Features of Remyelination after Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells with Neurotrophic Factors into Spinal Cord Cysts

This paper shows for the first time that co-transplantation of human olfactory ensheathing cells with neurotrophin-3 into spinal cord cysts is more effective for activation of remyelination than transplantation of cells with brain-derived neurotrophic factor and a combination of these two factors. The studied neurotrophic factors do not affect proliferation and migration of ensheathing cells in vitro. It can be concluded that the maximum improvement of motor function in rats receiving ensheathing cells with neurotrophin-3 is largely determined by activation of remyelination.

Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 (10-(6´-Plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide) Inhibits Mast Cell Degranulation in vivo and in vitro

The therapeutic effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10-(6´-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (SkQ1) in experimental models of acute inflammation and wound repair has been shown earlier. It was suggested that the antiinflammatory activity of SkQ1 is related to its ability to suppress inflammatory activation of the vascular endothelium and neutrophil migration into tissues. Here, we demonstrated that SkQ1 inhibits activation of mast cells (MCs) followed by their degranulation and histamine release in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injections of SkQ1 in the mouse air-pouch model reduced the number of leukocytes in the air-pouch cavity and significantly decreased the histamine content in it, as well as suppressing MC degranulation in the air-pouch tissue. The direct effect of SkQ1 on MCs was studied in vitro in the rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cell line. SkQ1 inhibited induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. These results suggest that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are involved in the activation of MCs. It is known that MCs play a crucial role in regulation of vascular permeability by secreting histamine. Suppression of MC degranulation by SkQ1 might be a significant factor in the antiinflammatory activity of this mitochondria-targeted antioxidant.

A Cytofluorometric Study of Membrane Rafts in Human Monocyte Subsets in Atherosclerosis

The peripheral blood monocytes of atherosclerotic patients are pre-activated and have some of the features of tissue macrophages. Their adhesion to the endothelium is 1.5 times higher than that of monocytes from healthy subjects, and they express a number of receptors and antigens typical of tissue macrophages. Additionally, earlier we showed that the biosynthesis of gangliosides, whose main function is the formation of membrane rafts, is significantly activated in blood monocytes from atherosclerotic patients, as well as during the in vitro differentiation of normal monocytes into macrophages. In this study, we investigated the expression of membrane rafts on various monocyte subsets from healthy subjects and atherosclerotic patients. Based on flow cytometry results, the monocytes in the examined atherosclerotic patients were found to differ from those in healthy subjects by a twofold increase in the proportion of the intermediate subset (CD14 ++/CD16 +) and by enhancement in the expression of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 on the intermediate and non-classical subsets (CD14 ++/CD16 + and CD14 +/CD16 ++) (2.3 and 1.8 times, respectively). This suggests a pre-activated state of monocytes in atherosclerotic patients. At the same time, the expression of the membrane raft marker on the monocyte subsets was similar in both studied groups. However, a study of the in vitro differentiation of monocytes into macrophages showed that the membrane raft expression increased 2 times as early as on the 1st day of culturing and 3 times on the 7th day compared to that in freshly isolated monocytes. Therefore, it is suggested that monocytes in atherosclerosis accumulate gangliosides that are used to form membrane rafts during the macrophage differentiation after the migration of monocytes into the arterial intima.

A cytofluorometric study of membrane rafts in human monocyte subsets in atherosclerosis

The peripheral blood monocytes of atherosclerotic patients are pre-activated and have some of the features of tissue macrophages. Their adhesion to the endothelium is 1.5 times higher than that of monocytes from healthy subjects, and they express a number of receptors and antigens typical of tissue macrophages. Additionally, earlier we showed that the biosynthesis of gangliosides, whose main function is the formation of membrane rafts, is significantly activated in blood monocytes from atherosclerotic patients, as well as during the in vitro differentiation of normal monocytes into macrophages. In this study, we investigated the expression of membrane rafts on various monocyte subsets from healthy subjects and atherosclerotic patients. Based on flow cytometry results, the monocytes in the examined atherosclerotic patients were found to differ from those in healthy subjects by a twofold increase in the proportion of the intermediate subset (CD14(++)/CD16(+)) and by enhancement in the expression of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 on the intermediate and non-classical subsets (CD14(++)/CD16(+) and CD14(+)/CD16(++)) (2.3 and 1.8 times, respectively). This suggests a pre-activated state of monocytes in atherosclerotic patients. At the same time, the expression of the membrane raft marker on the monocyte subsets was similar in both studied groups. However, a study of the in vitro differentiation of monocytes into macrophages showed that the membrane raft expression increased 2 times as early as on the 1st day of culturing and 3 times on the 7th day compared to that in freshly isolated monocytes. Therefore, it is suggested that monocytes in atherosclerosis accumulate gangliosides that are used to form membrane rafts during the macrophage differentiation after the migration of monocytes into the arterial intima.

[Possibilities of instrumental methods of diagnosis of unstable atherosclerotic plaques of carotid arteries]

Today there exists a wide variety of laboratory and instrumental methods aimed at diagnosing an unstable carotid aortosclerotic plaque. Assessment of the laboratory indices is not sufficiently effective since it does not allow of revealing the fact of the formation of an unstable plague at early stages and to determine its localization. The instrumental methods employed (ultrasonographic study, magnetic resonance imaging, multiplanar computed tomography, positron emission tomography) were focussed on detecting pathomorphological markers of instability - thickness of the fibrous coating, structural plaques, the presence of erosions, ulcerations, haemorrhages, calcifications, lipid nucleus, activity of the cellular processes inside the plaque. The revealed signs promote early diagnosis of unstable atherosclerotic plaque with the determination of its localization. Nevertheless, they do not provide evidence about the danger of its rupture, whereas the overwhelming majority of acute vascular catastrophes including acute impairments of cerebral circulation is directly associated with arterial thrombosis resulting from rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, search for new methods aimed at prediction of complications of the atherosclerotic plaque which would be employed in routine clinical practice still remain urgently important today. The most promising is the study of the state of the atherosclerotic plaques of carotid arteries for prediction of acute impairment of cerebral circulation.

[Comparison of morphological features of carotid arteries atherosclerotic plaques with clinical-instrumental data in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis]

A complex histomorphometric and clinical-instrumental analysis of atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries obtained during carotid endarterectomies (CEE) of patients with hemodynamically significant stenoses was conducted. Two groups of patients were compared: symptomatic, which earlier underwent cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or transitory ischemic attacks (TIA), and asymptomatic ones with no complications of the disease. Statistical analysis of clinical and laboratory data showed no significant differences between two groups except for the level of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in the blood plasma, which was higher (p<0.05) in asymptomatic patients compared with symptomatic ones. Statistical analysis of carotid arteries ultrasound duplex scanning (USDS) in the preoperative period did not reveal significant differences in the degree of maximum vessels stenosis between the compared groups of patients. Surface defects of atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) were shown to be significantly more common (p<0.05) in the group of symptomatic patients compared with asymptomatic ones. According to histological analysis 88% of extracted ASP was unstable in symptomatic patients and 77% of ASP - in asymptomatic patients. This may indicate high risk of CVA/TIA in both groups of patients. Statistical evaluation of magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) and USDS techniques in comparison with abilities of the most reliable histological analysis showed that both non-invasive diagnostic methods are highly sensitive in detecting unstable ASP, though MRT showed higher level of specificity compared with USDS.