased IL-4 production by donor-specific T cells in vitro. Experiments using anti-cytokine mAb and IFN-gamma-deficient mice demonstrated that CD40 ligation prevents neonatal allotolerance through an IFN-gamma- and IL-12-dependent pathway. Finally, we found that newborn T cells express less CD40L than adult T cells upon TCR engagement. Taken together these data indicate that insufficiency of CD40/CD40L interactions contribute to neonatal transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Dombrowicz D, Lin S, Flamand V, Brini AT, Koller BH, Kinet JP. Allergy-associated FcRbeta is a molecular amplifier of IgE- and IgG-mediated in vivo responses. Immunity 1998; 8:517-29. [PMID: 9586641 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A role for the Fc receptor beta chain (FcRbeta) in the pathogenesis of allergy has been suggested by genetic studies. FcRbeta is a subunit common to the high-affinity IgE (FcepsilonRI) and low-affinity IgG (FcgammaRIII) receptors, both of which contribute to the initiation of allergic reactions. Current in vitro data suggest that FcRbeta can function as either a positive or negative regulator, leaving a mechanistic explanation for its association with the development of atopy unclear. To address this controversy, we have generated novel mouse models relevant to human Fc receptor function. Analysis of FcepsilonRI- and FcgammaRIII-dependent responses in these mice provides unequivocal genetic evidence that FcRbeta functions as an amplifier of early and late mast cell responses and, remarkably, in vivo anaphylactic responses.
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MESH Headings
- Anaphylaxis/etiology
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Degranulation
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/etiology
- Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, IgE/chemistry
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/chemistry
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dombrowicz
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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31
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of IL-12 on the induction of transplantation tolerance by neonatal injection of allogenic cells. We first observed that injection of newborn BALB/c mice with IL-12 and (A/J x BALB/c)F1 spleen cells prevented the Th2 alloimmune response induced by neonatal inoculation of F1 cells alone and allowed the differentiation of T cells secreting high amounts of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in mixed lymphocyte cultures with donor-type stimulators. Furthermore, IL-12 administration resulted in the emergence of anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses although at lower levels than in control uninjected mice. In parallel, we found that mice injected at birth with IL-12 and F1 cells did not develop chimerism and were able to reject a donor-type skin graft as efficiently as control mice. We conclude that IL-12 inhibits the Th2 polarization of the newborn response to alloantigens and prevents thereby the establishment of transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Donckier
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre des Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Shores E, Flamand V, Tran T, Grinberg A, Kinet JP, Love PE. Fc epsilonRI gamma can support T cell development and function in mice lacking endogenous TCR zeta-chain. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.1.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fc epsilonRI gamma (Fc gamma) is a member of the zeta family of signal transducing molecules that function as components of both the TCR and Fc receptors (FcR). While the majority of thymocytes and T cells express TCRs containing zeta-chain homodimers, certain unique populations of T cells express TCRs that contain both zeta and Fc gamma. To examine the ability of Fc gamma to substitute for zeta-chain in T cell development and function, we introduced a transgene encoding Fc gamma into mice made genetically deficient for zeta-chain (zeta(e)-/-). Analysis of thymocyte development in zeta(e)-/-;Fc gamma Tg mice demonstrated that Fc gamma was able to support the maturation of both gammadelta TCR+ and alphabeta TCR+ T cells. However, positive selection of alphabeta TCR+ thymocytes was less efficient in zeta(e)-/-;Fc gamma Tg mice than in zeta(e)-/- mice reconstituted with zeta-chain. This difference may be due to the fact that Fc gamma contains a single immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) whereas zeta-chain contains three ITAMs. Interestingly, the peripheral T cells that develop in zeta(e)-/- mice reconstituted with Fc gamma are functional and respond to TCR-specific stimuli. These data suggest that Fc gamma and zeta are interchangeable in their ability to mediate T cell development and function, however zeta-chain is more efficient at promoting positive selection and T cell maturation. The difference in efficiency between zeta and Fc gamma may be responsible in part for the unusual developmental and functional properties of T cells that constitutively express Fc gamma as a signaling component of their TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shores
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - V Flamand
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Tran
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Grinberg
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J P Kinet
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P E Love
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Shores E, Flamand V, Tran T, Grinberg A, Kinet JP, Love PE. Fc epsilonRI gamma can support T cell development and function in mice lacking endogenous TCR zeta-chain. J Immunol 1997; 159:222-30. [PMID: 9200458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fc epsilonRI gamma (Fc gamma) is a member of the zeta family of signal transducing molecules that function as components of both the TCR and Fc receptors (FcR). While the majority of thymocytes and T cells express TCRs containing zeta-chain homodimers, certain unique populations of T cells express TCRs that contain both zeta and Fc gamma. To examine the ability of Fc gamma to substitute for zeta-chain in T cell development and function, we introduced a transgene encoding Fc gamma into mice made genetically deficient for zeta-chain (zeta(e)-/-). Analysis of thymocyte development in zeta(e)-/-;Fc gamma Tg mice demonstrated that Fc gamma was able to support the maturation of both gammadelta TCR+ and alphabeta TCR+ T cells. However, positive selection of alphabeta TCR+ thymocytes was less efficient in zeta(e)-/-;Fc gamma Tg mice than in zeta(e)-/- mice reconstituted with zeta-chain. This difference may be due to the fact that Fc gamma contains a single immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) whereas zeta-chain contains three ITAMs. Interestingly, the peripheral T cells that develop in zeta(e)-/- mice reconstituted with Fc gamma are functional and respond to TCR-specific stimuli. These data suggest that Fc gamma and zeta are interchangeable in their ability to mediate T cell development and function, however zeta-chain is more efficient at promoting positive selection and T cell maturation. The difference in efficiency between zeta and Fc gamma may be responsible in part for the unusual developmental and functional properties of T cells that constitutively express Fc gamma as a signaling component of their TCRs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shores
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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34
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Dombrowicz D, Flamand V, Miyajima I, Ravetch JV, Galli SJ, Kinet JP. Absence of Fc epsilonRI alpha chain results in upregulation of Fc gammaRIII-dependent mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis. Evidence of competition between Fc epsilonRI and Fc gammaRIII for limiting amounts of FcR beta and gamma chains. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:915-25. [PMID: 9062349 PMCID: PMC507899 DOI: 10.1172/jci119256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In mouse mast cells, both Fc epsilonRI and Fc gammaRIII are alpha beta gamma2 tetrameric complexes in which different alpha chains confer IgE or IgG ligand recognition while the signaling FcR beta and gamma chains are identical. We used primarily noninvasive techniques (changes in body temperature, dye extravasation) to assess systemic anaphylactic responses in nonanesthetized wild-type, Fc epsilonRI alpha chain -/- and FcR gamma chain -/- mice. We confirm that systemic anaphylaxis in mice can be mediated largely through IgG1 and Fc gammaRIII and we provide direct evidence that these responses reflect activation of Fc gammaRIII rather than Fc gammaRI. Furthermore, we show that Fc gammaRIII-dependent responses are more intense in normal than in congenic mast cell-deficient KitW/KitW-v mice, indicating that Fc gammaRIII responses have mast cell-dependent and -independent components. Finally, we demonstrate that the upregulation of cell surface expression of Fc gammaRIII seen in Fc epsilonRI alpha chain -/- mice corresponds to an increased association of Fc gammaRIII alpha chains with FcR beta and gamma chains and is associated with enhanced Fc gammaRIII-dependent mast cell degranulation and systemic anaphylactic responses. Therefore, the phenotype of the Fc epsilonRI alpha chain -/- mice suggests that expression of Fc epsilonRI and Fc gammaRIII is limited by availability of the FcR beta and gamma chains and that, in normal mice, changes in the expression of one receptor (Fc epsilonRI) may influence the expression of functional responses dependent on the other (Fc gammaRIII).
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MESH Headings
- Anaphylaxis/immunology
- Anaphylaxis/physiopathology
- Animals
- Antibodies/analysis
- Body Temperature
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dinitrobenzenes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Haptens/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Receptors, IgE/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dombrowicz
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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35
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Flamand V, Shores EW, Tran T, Huang K, Lee E, Grinberg A, Kinet JP, Love PE. Delayed maturation of CD4- CD8- Fc gamma RII/III+ T and natural killer cell precursors in Fc epsilon RI gamma transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1725-35. [PMID: 8920861 PMCID: PMC2192857 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.5.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc epsilon RI gamma (gamma) is a member of a group of related proteins (the zeta-family dimers) that function as signal-transducing components of both Fc receptors and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). Analysis of gamma expression during fetal thymus ontogeny revealed that it is expressed in early thymocytes, before the initiation of clonotypic TCR-alpha and TCR-beta gene rearrangement but is down-regulated in most adult thymocytes. To explore a possible role for gamma in thymocyte development, we generated transgenic mice in which this protein was overexpressed at all stages of ontogeny. Overexpression of gamma inhibited the maturation of T cells as well as natural killer (NK) cells. The developmental effects were transgene dose related and correlated with markedly delayed maturation of fetal CD4-CD8- FcRII/III+ thymocytes, cells thought to include the progenitors of both T and NK cells. These results suggest that the zeta and gamma chains serve distinctive functions in thymocyte development and indicate that Fc receptor(s) may play an important role in regulating the differentiation of early progenitor cells within the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Laboratory of Molecular Allergy & Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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36
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Dombrowicz D, Brini AT, Flamand V, Hicks E, Snouwaert JN, Kinet JP, Koller BH. Anaphylaxis mediated through a humanized high affinity IgE receptor. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.4.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils, which are activated by IgE and allergens through the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI), play a prominent role in anaphylaxis in the mouse. Mice deficient in this receptor become resistant to passive anaphylaxis. As a first step in developing an in vivo model that more closely mimics the IgE-mediated responses in man, we used a combination of transgenic and embryonic stem cell technology to generate a mouse line in which the murine Fc epsilon RI alpha-chain has been replaced with its human homologue. We demonstrate here that these mice express a tetrameric high affinity IgE receptor, in which the human alpha-chain associates with the murine beta- and gamma-chains, and that upon triggering with relevant Ag, this receptor mediates the initiation of the expected intracellular events. In addition, we show that the human alpha-chain restores an anaphylactic response to the nonresponsive alpha-deficient parental mouse line. This "humanized" mouse represents a potentially important model system, not only for studying the role of IgE in human immune responses, but also for testing potential therapeutic reagents that can interfere with responses mediated through the human Fc epsilon RI receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dombrowicz
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A T Brini
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - V Flamand
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E Hicks
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J N Snouwaert
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J P Kinet
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B H Koller
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Dombrowicz D, Brini AT, Flamand V, Hicks E, Snouwaert JN, Kinet JP, Koller BH. Anaphylaxis mediated through a humanized high affinity IgE receptor. J Immunol 1996; 157:1645-51. [PMID: 8759751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils, which are activated by IgE and allergens through the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI), play a prominent role in anaphylaxis in the mouse. Mice deficient in this receptor become resistant to passive anaphylaxis. As a first step in developing an in vivo model that more closely mimics the IgE-mediated responses in man, we used a combination of transgenic and embryonic stem cell technology to generate a mouse line in which the murine Fc epsilon RI alpha-chain has been replaced with its human homologue. We demonstrate here that these mice express a tetrameric high affinity IgE receptor, in which the human alpha-chain associates with the murine beta- and gamma-chains, and that upon triggering with relevant Ag, this receptor mediates the initiation of the expected intracellular events. In addition, we show that the human alpha-chain restores an anaphylactic response to the nonresponsive alpha-deficient parental mouse line. This "humanized" mouse represents a potentially important model system, not only for studying the role of IgE in human immune responses, but also for testing potential therapeutic reagents that can interfere with responses mediated through the human Fc epsilon RI receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dombrowicz
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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Dalleau M, Flamand V, Jaquet S, Pélerin P. [Cochlear implant: evaluation and intervention]. Soins Pediatr Pueric 1995:27-29. [PMID: 8681231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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39
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Moser M, Sornasse T, De Smedt T, Van Mechelen M, Heynderickx M, Flamand V, De Becker G, Thielemans K, Urbain J, Leo O. Dendritic cells can be used as physiological adjuvant in vivo. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 378:501-5. [PMID: 8526128 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1971-3_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Moser
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-Saint-Genèse
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40
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Flamand V, Donckier V, Abramowicz D, Goldman M, Vandenabeele P, Urbain J, Moser M, Leo O. In vivo immunosuppression induced by a weakly mitogenic antibody to mouse CD3: evidence that induction of long-lasting in vivo unresponsiveness requires TcR signaling. Cell Immunol 1994; 157:239-48. [PMID: 8039247 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1994.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to treat allograft rejection has been complicated by the morbidity observed during the first days of treatment, secondary to T cell activation and cytokine release. Available evidence in a mouse model indicates that F(ab')2 fragments of an anti-CD3 mAb are not mitogenic in vitro and can be injected in vivo without apparent toxicity. However, their immunosuppressive capacity is dramatically reduced, suggesting that long-term immunosuppression mediated by anti-CD3 antibodies in vivo may be associated to their mitogenic capacity. This paper demonstrates that a poorly mitogenic anti-CD3 mAb is able to induce potent immunosuppression in vivo with reduced morbidity. This finding suggests that immunosuppression in vivo by anti-CD3 mAbs is not directly related to their activation properties but nevertheless requires signaling capacities. Therefore, immunosuppression in vivo may be best achieved by using antibodies able to deliver an incomplete activation signal to T cells (thus avoiding systemic cytokine release), possibly leading to anergy. The implications of this study for the development of immunosuppressive antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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41
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Flamand V, Sornasse T, Thielemans K, Demanet C, Bakkus M, Bazin H, Tielemans F, Leo O, Urbain J, Moser M. Murine dendritic cells pulsed in vitro with tumor antigen induce tumor resistance in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:605-10. [PMID: 8125131 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to induce tumor resistance to a B cell lymphoma in BALB/c mice using elements of the immune system. It has indeed been shown by us and by others that antigen-presenting cells (APC) like dendritic cells can induce efficient immune responses and can even substitute for Freund's adjuvant. Here we show that mice immunized with syngeneic dendritic cells pulsed in vitro with tumor antigen (BCL1 idiotype expressed by lymphoma cells) are protected against a subsequent tumor inoculation. The in vivo resistance can be correlated with the induction of a humoral response specific for the idiotype expressed by the tumor. No such protection can be achieved when B cells are used as APC. These data show that effector cells in tumor-bearing animals can be recruited and activated using dendritic cells, providing long-lasting immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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42
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Dombrowicz D, Flamand V, Brigman KK, Koller BH, Kinet JP. Abolition of anaphylaxis by targeted disruption of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor alpha chain gene. Cell 1993; 75:969-76. [PMID: 8252632 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils, which are activated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen, play a prominent role in anaphylaxis. However, they express at least three types of IgE receptor, including the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI). The relative contribution of these IgE receptors, and possibly other receptors such as Fc epsilon RII/CD23 and Mac-2, to the genesis of in vivo anaphylaxis is still unclear. To address this question, we have generated Fc epsilon RI-deficient mice. These mice appear normal and express a normal number of mast cells, but they are resistant to cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis. These data demonstrate that Fc epsilon RI is necessary for the initiation of IgE-dependent anaphylactic reactions. Therefore, interfering with its function should be an effective means of treating allergy, regardless of the allergen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dombrowicz
- Molecular Allergy and Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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43
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Flamand V, Lespagnard L, Thielemans K, Leo O, Urbain J, Moser M. Enhancement of a spontaneous immune response against a B-cell lymphoma by dendritic cells leads to protection against the tumor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 690:382-4. [PMID: 8368763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb44038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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44
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Sornasse T, Flamand V, De Becker G, Thielemans K, Urbain J, Leo O, Moser M. Loading of dendritic cells with antigen in vitro or in vivo by immunotargeting can replace the need for adjuvant. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 329:299-303. [PMID: 7691032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Sornasse
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-St-Genèse, Belgium
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45
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Flamand V, Sornasse T, Thielemans K, Demanet C, Leo O, Urbain J, Moser M. Vaccination with tumor-antigen-pulsed dendritic cells induces in vivo resistance to a B cell lymphoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 329:611-6. [PMID: 8379434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2930-9_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-St-Genèse, Belgium
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46
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Sornasse T, Flamand V, De Becker G, Bazin H, Tielemans F, Thielemans K, Urbain J, Leo O, Moser M. Antigen-pulsed dendritic cells can efficiently induce an antibody response in vivo. J Exp Med 1992; 175:15-21. [PMID: 1370527 PMCID: PMC2119067 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an immunization procedure avoiding external adjuvant. Data are presented showing that syngeneic dendritic cells (DC), which have been pulsed in vitro with antigen, induce a strong antibody response in mice. By contrast, antigen (Ag)-pulsed low- density B cells, although equally able to induce interleukin 2 secretion by an Ag-specific T cell hybridoma in vitro, only weakly prime the mice in vivo. Moreover, we show that the injection of Ag- pulsed DC induces the synthesis of isotypes similar to the immunoglobulin classes detected after immunization with the same Ag in complete Freund's adjuvant. Importantly, high amounts of IgG2a antibodies are produced, suggesting that T helper type 1 cells are activated. Collectively, these data indicate that DC can initiate a primary humoral response and that they may be used as physiological adjuvant in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sornasse
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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47
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Alegre ML, Vandenabeele P, Depierreux M, Florquin S, Deschodt-Lanckman M, Flamand V, Moser M, Leo O, Urbain J, Fiers W. Cytokine release syndrome induced by the 145-2C11 anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in mice: prevention by high doses of methylprednisolone. J Immunol 1991; 146:1184-91. [PMID: 1825107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hamster mAb 145-2C11 specific for the CD3 complex of murine T lymphocytes shares many properties with OKT3, including the induction of T cell activation. In vivo, the injection of 145-2C11 entails a variety of pathologic changes in relation to the systemic release of cytokines. We tested the effects on this cytokine release syndrome of different doses of methylprednisolone (m-PDS) given at various intervals of time before the 145-2C11 mAb. The administration of high doses of m-PDS (50 mg/kg) 2 to 3 h before the mAb resulted in an almost complete inhibition of the systemic release of TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-6. As far as the pathologic changes are concerned, the hypothermia, the acute renal tubular necrosis, and the fatty infiltration of the liver were completely prevented whereas the hypoglycemia was only partially attenuated. The protective effect of m-PDS on the toxicity of 145-2C11 was confirmed by the reduction of the mortality rate among galactosamine-sensitized mice. The inhibition of the release of cytokines by m-PDS did not affect the immunosuppression triggered by 145-2C11 as assessed by the CTL activity against alloantigens measured 48 h after the injection of the mAb. We conclude that the administration of very high doses of glucocorticoids 2 to 3 h before 145-2C11 prevents the release of cytokines and attenuates the acute toxicity of the mAb. Similar protocols could allow mitigation of the cytokine-release syndrome induced by the OKT3 mAb in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Alegre
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
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48
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Alegre ML, Vandenabeele P, Depierreux M, Florquin S, Deschodt-Lanckman M, Flamand V, Moser M, Leo O, Urbain J, Fiers W. Cytokine release syndrome induced by the 145-2C11 anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in mice: prevention by high doses of methylprednisolone. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.146.4.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The hamster mAb 145-2C11 specific for the CD3 complex of murine T lymphocytes shares many properties with OKT3, including the induction of T cell activation. In vivo, the injection of 145-2C11 entails a variety of pathologic changes in relation to the systemic release of cytokines. We tested the effects on this cytokine release syndrome of different doses of methylprednisolone (m-PDS) given at various intervals of time before the 145-2C11 mAb. The administration of high doses of m-PDS (50 mg/kg) 2 to 3 h before the mAb resulted in an almost complete inhibition of the systemic release of TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-6. As far as the pathologic changes are concerned, the hypothermia, the acute renal tubular necrosis, and the fatty infiltration of the liver were completely prevented whereas the hypoglycemia was only partially attenuated. The protective effect of m-PDS on the toxicity of 145-2C11 was confirmed by the reduction of the mortality rate among galactosamine-sensitized mice. The inhibition of the release of cytokines by m-PDS did not affect the immunosuppression triggered by 145-2C11 as assessed by the CTL activity against alloantigens measured 48 h after the injection of the mAb. We conclude that the administration of very high doses of glucocorticoids 2 to 3 h before 145-2C11 prevents the release of cytokines and attenuates the acute toxicity of the mAb. Similar protocols could allow mitigation of the cytokine-release syndrome induced by the OKT3 mAb in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Alegre
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - P Vandenabeele
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M Depierreux
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - S Florquin
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M Deschodt-Lanckman
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - V Flamand
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M Moser
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - O Leo
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - J Urbain
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - W Fiers
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Wissing M, Marchant A, Moser M, Flamand V, Leo O, Abramowicz D, Urbain J, Goldman M. Modulation of murine host-versus-graft disease by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83:333-7. [PMID: 1825190 PMCID: PMC1535263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BALB/c mice made tolerant to A/J alloantigens by neonatal injection of (A/J x BALB/c)F1 spleen cells develop a host-versus-graft (HVG) disease due to the activation of donor B cells by a subset of host alloreactive helper T cells. We have investigated the effects of a single neonatal injection of the 145-2C11 anti-mouse CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) on the establishment of allotolerance and on the development of the immunopathological features of HVG disease. First, this treatment did not modify the specific anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) unresponsiveness or the persistence of circulating immunoglobulins bearing donor allotype. Second, the hyper IgE, the hyper IgG1 and the increased expression of Ia antigens on B cells found in untreated HVG mice were not observed after injection of the 145-2C11 MoAb. Likewise, treated mice displayed lower levels of anti-DNA IgG antibodies and less glomerular immune deposits as compared with untreated HVG mice. We conclude that the administration of the anti-CD3 MoAb did not interfere with the induction of allotolerance but exerts a pronounced inhibitory effect on the associated immunopathological syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- Glomerulonephritis/prevention & control
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Host vs Graft Reaction/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wissing
- Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Expérimentale Biomédicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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50
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Flamand V, Abramowicz D, Goldman M, Biernaux C, Huez G, Urbain J, Moser M, Leo O. Anti-CD3 antibodies induce T cells from unprimed animals to secrete IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 1990; 144:2875-82. [PMID: 1969874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, functional heterogeneity among Th cells has been recognized. Based on pattern of lymphokine secretion, two mutually exclusive subsets of CD4+ cells have been defined and designated Th1 (secreting IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (secreting IL-4 and IL-5). Identification of these subsets was mostly based on the study of long term cultured T cell lines and clones, and little is known about the Th heterogeneity in vivo. In particular, it has been suggested that IL-4 producing cells cannot be detected in vivo or in primary stimulations in vitro unless responder cells had been previously primed. Our data however, indicate that anti-CD3 mediated stimulation can induce T cells isolated from unprimed animals to IL-4 production. An assay system based on the ability of IL-4 to increase Ia expression of B cells present in the environment of activated T cells was found to be more sensitive than detection of secreted IL-4 in the supernatant by conventional bioassays and was used to study IL-4 production by unprimed lymphocytes polyclonally stimulated in vivo and in vitro by anti-CD3 mAb. The results obtained indicate that CD4+ CD8- T cells able to produce IL-4 upon receptor-specific stimulation exist in the preimmune pool of adult animals. Remarkably, these cells can also be stimulated in vivo by treating animals with anti-CD3 mAb, as indicated by the in vivo induction of IL-4 specific mRNA and hyper-Ia expression on B cells. These results indicate that the inability to detect IL-4 in primary cultures is not due to different activation requirements of Th2 cells but may simply result from their lower frequency in unprimed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flamand
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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