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Hoogendoorn BW, Karlsson O, Xiao X, Pandey A, Mattsson SE, Ström V, Andersson RL, Li Y, Olsson RT. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in the recycling of nickel and cadmium battery metals using electrodeposition. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:5263-5275. [PMID: 37767029 PMCID: PMC10521207 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were employed in the aqueous electrodeposition of nickel and cadmium for battery metal recycling. The electrowinning of mixed Ni-Cd metal ion recycling solutions demonstrated that cadmium with a purity of over 99% could be selectively extracted while leaving the nickel in the solution. Two types of CNFs were evaluated: negatively charged CNFs (a-CNF) obtained through acid hydrolysis (-75 μeq. g-1) and positively charged CNFs (q-CNF) functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups (+85 μeq. g-1). The inclusion of CNFs in the Ni-Cd electrolytes induced growth of cm-sized dendrites in conditions where dendrites were otherwise not observed, or increased the degree of dendritic growth when it was already present to a lesser extent. The augmented dendritic growth correlated with an increase in deposition yields of up to 30%. Additionally, it facilitated the formation of easily detachable dendritic structures, enabling more efficient processing on a large scale and enhancing the recovery of the toxic cadmium metal. Regardless of the charged nature of the CNFs, both negatively and positively charged CNFs led to a significant formation of protruding cadmium dendrites. When deposited separately, dendritic growth and increased deposition yields remained consistent for the cadmium metal. However, dendrites were not observed during the deposition of nickel; instead, uniformly deposited layers were formed, albeit at lower yields (20%), when positively charged CNFs were present. This paper explores the potential of utilizing cellulose and its derivatives as the world's largest biomass resource to enhance battery metal recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Hoogendoorn
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - O Karlsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - X Xiao
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - A Pandey
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - S E Mattsson
- SAFT AB Jungnergatan 25 572 32 Oskarshamn Sweden
| | - V Ström
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Brinellvägen 23 SE-100 24 Stockholm Sweden
| | - R L Andersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Y Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - R T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
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Guex LG, Sacchi B, Peuvot KF, Andersson RL, Pourrahimi AM, Ström V, Farris S, Olsson RT. Experimental review: chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by aqueous chemistry. Nanoscale 2017; 9:9562-9571. [PMID: 28664948 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02943h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrical conductivity of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) obtained from graphene oxide (GO) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent has been investigated as a function of time (2 min to 24 h) and temperature (20 °C to 80 °C). Using a 300 mM aqueous NaBH4 solution at 80 °C, reduction of GO occurred to a large extent during the first 10 min, which yielded a conductivity increase of 5 orders of magnitude to 10 S m-1. During the residual 1400 min of reaction, the reduction rate decreased significantly, eventually resulting in a rGO conductivity of 1500 S m-1. High resolution XPS measurements showed that C/O increased from 2.2 for the GO to 6.9 for the rGO at the longest reaction times, due to the elimination of oxygen. The steep increase in conductivity recorded during the first 8-12 min of reaction was mainly due to the reduction of C-O (e.g., hydroxyl and epoxy) groups, suggesting the preferential attack of the reducing agent on C-O rather than C[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups. In addition, the specular variation of the percentage content of C-O bond functionalities with the sum of Csp2 and Csp3 indicated that the reduction of epoxy or hydroxyl groups had a greater impact on the restoration of the conductive nature of the graphite structure in rGO. These findings were reflected in the dramatic change in the structural stability of the rGO nanofoams produced by freeze-drying. The reduction protocol in this study allowed to achieve the highest conductivity values reported so far for the aqueous reduction of graphene oxide mediated by sodium borohydride. The 4-probe sheet resistivity approach used to measure the electrical conductivity is also, for the first time, presented in detail for filtrate sheet assemblies' of stacked GO/rGO sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Guex
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Magnetically ultra-soft and anisotropic electrospun fibre mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Andersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- KTH-Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - L. Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA)
- Universitat Jaume I
- 12071 Castellón de la Plana
- Spain
| | - M. S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- KTH-Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - R. T. Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- KTH-Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - V. Ström
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- KTH-Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
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Riazanova AV, Costanzi BN, Aristov A, Rikers YGM, Ström V, Mulders JJL, Kabashin AV, Dahlberg ED, Belova LM. Gas-assisted electron-beam-induced nanopatterning of high-quality Si-based insulator. Nanotechnology 2014; 25:155301. [PMID: 24642787 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/15/155301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An oxygen-assisted electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) process, in which an oxygen flow and the vapor phase of the precursor, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), are both mixed and delivered through a single needle, is described. The optical properties of the SiO(2+δ) (- 0.04 ≤ δ ≤ +0.28) are comparable to fused silica. The electrical resistivity of both single-needle and double-needle SiO(2+δ) are comparable (greater than 7 GΩ cm) and a measured breakdown field is greater than 400 V μm(-1). Compared to the double-needle process the advantage of the single-needle technique is the ease of alignment and the proximity to the deposition location, which facilitates fabrication of complex 3D structures for nanophotonics, photovoltaics, micro- and nano-electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Riazanova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, Brinellvägen 23, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pourrahimi AM, Liu D, Pallon LKH, Andersson RL, Martínez Abad A, Lagarón JM, Hedenqvist MS, Ström V, Gedde UW, Olsson RT. Water-based synthesis and cleaning methods for high purity ZnO nanoparticles – comparing acetate, chloride, sulphate and nitrate zinc salt precursors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06651k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of using different zinc salts on size, morphology and photoluminescence of ZnO nanoparticles in high-yield aqueous precipitation synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Pourrahimi
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. Liu
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. K. H. Pallon
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. L. Andersson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Martínez Abad
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group Valencia
- Spain
| | - J.-M. Lagarón
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group Valencia
- Spain
| | - M. S. Hedenqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V. Ström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Material Science and Engineering
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U. W. Gedde
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. T. Olsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Olsson R, Hedenqvist M, Ström V, Deng J, Savage S, Gedde U. Core-shell structured ferrite-silsesquioxane-epoxy nanocomposites: Composite homogeneity and mechanical and magnetic properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Olsson RT, Azizi Samir MAS, Salazar-Alvarez G, Belova L, Ström V, Berglund LA, Ikkala O, Nogués J, Gedde UW. Making flexible magnetic aerogels and stiff magnetic nanopaper using cellulose nanofibrils as templates. Nat Nanotechnol 2010; 5:584-8. [PMID: 20676090 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured biological materials inspire the creation of materials with tunable mechanical properties. Strong cellulose nanofibrils derived from bacteria or wood can form ductile or tough networks that are suitable as functional materials. Here, we show that freeze-dried bacterial cellulose nanofibril aerogels can be used as templates for making lightweight porous magnetic aerogels, which can be compacted into a stiff magnetic nanopaper. The 20-70-nm-thick cellulose nanofibrils act as templates for the non-agglomerated growth of ferromagnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (diameter, 40-120 nm). Unlike solvent-swollen gels and ferrogels, our magnetic aerogel is dry, lightweight, porous (98%), flexible, and can be actuated by a small household magnet. Moreover, it can absorb water and release it upon compression. Owing to their flexibility, high porosity and surface area, these aerogels are expected to be useful in microfluidics devices and as electronic actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Pithawalla YB, El-Shall MS, Deevi SC, Ström V, Rao KV. Synthesis of Magnetic Intermetallic FeAl Nanoparticles from a Non-Magnetic Bulk Alloy. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002354i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. C. Deevi
- Research Center, Chrysalis Technologies, Incorporated, Richmond, Virginia 23234
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Allen PD, St Pierre TG, Chua-anusorn W, Ström V, Rao KV. Low-frequency low-field magnetic susceptibility of ferritin and hemosiderin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1500:186-96. [PMID: 10657588 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency low-field magnetic susceptibility measurements were made on four samples of mammalian tissue iron oxide deposits. The samples comprised: (1) horse spleen ferritin; (2) dugong liver hemosiderin; (3) thalassemic human spleen ferritin; and (4) crude thalassemic human spleen hemosiderin. These samples were chosen because Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements on the samples indicated that they exemplified the variation in magnetic and mineral structure found in mammalian tissue iron oxide deposits. The AC-magnetic susceptometry yielded information on the magnetization kinetics of the four samples indicating samples 1, 2, and 3 to be superparamagnetic with values of around 10(11) s(-1) for the pre-exponential frequency factor in the Néel-Arrhenius equation and values for characteristic magnetic anisotropy energy barriers in the range 250-400 K. Sample 4 was indicated to be paramagnetic at all temperatures above 1.3 K. The AC-magnetic susceptometry data also indicated a larger magnetic anisotropy energy distribution in the dugong liver sample compared with samples 1 and 3 in agreement with previous Mössbauer spectroscopic data on these samples. At temperatures below 200 K, samples 1-3 exhibited Curie-Weiss law behavior, indicating weak particle-particle interactions tending to favor antiparallel alignment of the particle magnetic moments. These interactions were strongest for the dugong liver hemosiderin, possibly reflecting the smaller separation between mineral particles in this sample. This is the first magnetic susceptometry study of hemosiderin iron deposits and demonstrates that the AC-magnetic susceptometry technique is a fast and informative method of studying such tissue iron oxide deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Allen
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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