1
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Han H, Li S, Chen T, Fitzgerald M, Liu S, Peng C, Tang KH, Cao S, Chouitar J, Wu J, Peng D, Deng J, Gao Z, Baker TE, Li F, Zhang H, Pan Y, Ding H, Hu H, Pyon V, Thakurdin C, Papadopoulos E, Tang S, Gonzalvez F, Chen H, Rivera VM, Brake R, Vincent S, Wong KK. Targeting HER2 Exon 20 Insertion-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma with a Novel Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Mobocertinib. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5311-5324. [PMID: 34380634 PMCID: PMC8530969 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
No targeted treatments are currently approved for HER2 exon 20 insertion-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients. Mobocertinib (TAK-788) is a potent irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) designed to target human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) exon 20 insertion mutations. However, the function of mobocertinib on HER2 exon 20 insertion-mutant lung cancer is still unclear. Here we conducted systematic characterization of preclinical models to understand the activity profile of mobocertinib against HER2 exon 20 insertions. In HER2 exon 20 insertion-mutant cell lines, the IC50 of mobocertinib was higher than poziotinib and comparable with or slightly lower than afatinib, neratinib, and pyrotinib. Mobocertinib had the lowest HER2 exon 20 insertion IC50/wild-type (WT) EGFR IC50 ratio, indicating that mobocertinib displayed the best selectivity profile in these models. Also, mobocertinib showed strong inhibitory activity in HER2 exon 20YVMA allograft and patient-derived xenograft models. In genetically engineered mouse models, HER2 exon 20G776>VC lung tumors exhibited a sustained complete response to mobocertinib, whereas HER2 exon 20YVMA tumors showed only partial and transient response. Combined treatment with a second antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) against HER2, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), synergized with mobocertinib in HER2 exon 20YVMA tumors. In addition to the tumor cell autonomous effect, sustained tumor growth control derived from M1 macrophage infiltration and CD4+ T-cell activation. These findings support the ongoing clinical development of mobocertinib (NCT02716116) and provide a rationale for future clinical evaluation of T-DM1 combinational therapy in HER2 exon 20YVMA insertion-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients. SIGNIFICANCE: This study elucidates the potent inhibitory activity of mobocertinib against HER2 exon 20 insertion-mutant lung cancer and the synergic effect of combined mobocertinib and T-DM1, providing a strong rationale for clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.,Corresponding Authors: Kwok-Kin Wong, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Phone: 212-263-5466; Fax: 646-754-7546; E-mail: ; Shuai Li, Phone: 646-501-2849; E-mail: ; and Sylvie Vincent, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail:
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Michael Fitzgerald
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Shengwu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chengwei Peng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kwan Ho Tang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Shougen Cao
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Johara Chouitar
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - David Peng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Zhendong Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Theresa E. Baker
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Hailin Ding
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Hai Hu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Val Pyon
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Cassandra Thakurdin
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Eleni Papadopoulos
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Sittinon Tang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Francois Gonzalvez
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Victor M. Rivera
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Rachael Brake
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Sylvie Vincent
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.,Corresponding Authors: Kwok-Kin Wong, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Phone: 212-263-5466; Fax: 646-754-7546; E-mail: ; Shuai Li, Phone: 646-501-2849; E-mail: ; and Sylvie Vincent, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail:
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.,Corresponding Authors: Kwok-Kin Wong, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Phone: 212-263-5466; Fax: 646-754-7546; E-mail: ; Shuai Li, Phone: 646-501-2849; E-mail: ; and Sylvie Vincent, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail:
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2
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Deng J, Thennavan A, Dolgalev I, Chen T, Li J, Marzio A, Poirier JT, Peng D, Bulatovic M, Mukhopadhyay S, Silver H, Papadopoulos E, Pyon V, Thakurdin C, Han H, Li F, Li S, Ding H, Hu H, Pan Y, Weerasekara V, Jiang B, Wang ES, Ahearn I, Philips M, Papagiannakopoulos T, Tsirigos A, Rothenberg E, Gainor J, Freeman GJ, Rudin CM, Gray NS, Hammerman PS, Pagano M, Heymach JV, Perou CM, Bardeesy N, Wong KK. ULK1 inhibition overcomes compromised antigen presentation and restores antitumor immunity in LKB1 mutant lung cancer. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:503-514. [PMID: 34142094 PMCID: PMC8205437 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Deng
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aatish Thennavan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Marzio
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John T. Poirier
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Peng
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirna Bulatovic
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Silver
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleni Papadopoulos
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Val Pyon
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cassandra Thakurdin
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Han
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuai Li
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hailin Ding
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hai Hu
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vajira Weerasekara
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S. Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Philips
- Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Gainor
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter S. Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Kwok-Kin Wong ()
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3
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Li F, Ng WL, Luster TA, Hu H, Sviderskiy VO, Dowling CM, Hollinshead KER, Zouitine P, Zhang H, Huang Q, Ranieri M, Wang W, Fang Z, Chen T, Deng J, Zhao K, So HC, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Xu M, Karatza A, Pyon V, Li S, Pan Y, Labbe K, Almonte C, Poirier JT, Miller G, Possemato R, Qi J, Wong KK. Epigenetic CRISPR Screens Identify Npm1 as a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3556-3567. [PMID: 32646968 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in treatment options, the overall cure and survival rates for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) remain low. While small-molecule inhibitors of epigenetic regulators have recently emerged as promising cancer therapeutics, their application in patients with NSCLC is limited. To exploit epigenetic regulators as novel therapeutic targets in NSCLC, we performed pooled epigenome-wide CRISPR knockout screens in vitro and in vivo and identified the histone chaperone nucleophosmin 1 (Npm1) as a potential therapeutic target. Genetic ablation of Npm1 significantly attenuated tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, KRAS-mutant cancer cells were more addicted to NPM1 expression. Genetic ablation of Npm1 rewired the balance of metabolism in cancer cells from predominant aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation and reduced the population of tumor-propagating cells. Overall, our results support NPM1 as a therapeutic vulnerability in NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Epigenome-wide CRISPR knockout screens identify NPM1 as a novel metabolic vulnerability and demonstrate that targeting NPM1 is a new therapeutic opportunity for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Troy A Luster
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hai Hu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | - Catríona M Dowling
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kate E R Hollinshead
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Paula Zouitine
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wei Wang
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories and Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Mousheng Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angeliki Karatza
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Val Pyon
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Shuai Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kristen Labbe
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Christina Almonte
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.
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4
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Hai J, Zhang H, Zhou J, Wu Z, Chen T, Papadopoulos E, Dowling CM, Pyon V, Pan Y, Liu JB, Bronson RT, Silver H, Lizotte PH, Deng J, Campbell JD, Sholl LM, Ng C, Tsao MS, Thakurdin C, Bass AJ, Wong KK. Generation of Genetically Engineered Mouse Lung Organoid Models for Squamous Cell Lung Cancers Allows for the Study of Combinatorial Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3431-3442. [PMID: 32209571 PMCID: PMC7334092 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a deadly disease for which only a subset of patients responds to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Therefore, preclinical mouse models that recapitulate the complex genetic profile found in patients are urgently needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used CRISPR genome editing to delete multiple tumor suppressors in lung organoids derived from Cre-dependent SOX2 knock-in mice. We investigated both the therapeutic efficacy and immunologic effects accompanying combination PD-1 blockade and WEE1 inhibition in both mouse models and LSCC patient-derived cell lines. RESULTS We show that multiplex gene editing of mouse lung organoids using the CRISPR-Cas9 system allows for efficient and rapid means to generate LSCCs that closely mimic the human disease at the genomic and phenotypic level. Using this genetically defined mouse model and three-dimensional tumoroid culture system, we show that WEE1 inhibition induces DNA damage that primes the endogenous type I IFN and antigen presentation system in primary LSCC tumor cells. These events promote cytotoxic T-cell-mediated clearance of tumor cells and reduce the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils. Beneficial immunologic features of WEE1 inhibition are further enhanced by the addition of anti-PD-1 therapy. CONCLUSIONS We developed a mouse model system to investigate a novel combinatory approach that illuminates a clinical path hypothesis for combining ICB with DNA damage-inducing therapies in the treatment of LSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Editing
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organoids/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Eleni Papadopoulos
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Catríona M Dowling
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Val Pyon
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jie Bin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Heather Silver
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrick H Lizotte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra Thakurdin
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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5
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Li F, Huang Q, Luster TA, Hu H, Zhang H, Ng WL, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Wang W, Chen T, Deng J, Ranieri M, Fang Z, Pyon V, Dowling CM, Bagdatlioglu E, Almonte C, Labbe K, Silver H, Rabin AR, Jani K, Tsirigos A, Papagiannakopoulos T, Hammerman PS, Velcheti V, Freeman GJ, Qi J, Miller G, Wong KK. In Vivo Epigenetic CRISPR Screen Identifies Asf1a as an Immunotherapeutic Target in Kras-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:270-287. [PMID: 31744829 PMCID: PMC7007372 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in lung cancer immunotherapy, the overall response rate in patients with KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains low. Combining standard immunotherapy with adjuvant approaches that enhance adaptive immune responses-such as epigenetic modulation of antitumor immunity-is therefore an attractive strategy. To identify epigenetic regulators of tumor immunity, we constructed an epigenetic-focused single guide RNA library and performed an in vivo CRISPR screen in a Kras G12D/Trp53 -/- LUAD model. Our data showed that loss of the histone chaperone Asf1a in tumor cells sensitizes tumors to anti-PD-1 treatment. Mechanistic studies revealed that tumor cell-intrinsic Asf1a deficiency induced immunogenic macrophage differentiation in the tumor microenvironment by upregulating GM-CSF expression and potentiated T-cell activation in combination with anti-PD-1. Our results provide a rationale for a novel combination therapy consisting of ASF1A inhibition and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Using an in vivo epigenetic CRISPR screen, we identified Asf1a as a critical regulator of LUAD sensitivity to anti-PD-1 therapy. Asf1a deficiency synergized with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by promoting M1-like macrophage polarization and T-cell activation. Thus, we provide a new immunotherapeutic strategy for this subtype of patients with LUAD.See related commentary by Menzel and Black, p. 179.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Troy A Luster
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hai Hu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories and Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wei Wang
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Zhaoyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Val Pyon
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Catríona M Dowling
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Ece Bagdatlioglu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Christina Almonte
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kristen Labbe
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Heather Silver
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Alexandra R Rabin
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kandarp Jani
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories and Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.
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6
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Zhang H, Christensen CL, Dries R, Oser MG, Deng J, Diskin B, Li F, Pan Y, Zhang X, Yin Y, Papadopoulos E, Pyon V, Thakurdin C, Kwiatkowski N, Jani K, Rabin AR, Castro DM, Chen T, Silver H, Huang Q, Bulatovic M, Dowling CM, Sundberg B, Leggett A, Ranieri M, Han H, Li S, Yang A, Labbe KE, Almonte C, Sviderskiy VO, Quinn M, Donaghue J, Wang ES, Zhang T, He Z, Velcheti V, Hammerman PS, Freeman GJ, Bonneau R, Kaelin WG, Sutherland KD, Kersbergen A, Aguirre AJ, Yuan GC, Rothenberg E, Miller G, Gray NS, Wong KK. CDK7 Inhibition Potentiates Genome Instability Triggering Anti-tumor Immunity in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:37-54.e9. [PMID: 31883968 PMCID: PMC7277075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) is a central regulator of the cell cycle and gene transcription. However, little is known about its impact on genomic instability and cancer immunity. Using a selective CDK7 inhibitor, YKL-5-124, we demonstrated that CDK7 inhibition predominately disrupts cell-cycle progression and induces DNA replication stress and genome instability in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) while simultaneously triggering immune-response signaling. These tumor-intrinsic events provoke a robust immune surveillance program elicited by T cells, which is further enhanced by the addition of immune-checkpoint blockade. Combining YKL-5-124 with anti-PD-1 offers significant survival benefit in multiple highly aggressive murine models of SCLC, providing a rationale for new combination regimens consisting of CDK7 inhibitors and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | - Ruben Dries
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew G Oser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian Diskin
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yuanwang Pan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuzhu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eleni Papadopoulos
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Val Pyon
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cassandra Thakurdin
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nicholas Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kandarp Jani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexandra R Rabin
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dayanne M Castro
- Departments of Biology and Computer Science, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Heather Silver
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mirna Bulatovic
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Catríona M Dowling
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Belen Sundberg
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alan Leggett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Han Han
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Annan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristen E Labbe
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christina Almonte
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vladislav O Sviderskiy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Max Quinn
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jack Donaghue
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eric S Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhixiang He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Departments of Biology and Computer Science, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ariena Kersbergen
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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7
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Deng J, Thennavan A, Pan Y, Dolgalev I, Chen T, Silver H, Harris M, Pyon V, Li F, Lee C, Tsirigos A, Rothenberg E, Perou CM, Wong KK. Abstract 3223: Overcome LKB1 mutated cancer resistance to anti-PD1 treatment. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
KRAS/STK11 (LKB1) mutant lung cancers are a subtype of cancer that respond poorly in the clinic to immunotherapies with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival comparing with other KRAS mutant lung cancer patients. Interestingly, this group of patients have high tumor mutational burden (TMB) comparable with other KRAS mutant lung cancers, which usually is an indicator for better response to anti-PD1 treatment. By using genetically engineered mouse model (GEMMs), we found that LKB1 loss of function can cause high level of nonsynonymous mutations, as a consequence of both replication dependent and independent DNA repair machinery dysfunctions. This LKB1 mutant dependent increased mutational load might further synergize with smoking mutagen exposures. When LKB1 function is defective, the neoantigens are not properly presented to T cells, which is required for proper T cell activation and effector T cells expansion. This will lead to insensitivity to anti-PD1 antibodies in high TMB tumors and tolerance to neoantigens produced by cancer cells. We further demonstrated that using a small molecule drug that impacts on the LKB1 downstream effector pathway, we can reverse this process through activating innate immunity in tumors, which will restore the antigen presentation functions. Combinational treatment of this small molecule with anti-PD1 can reverse the tumor progression in vivo, through releasing the suppressive tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in LKB1 mutant lung cancers. Our study not only helps to further our understanding of the mechanism that contributes to immune evasion in high TMB tumors, but also provides a potential solution for LKB1 mutant cancers to overcome resistance to anti-PD1 treatment in the clinic.
Citation Format: Jiehui Deng, Aatish Thennavan, Yuanwang Pan, Igor Dolgalev, Ting Chen, Heather Silver, Matthew Harris, Val Pyon, Fei Li, Chelsea Lee, Aristotelis Tsirigos, Eli Rothenberg, Charles M. Perou, Kwok-Kin Wong. Overcome LKB1 mutated cancer resistance to anti-PD1 treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3223.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aatish Thennavan
- 2Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Ting Chen
- 1NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Val Pyon
- 1NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Fei Li
- 1NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Charles M. Perou
- 2Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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